by Paul Johnson
76. Eusebius (died c. 359 AD) summarized much of this tradition in his Praeparatio Evangelica, 9:26-7 etc.
77. Josephus, Contra Apion, 2:154.
78. Philo, Questiones et Solutiones in Gesesin, 4:152; De Providentia, 111.
79. Numenius, Fragments (ed. E. A. Leemans, 1937), 19, 32.
80. Reproduced in Josephus, Contra Apion, 1:228ff; Theodore Reinach, Textes d’auteurs grecs et romains rélatifs au Judaisme (Paris 1895).
81. Marx to Engels, 10 May 1861; 30 July 1862: Marx-Engels Works, vol. xxx, 165, 259.
82. Moses and Monotheism (London 1939).
83. Exodus 1:9-10.
84. C. J. Gadd, Ideas of Divine Rule in the Ancient Near East (London 1948).
85. Speiser, op. cit.
86. Enid B. Mellor (ed.), The Making of the Old Testament (Cambridge 1972).
87. For examples of codes see James B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd edn, Princeton 1969).
88. Moshe Greenberg, ‘Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law’, in Goldin, op. cit.
89. Deuteronomy 22:22-3; Leviticus 20:10.
90. Exodus 21:22ff.
91. Exodus 21:29; see A. van Selms, ‘The Goring Ox in Babylonian and Biblical Law’, Archiv Orientali 18 (1950).
92. Deuteronomy 24:16; 5:9; Exodus 20:5. There are, however, examples of the law of talion applying in the Biblical narratives, for example Saul’s sons. Joshua 7; II Samuel 21.
93. Deuteronomy 25:3; E. A. Hoebel: The Law of Primitive Man (Harvard 1954); G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Babylonian Laws, 2 vols (Oxford 1952); W. Kornfeld, ‘L’Adultère dans l’orient antique’, Revue biblique 57 (1950).
94. J. J. Stamm and M. E. Andrew, The Ten Commandments in Recent Research (New York 1967).
95. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, 35.
96. G. Mendenhall, Biblical Archaeology 17 (1954).
97. Set out conveniently, with Biblical text references, in Encyclopaedia Judaica, v 763-82.
98. Exodus 21:1 to 22:16; O. Eissfeldt in Cambridge Ancient History, II ii ch. xxxiv, 563: see J. P. M. Smith, The Origin and History of Hebrew Law (Chicago 1960).
99. A. van Selms, Marriage and Family Life in Ugaritic Literature (New York 1954).
100. D. R. Mace, Hebrew Marriage (New York 1953).
101. Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions (trans., New York 1961), 46-7.
102. J. M. Sasson, ‘Circumcision in the Ancient Near East’, Journal of Biblical Literature, 85 (1966).
103. Exodus 4:25; Joshua 5:2-3.
104. Baron, op. cit., i I 6-7.
105. Ezekiel 20:12.
106. Leviticus 17:14; Genesis 9:4; Genesis 38:24. See I. M. Price, ‘Swine in Old Testament Taboos’, Journal of Biblical Literature 44 (1925).
107. I Kings 22:11.
108. II Kings 2:23.
109. A. H. Godbey, ‘Incense and Poison Ordeals in the Ancient Orient’, American Journal of Semitic Languages, 46 (1929-30).
110. See examples with references in George Fohrer, History of Israelite Religion (trans., London 1973), 233.
111. Von Rad, op. cit., ‘Some Aspects of the Old Testament World View’.
112. Exodus 34: 13-16.
113. This was the view of the Mishraic sage Simeon ben Assai; Sifra on Leviticus 19:18.
114. Contra Apionem (Loeb Classic 1951), ii 165.
115. Berakot 2, 2.
116. De Specialibus legibus (Loeb Classics 1950), iv 237.
117. Belkin, op. cit., 15-18.
118. I Corinthians 1:19-20.
119. For a discussion of the site of Mt Sinai, see Cambridge Ancient History, II ii 324ff.
120. Baron, op. cit., i I 48-9.
121. Ibid., i I 23.
122. Cf. W. F. Albright, ‘Exploring in Sinai with the University of California Expedition’, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 109 (1948).
