6. Memorandum of Conversation, February 24, 1972, 9:59 A.M.–12:42 P.M., pp. 6, 19, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Country Files–Far East, Box 92, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972; WHY, p. 1077.
7. Memorandum of Conversation, Thursday, February 24, 1972, 9:59 A.M.–12:42P.M., p. 22, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Country Files–Far East, Box 92, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972.
8. Memorandum of Conversation, Tuesday, February 22, 1972, 10:05 A.M.–11:55A.M., pp. 7–9, 10; Memorandum of Conversation, February 24, 1972, 9:59A.M.–12:42 A.M., pp. 18, 20, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Box 92, Country Files–Far East, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972.
9. USOH, Supplement, Gleysteen; Garver, Sino-American, pp. 271–72.
10. Memorandum of Conversation, Thursday, February 24, 1972, 9:59 A.M.–12:42A.M, p. 19, and Memorandum of Conversation, Friday, February 25, 1972, 9:34A.M.–10:58 A.M., pp. 7–8, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Box 92, Country Files–Far East, NPM, National Security Council Files, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972; Haldeman, Diaries, pp. 419–21; RN, p. 572.
11. Haldeman, CD-ROM, February 25, 1972, February 26, 1972; Memorandum of Conversation, February 22, 1972, 10:05 A.M.–11:55 A.M., p. 7, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Box 92, Country Files–Far East, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972.
12. RN, p. 573; Globe and Mail, February 28, 1972.
13. Thomas, Front Row, p. 190; New York Times, February 27, 1972; Globe and Mail, February 28, 2006; Osborne, p. 29; WHY, p. 1082; Kraft, pp. 35–36.
14. Osborne, pp. 27–28.
15. Tyler, pp. 138–39; USOH, Green, chapter VI.
16. Tucker, China Confidential, p. 274; USOH, Green, chapter VI.
17. USOH, Green, chapter VI; WHY, p. 1083; Tyler, p. 140.
18. Memorandum of Conversation, Saturday, February 26–Sunday, February 27, 1972, 10:20 P.M.–1:40 A.M., NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Box 92, Country Files–Far East, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972; WHY, pp. 1083–84; author interview with Zhang Hanzhi.
19. USOH, Green, chapter VI; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 422.
20. USOH, Green, chapter VI; Globe and Mail, February 28, 1972.
21. Kraft, p. 37; Zhang Hanzhi, p. 256; Globe and Mail, February 28, 1972; New York Times, February 28, 1972.
22. Globe and Mail, February 28, 1972; New York Times, February 28, 1972; Memorandum of Conversation, February 23, 1972, 2:00 P.M.–6:00 P.M., NSA, Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified, Doc. 2, pp. 14–15.
23. Memorandum of Conversation, February 27, 1972, 11:30 A.M.–1:55 P.M., pp. 7–8, 10–11, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Country Files–Far East, Box 92, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972; Green, Holdridge, and Stokes, pp. 146–47.
24. Kalb, pp. 280–81; Kraft, pp. 38–39; Halstead, p. 10; New York Times, February 28, 1972; USOH, Green, chapter VI; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 422; Tyler, p. 143.
25. Memorandum of Conversation, February 25, 1972, 4:50 P.M.–5:25 P.M., p. 6, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Country Files–Far East, Box 92, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February1972;ZhangHanzhi, pp.251–52;authorinterviewwithZhangHanzhi.
26. Tyler, p. 143; WHY, p. 1069.
27. Memorandum of Conversation, Sunday, February 27–Monday, February 28, 1972, 11:05 P.M.–12:30 A.M., pp. 1–3, NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Country Files–Far East, Box 92, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972.
28. Haldeman, Diaries, p. 422; WHY, p. 1086.
29. Cronkite, p. 325; author interview with Zhang Hanzhi.
30. Memorandum of Conversation, Monday, February 28, 1972, 8:30 A.M.–9:30 A.M., NSA, Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972, Doc. 7, pp. 3–5, 8–11.
31. Holdridge, p. 95; Reeves, p. 457; Haldeman, CD-ROM, February 28, 1972; Halstead, p. 10.
32. Globe and Mail, February 28, 1972; Zhang Hanzhi, p. 256; USOH, Freeman; Halstead, p. 10; Haldeman, CD-ROM, February 28, 1972.
33. Holdridge, pp. 98–102; USOH, Green, chapter VII; Taylor, p. 308; USOH, Freeman; Welfield, p. 310; Doran and Lee, pp. 710, 731.
34. Chancellor, p. 91; Haldeman, Diaries, p. 423.
CONCLUSION
1. Life, 72.9 (March 10, 1972), pp. 11–12; Foot, Practice of Power, p. 107; Tyler, pp. 143–44.
2. Hamilton, p. 117; Bundy, pp. 314–21; WHY, pp. 1118–19, 1122, 1142, 1146; RN, pp. 881–83; Kozyrev, pp. 267–76.
3. Bundy, pp. 322–27; Burr, Transcripts, pp. 68–70; Wang, pp. 158–164; Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, March 2, 1973; Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, November 19, 1973, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH00259 and Doc. CH 00277.
4. Shen, pp. 13, 184–85.
5. Holdridge, pp. 118–21, 124–26.
6. Haldeman, Diaries, p. 472.
7. Reeves, pp. 519–20, 526.
8. Ibid., pp. 527, 531–32.
9. Ibid., pp. 558–59.
10. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, p. 122; Isaacson, p. 503.
11. RN, p. 1076; Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, p. 1210.
12. Harding, pp. 48, 64.
13. Memorandum for the President from Henry A. Kissinger, November 19, 1973, NSA, China and the United States, Doc. CH 00277, pp. 4–5; Shambaugh, p. 177; Li Zhisui, pp. 580–81, 584–85.
14. Li Zhisui, pp. 572–73, 582–83; author interview with Henry Kissinger.
15. Holdridge, pp. 143–50; Short, Mao, pp. 606–11.
16. Short, Mao, pp. 621–22; USOH, Supplement, Gleysteen; Nixon, Leaders, p. 239.
17. Ma, pp. 379–86; Short, Mao, pp. 620–24.
18. Barmé, pp. 8–9, 22, 43, 46, 52, 196, 211.
19. Ma, pp. 389–90, 399–400.
20. Isaacson, pp. 708–09; chapter 33 passim.
21. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, p. 1212; RN, p. 1083; Summers, p. 485; Newsweek, May 19, 1986.
22. Brodie, p. 470; Summers, pp. ix–xi; New York Times, April 28, 1994.
23. Crowley, p. 159.
24. Tyler, pp. 275–78.
25. Crowley, p. 159; Wall Street Journal, April 20, 2006.
26. See, for example, Mann, chapters 1 and 2; Bundy, pp. 523–24; Memorandum of Conversation, February 21, 1972, 4:15 P.M.–5:30 P.M., NPM, National Security Council Files, HAK Office Files, Box 92, Country Files–Far East, Dr. Kissinger’s Meetings in the PRC During the Presidential Visit February 1972, p. 4.
27. Memorandum of Conversation, October 20, 1971, 4:40 P.M.–7:10 P.M., NSA Electronic Briefing Book No. 70, Doc. 10; Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
UNITED KINGDOM
Public Record Office, Surrey: Foreign and Commmonwealth Office (21: 818, 823, 824, 825, 828, 833, 982, 983)
UNITED STATES
The American Presidency Project, 1999–2005, John Wooley and Gerhard Peters (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/index.php): The Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
National Archives and Records Administration (Archives II, in College Park, Maryland, 2006)
Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Security Council Files:
White House Special Files (Staff Member and Office Files, Dwight Chapin Files, Box 28)
Japan SATO San Clemente (Box 925)
“For the President’s Files (Winston Lord) China/Vietnam Negotiations”
(Box 846, Box 847, Box 850)
HAK Office Files (Country Files–Far East, Box 92)
The National Security Archive (George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 2005):
Collection: China and the United States: From Hostility to
Engagement, 1960–1998 U.S. Japan Project
Record of Historic Richard Nixon–Zhou Enlai Talks in February 1972; now declassified
Nixon’s Trip to China: Records Now Completely Declassified
Electronic Briefing Books
Briefing Book No. 66: “The Beijing-Washington Back-Channel and Henry Kissinger’s Secret Trip to Beijing, September 1970–July 1971”
Briefing Book No. 70: “Negotiating US Chinese Rapprochement”
Briefing Book No. 145: “New Documentary Reveals Secret U.S., Chinese Diplomacy Behind Nixon’s Trip”
Many of the materials in the National Security Archive have also become available since the time of writing in two new volumes of Foreign Relations of the United States: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. XVII: China, 1969–1972, edited by Steven E. Phillips (Washington, D.C., 2006) and the accompanying electronic publication Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. E-13: Documents on China, 1969–1972, edited by Steven E. Phillips (Washington, D.C., 2006).