123. Cambridge Ancient History, II ii 327.
124. Exodus 17:8-13.
125. Numbers 27:15-21; Deuteronomy 34:9.
126. Joshua 6:16-20.
127. Joshua 6:21, 26; Kathleen Kenyon, Digging Up Jericho (London 1957).
128. Joshua 9:27.
129. James B. Pritchard, Gibeon, Where the Sun Stood Still: The Discovery of a Biblical City (Princeton 1962).
130. Joshua 10:9-13.
131. Joshua 11:4-11.
132. Yigael Yadin, Hazor: The Rediscovery of a Great City of the Bible (London 1975).
133. Joshua 24:13.
134. W. F. Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity (Baltimore 1946), 194, 212, and Archaeology and the Religion of Israel (3rd edn, Baltimore 1953), 3, 102.
135. Baron, op. cit., II 55.
136. Judges 4:8.
137. Judges 3:15-30.
138. Judges 4:17-21.
139. Judges 11:1-3.
140. Judges 11:37.
141. Judges 16:28.
142. See A. van Selms in Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 9 (1950).
143. Judges 12:5-6.
144. I Samuel 21:13-14.
145. II Samuel 23:20-1.
146. Judges 9.
147. Joshua 24:8, 13; Judges 11:17ff.; II Samuel 7:23; Numbers 33:50ff.
148. Deuteronomy 9:4ff.; see also 18:9-14, 29:22ff. and Psalms 44:3.
149. T. Dothan, ‘Archaeological Reflections on the Philistine Problem’, Antiquity and Survival 2, 2/3 (1957).
150. J. A. Montgomery, ‘Archival Data in the Book of Kings’, Journal of Biblical Literature, 53 (1934).
151. I Samuel 10:5.
152. II Kings 3:15.
153. Isaiah 28:7.
154. I Samuel 2:19.
155. I Samuel 15:22.
156. Grant, History of Ancient Israel, 118.
157. I Samuel 7:16-17.
158. I Samuel 10:17; 12:1-25.
159. I Samuel 10:25.
160. S. Mowinckel, ‘General Oriental and Specific Israelite Elements in the Israelite Conception of the Sacral Kingdom’, Numen, iv (1959).
161. I Samuel 8:22.
162. I Samuel 15:3.
163. I Samuel 14:52.
164. I Samuel 17:39.
165. I Samuel 16:18.
166. Cambridge Ancient History, II ii 579-80.
167. II Samuel 20:1.
168. Albright, Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, 158ff.
169. II Samuel 5:8.
170. Kathleen Kenyon, Royal Cities of the Old Testament (London 1971) and Digging Up Jerusalem (London 1974); Encyclopaedia Judaica, ix 1379-82.
171. Belkin, op. cit., 117.
172. I Kings 5:3.
173. De Vaux, op. cit., 253-65.
174. I Kings 2:3-4.
175. II Samuel 18:7.
176. I Kings 5:13-16.
177. I Kings 9:15.
178. Kenyon, The Bible and Recent Archaeology, ch. 4, ‘Palestine in the Time of David and Solomon’, 44-66.
179. Cambridge Ancient History, II ii 589.
180. Kenyon, Royal Cities.
181. I Kings 4:7-19.
182. I Kings 11:1.
183. See Nelson Glueck’s findings in the Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research (1938-40); I Kings 9:26.