U.S. Department of State:
Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, D.C., 2005; abbreviated as FRUS; http://www.state.gov) Nixon–Ford Administrations: Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972
INTERVIEWS AND ORAL HISTORIES
AUTHOR INTERVIEWS
Gordon Barass, London, July 14, 2003
John Burns, Toronto, November 7, 2003
Chen Weiming, Shanghai, April 24, 2005
Robert Edmonds, Toronto, January 1, 2004
John Fraser, Ottawa, February 8, 2004
Edward Heath, Salisbury, U.K., December 2, 2004
Jia Qingguo, Beijing, April 19, 2005
Henry Kissinger, Paris, May 15, 2003, and May 18, 2003 Herbert Levin, New York, November 6, 2003
Li Qin, Beijing, April 20, 2005
Winston Lord, July 19, 2004
Arthur Menzies, Ottawa, February 28, 2005
Michael Richardson, London, June 2, 2004
Peter Rodman, Washington, D.C, November 8, 2004
Blair Seaborn, Ottawa, February 28, 2005
John Small, Ottawa, February 28, 2005
Richard Solomon, Washington, D.C., November 9, 2004 Yanhua Shi, Beijing, April 20, 2005
Yu Jiafu, Beijing, April 20, 2005
Zhang Hanzhi, Beijing, April 21, 2005
FRONTLINE DIPLOMACY: THE U.S. FOREIGN AFFAIRS ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION, EDITED BY MARILYN BENTLEY AND MARIE WARNER ( USOH ), CD-ROM. ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA, 2001.
Ralph Clough
William J. Cunningham
Charles Freeman
Lindsey Grant
Marshall Green
John H. Holdridge
Jerome K. Holloway
Walter E. Jenkins
Richard E. Johnson
Ralph J. Katrosh
Paul Kreisberg
John Lacey
Herbert Levin
Winston Lord
Larue Lutkins
Robert L. Nichols
David Osborn
Harry Thayer
SUPPLEMENT
John A. Buche
David Dean
Joseph S. Farland
Harvey Feldman
David Fischer
William J. Galloway
William H. Gleysteen
Winston Lord
GERALD R. FORD LIBRARY
Winston Lord interview, October 19, 1977
PLAYING THE CHINA CARD: NIXON AND MAO (DOCUMENTARY)
TRANSCRIPTS, ARCHIVES, BRITISH LIBRARY OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCE, LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
Tim Boggan
William Brown
Dwight Chapin
Henry A. Kissinger
James Mann
Christopher H. Phillips
PBS WEB SITE
HTTP://WWW.PBS.ORG/WGBH/AMEX/CHINA/INDEX.HTML
Alexander Haig
Mohammad Khan
Zhang Hanzhi
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———. “Prizes Won, Opportunities Lost: The U.S. Normalization of Relations with China, 1972–1979.” In Normalization of U.S.-China Relations: An International History, edited by William C. Kirby, Robert S. Ross, and Gong Li. Cambridge, Mass., 2005.
———. “Redefinitions: The Domestic Context of America’s China Policy in the 1960s.” In Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973, edited by Robert S. Ross and Jiang Changbin. Cambridge, Mass., 2001.
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