184. I Kings 7:1-12.
185. Kenyon, Royal Cities.
186. Joan Comay, The Temple of Jerusalem, with the History of the Temple Mount (London 1975).
187. Haran, Temples and Temple Service, 28f.
188. Numbers 10:35-6.
189. De Vaux, op. cit., 305ff.
190. I Kings 12:4.
191. I Kings 12:14.
192. I Kings 22:34-7.
193. Deuteronomy 27:17.
194. I Kings 17: 3-4.
195. I Kings 21:25-6.
196. II Kings 2:23-4.
197. Grant, History of Ancient Israel, ch. 11, ‘Northern Prophets and History’, 122-34.
198. II Kings 10.
199. I Kings 21:19-20.
200. Amos 5:21-4.
201. A
mos 7:10-13:
202. Baba Batra 9a; Shalom Spiegel, ‘Amos V. Amaziah’, in Goldin, op. cit.
203. II Kings 7:23-4.
204. For textual analysis of Hosea, see Encyclopaedia Judaica, viii 1010-25.
205. Hosea 8:7; 10:13.
206. Hosea 4:11.
207. Hosea 5:9; 4:5; 9:7. See Grant, History of Ancient Israel, 129ff.
208. Hosea 6:1-2.
209. II Kings 11:15-17.
210. II Chronicles 32:3-5.
211. Kenyon, Royal Cities.
212. II Kings 19:35; Herodotus, Histories, book II:141.
213. II Kings 18:21.
214. II Kings 23:21-3.
215. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ix 44-71; O. Eissfeldt, The Old Testament, an Introduction (London 1965), 301-30.
216. Grant, History of Ancient Israel, 148-9.
217. Isaiah 21:11; 22:13; 38:1; 5:8; 3:15.
218. Isaiah 1:18; 6:3; 2:4; 35:1.
219. Isaiah 7:14; 11:6; 9:6.
220. H. H. Rowley, The Faith of Israel (London 1953), 122; Isaiah 42:1-4; 49:1-6, etc.
221. II Kings 3:27; Psalms 89:6-9; Genesis 20:1ff.; 12:10ff.; Exodus 7:8ff.
222. Isaiah 44:6.
223. Fohrer, op. cit., 172ff., 324-5, 290; see also N. W. Snaith, ‘The Advent of Monotheism in Israel’, Annual of Leeds Univ. Oriental Society, v (1963-5).
224. J. P. Hyatt, Jeremiah, Prophet of Courage and Hope (New York 1958).
225. Jeremiah 5:23; 5:31.
226. Jeremiah 20:14; 15:18; 11:19.
227. II Kings 24:14ff.
228. II Kings 25:18ff.
229. Jeremiah 44:28.
PART TWO: JUDAISM
1. For Ezekiel, see G. von Rad, Old Testament Theology II (1965), 220-37; Encyclopaedia Judaica, vi 1078-98.
2. Ezekiel 1:3.
3. Ezekiel 37:1-10.
4. Ezekiel 18:1ff.
5. Deuteronomy 6:6-8.
6. Isaiah 40:4; see also 10:33; 14:12; 26:5-6; 29:18; 47:8-9.
7. I Samuel 2:1-10.
8. S. W. Baron, Social and Religious History of the Jews (2nd edn, New York 1952), i I 22.
9. B. Porten, Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony (New York 1968).
10. W. D. Davies, The Territorial Dimensions of Judaism (Berkeley 1982), 70.
11. For Cyrus’ religious beliefs and consequences see W. D. Davies and Louis Finkelstein (eds), Cambridge History of Judaism (Cambridge 1984), i 281ff.
12. Quoted in ibid., 287.
13. Isaiah 45:1.
14. Ezra 1:1-4.
15. Ezra 4:1ff.
16. Cambridge History of Judaism, 70-4, 135-6.
17. Nehemiah 4:18.
18. Cambridge History of Judaism, 344.
19. Ibid., 398-400.
20. Nehemiah 10:28.
21. Judges 8:14.
22. Baron, op. cit., i I, footnote 8, 323.
23. Contra Apionem, 1:37.
24. R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament (London 1970).
25. Deuteronomy 4:2; also 12:32.
26. I Chronicles 2:5.
27. Sanhedrin 12:10.
28. C. D. Ginsburg, Introduction to the Maseretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (1966 edn by H. M. Orlinsky); H. B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (London 1968); F. G. Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (London 1965); M. Gaster, The Samaritans: Their History, Doctrine and Literature (London 1925); Harrison, op. cit.; Encyclopaedia Judaica, iv 814-36; V 1396ff.
29. Joshua 8:29; 4:20.
30. Psalms 3, 5, 6, 7, 9-10, 13, 17, 22, 25-8, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 54-7, 59, 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 77, 86, 88, 102, 120, 123, 130, 140-3.
31. Proverbs 22:17 to 23:11.
32. For Job see especially H. H. Rowley, ‘The Book of Job and its Meaning’, in From Moses to Qumran: Studies in the Old Testament (London 1963) and his Submission in Suffering and Other Essays (London 1951); Harrison, op. cit.; E. F. Sutcliffe, Providence and Suffering in the Old and New Testaments (London 1955); for the literature on the Book of Job, see C. Kuhl in Theological Review, 21 (1953).
33. Ecclesiasticus 24:3-10.
34. I Corinthians 1:19-27; see Gerhard von Rad, Problems of the Hexateuch and Other Essays (trans., Edinburgh 1966).
35. I Maccabees 9:27.
36. Zechariah 13:3ff.
37. Ecclesiasticus 24:33; Enid B. Mellor (ed.), The Making of the Old Testament (Cambridge 1972).
38. Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions (trans., New York 1961), 343-4; for earliest references, see Encyclopaedia Judaica, XV 579-81.
39. Ezra 2:64-5; pop. of Jerusalem in Pseudo-Hecateus, quoted by Josephus: Contra Apionem, 1:197; Encyclopaedia Judaica, xiii 870.
40. Daniel 7:7.
41. Ecclesiastes 5:8ff.; 6; see Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism (trans., 2 vols, London 1974), i 14-31.
42. Davies, op. cit., 61; Harrison, op. cit.
43. Jonah 4:11. See Michael Grant, A History of Ancient Israel (London, 1984), 194-5.
44. Hengel, op. cit., i 65-9; ii 46, notes 59-61.
45. Ibid., i 55-7.
46. E. Bickermann, From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees: The Foundations of Post-Biblical Judaism (New York 1962); Hengel, op. cit., i 270.
47. Jad. 4:6 (first century AD).
48. Isocrates, Panegyr, 4:50; H. C. Baldry, The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought (Cambridge 1966), 69ff.
49. Sota 49b; quoted Hengel, op. cit., i 76; see also ibid., 300ff.
50. II Maccabees 4:12-14.
51. H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (trans., Harvard 1976), 202ff.
52. Sukk. 56b.
53. Ezra 7:26.
54. II Maccabees 13:3ff.; Josephus, Antiquities, 12:384.
55. I Maccabees 13:42.
56. I Maccabees 13:51. For details of the crisis, see Ben Sasson, op. cit., 202-16.
57. Hengel, op. cit., 291ff.
58. E. Ebner, Elementary Education in Ancient Israel during the Tannaitic Period (New York 1956).
59. Deuteronomy 31:19.
60. Josephus, Antiquities, 13:280.
61. Ibid., 13:300.
62. Sanhedrin 19a; Sot. 47a; Kid. 66a.
63. Josephus, Antiquities, 14:380.
64. For Herod see Stewart Perowne, The Life and Times of Herod the Great (London 1956); F. O. Busch, The Five Herods (New York 1958).
65. Encyclopaedia Judaica, xiii 871.
66. Deuteronomy 16:16; Exodus 23:17.
67. For Herod’s Temple, see Joan Comay, The Temple of Jerusalem, with the History of the Temple Mount (London 1975); Kathleen Kenyon, Digging Up Jerusalem (London 1974); Encyclopaedia Judaica, viii 383-5; XV 961ff.
68. Antiquities, 15:380-425; Wars, 5:184-247.
69. Josephus, Wars, 4:262; 5:17; Antiquities, 16:14.
70. Josephus, Wars, 6:282.
71. For Greeks and Jews, see Hengel, op. cit., esp. 310ff.; W. W. Tarn and G. T. Griffith, Hellenist Civilization (3rd edn, London 1952).
72. Thanksgiving Psalm from Qumran Cave One; cf. Encyclopaedia Judaica, iii 179ff.
73. Daniel 12:1-2.
74. Enoch 1-5; 37-71. See H. H. Rowley, The Relevance of Apocalyptic (London 1947).
75. Numbers 25:7-15.
76. Josephus, War, 2:118.
77. See, for instance, S. G. F. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots (London 1967) and The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (London 1968); W. R. Farmer, Maccabees, Zealots and Josephus (London 1956).
78. A. Dupont-Sommer, The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the Essenes (New York 1954); H. A. Butler, Man and Society in the Qumran Community (London 1959).
79. Ben Sasson, op. cit., 253-4; C. F. Kraeling, John the Baptist (London 1951).
80. Isaiah 40:3.
81. II Samuel 7; 23:1-5; 22:44-51.
82. For instance, Psalm 18; Amos 9:11-12; Hosea 11:10; Ezekiel 37:15ff.
83. Acts of the Apostles 5:34-40.
84. M. Hooker, Jesus and the Servant
(London 1959).
85. John Bowker, Jesus and the Pharisees (Cambridge 1983), esp. 1-20.
86. G. F. Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era (London 1927) i 72-82; Bowker, op. cit., 32-3.
87. Pes. 66a; Suk. 20a; see Encyclopaedia Judaica, viii 282-5.
88. Shab. 31a.
89. Mark 7:14-15; Bowker, op. cit., 44ff.
90. E. Bamel (ed.), The Trial of Jesus (London 1970), esp. ‘The Problem of the Historicity of the Sanhedrin Trial’.
91. J. Blinzner, ‘The Jewish Punishment of Stoning in the New Testament Period’, and E. Bammel, ‘Crucifixion as a punishment in Palestine’, in E. Bammel, op. cit., 147-61 and 162-5.
92. Encyclopaedia Judaica, X 12-13 and bibliography; H. Cohn, The Death of Jesus (New York 1971); S. G. F. Brandon, The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (London 1968).
93. By, for example, E. R. Goodenough, ‘Paul and the Hellenization of Christianity’, in J. Neusner (ed.), Religions in Antiquity (Leiden 1968), 22-68.
94. Samuel Sandmel, Judaism and Christian Beginnings (Oxford 1978), 308-36.
95. E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism (London 1977), 555-6.
96. Mark 14:24-8.
97. Galatians 3:29; Romans 4:12-25.
98. Paul to the Colossians, 3:9-11.
99. Acts of the Apostles, 7:48-60.
100. Acts 15:5ff.; Galatians 2:6-9.
101. J. N. Sevenster, The Roots of Pagan Anti-Semitism in the Ancient World (Leiden 1975), 89ff.
102. Quoted in ibid., 90.
103. Contra Apionem, 1:71.
104. Diodorus, Bibliotheca, 34:1, 1ff.; quoted in Encyclopaedia Judaica, iii 87ff.
105. Wisdom of Solomon 12:3-11.
106. Sevenster, op. cit., 8-11.
107. Josephus, Antiquities, 14:187, 190ff.
108. Ibid., 19:286ff.
109. Quoted in Encyclopaedia Judaica, iii 90.
110. Tacitus, Histories, 5:13.
111. Ben Sasson, op. cit., 296ff.
112. Shaye J. D. Cohen, Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development as a Historian (Leiden 1979), appendix 1, 243ff.; 253ff.
113. Listed in ibid., 3-23.
114. Ibid., 238-41.
115. Ibid., 181.
116. For analysis of Josephus’ account, see ibid., 230ff.
117. Josephus, Wars, 2:408, 433.
118. Yigael Yadin, Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealots’ Last Stand (London 1966).
119. For Tacitus’ anti-Semitism, see Histories, 5:1-13; Annals, 15:44; see also Juvenal’s poem, Saturae, 14:96ff.
120. Cassius Dio, Roman History, book 69.
121. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 4:6, 2; Numbers 24:17.
122. Jerusalem Talmud, Ta’an 4:7, 68d; quoted Encyclopaedia Judaica, ii 488-92.