by Paul Johnson
139. Guy Chapman, The Dreyfus Case (London 1955), 99.
140. For French Jewry during the Dreyfus case see Michael R. Marrus, The Politics of Assimilation: The French Jewish Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair (Oxford 1971).
141. Quoted in ibid., 118.
142. Léon Halévy, Résumé de l’histoire des juifs modernes (Paris 1828), 325-6; quoted in Marrus, op. cit., 90.
143. Julien Benda, La Jeunesse d’un clerc (Paris 1936), 43; quoted in Marrus, op. cit.
144. Herbert Feis, Europe the World’s Banker 1870-1914 (New York 1965), 33ff.
145. For the church see R. P. Lecanuet, L’Église de la France sur la troisième république (Paris 1930), 231-3; Robert L. Hoffman, More Than a Trial: The Struggle over Captain Dreyfus (New York 1980), 82ff.
146. La Croix, 13 November 1896, quoted in Pierre Sorin, La Croix et les Juifs 1880-1899 (Paris 1967), 117.
147. Chapman, op. cit., 59.
148. L’Aurore, 7 June 1899; quoted in Marrus, op. cit., who has a chapter on Lazare, 164-95; B. Hagani, Bernard Lazare (Paris 1919).
149. George D. Painter, Marcel Proust, 2 vols (London 1977), i 210.
150. Paul Cambon, Correspondence, 2 vols (Paris 1945), i 436.
151. Quoted in Chapman, op. cit., 199.
152. Christophe Charles, ‘Champ littéraire et champ du pouvoir: les écrivains et l’affaire Dreyfus’, Annales, 32 (1977).
153. Jean-Pierre Rioux, Nationalisme et conservatisme: la Ligue de la Patrie française 1899-1904 (Paris 1977), 20-30; quoted in Marrus, op. cit., 148-9.
154. Painter, op. cit., i 220.
155. Alain Silvera, Daniel Halévy and his Times (Cornell 1966).
156. Painter, op. cit., i 214ff.
157. Janine Ponty, ‘La Presse quotidienne et l’Affaire Dreyfus en 1898-99’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 21 (1974).
158. Found in a scrapbook compiled for Drumont and now (along with a mass of other Dreyfus case material) in the Houghton Library at Harvard.
159. Frederick Busi, ‘The Dreyfus Affair and the French Cinema’, Weiner Library Bulletin, 39-40 (1976).
160. Painter, op. cit., i 226.
161. Ibid., 233.
162. R. D. Mandell, ‘The Affair and the Fair: Some Observations on the Closing Stages of the Dreyfus Case’, Journal of Modern History (September 1967); Douglas Johnson, France and the Dreyfus Affair (London 1966).
163. Joseph Reinach, Histoire de l’Affaire Dreyfus, 6 vols plus index (Paris 1901-8).
164. Chapman, op. cit., 359; Charles Andler, La Vie de Lucien Herr (Paris 1932).
165. André Gide, Journals 1889-1949 (trans., Harmondsworth 1978), 194ff.
166. Of the many books on Herzl, I have chiefly followed Elon, op. cit.
167. Ibid., 9.
168. Quoted in ibid., 66.
169. Ibid., 115.
170. For the rise of völkisch anti-Semitism, see George L. Mosse, The Crisis in German Ideology (London 1966).
171. Quoted in Elon, op. cit., 64.
172. First English translation, Autoemancipation: An Admonition to his Brethren by a Russian Jew (New York 1906).
173. Quoted in Walter Laqueur, Weimar: A Cultural History 1918-1933 (London 1974).
174. Elon, op. cit., 114.
175. Pierre van Passen, ‘Paris 1891-5: A Study of the Transition in Theodor Herzl’s Life’, in Meyer W. Weisgal (ed.), Theodor Herzl, Memorial (New York 1929).
176. Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer modernen Loesung der juedischen Frage (Vienna 1896); H. Abrahami and A. Bein, The Editions of the Jewish State by Theodor Herzl (New York 1970).
177. Elon, op. cit., 142-7.
178. Ibid., 175ff.
179. For Nordau see A. and M. Nordau, Max Nordau (trans., London 1943).
180. I had the privilege of addressing an international congress of Zionists and Christians from this same platform in August 1985.
181. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (London 1949), 71.
182. Elon, op. cit., 186.
183. His Tagebücher, trans. Harry Zohn, ed. R. Patai, were published New York 1960.
184. Elon, op. cit., 379-80.
185. Sanders, op. cit., 29-30.
186. Ibid., 37-8.
187. Elon, op. cit., 405-6, 397.
188. Ibid., 237.
189. Marmorstein, op. cit. 60-70.
190. Quoted in I. Domb, Transformations (London 1958), 192-5.
191. Quoted in Marmorstein, op. cit., 71-2.
192. Quoted in ibid., 79-80.
193. T. Levitan, The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize (New York 1906); see list of Jewish Nobel prizewinners in Encyclopaedia Judaica, xii 1201-2.
194. Frederick V. Grunfeld, Prophets Without Honour (London 1979), 10.
195. For Cohen see Cohen, op. cit., 70ff.; Alexander Altmann, ‘Theology in Twentieth-century Jewry’, in Essays in Jewish Intellectual History.
196. For Rosenzweig and Rosenstock-Huessy see Altmann, op. cit., and N. N. Glatzer (ed.), Franz Rosenzweig: His Life and Thought (2nd edn, New York 1961).
197. Quoted in Grunfeld, op. cit., 17.
198. Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (ed.), Walter Rathenau: Notes and Diaries 1907-22 (Oxford 1985), 98-9.
199. Quoted in Grunfeld, op. cit.
200. Charles Rosen, Schoenberg (London 1976), 16-17.
201. Alma Mahler, Gustav Mahler: Memories and Letters (trans., New York 1946), 90.
202. Charles Spencer, Léon Bakst (London 1973).
203. Serge Lifar, A History of the Russian Ballet (London 1954).
204. Quoted in Spencer, op. cit., 127.
205. For Bakst’s moral theory of colour see Mary Franton Roberts, The New Russian Stage (New York 1915).
206. Sidney Alexander, Marc Chagall (London 1978).
207. Peter Gay, Freud, Jews and Other Germans (Oxford 1978), 21.
208. Ibid., 101ff.
209. Letter to Karl Abraham, quoted in Jack J. Spector, The Aesthetics of Freud (London 1977), 22.
210. Paul Roazen, Freud and his Followers (London 1976), 192-3.
211. Ibid., 75ff.; for Freud and his wife see letter from his daughter Matilda Freud Hollitscher to Ernest Jones, 30 March 1952, in the Jones archives, and Theodor Reik, ‘Years of Maturity’, Psychoanalysis, iv I (1955).
212. David Bakan, Sigmund Freud and the Jewish Mystical Tradition (Princeton 1958), 51-2; Sigmund Freud, Preface to Totem and Taboo (1913).
213. Ernest Jones, Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, 3 vols (New York 1953-7), i 22, 184.
214. ‘On Being of the B’nai B’rith’, Commentary (March 1946).
215. Max Graf, ‘Reminiscences of Sigmund Freud’, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, xi (1942); Jacob Meotliz, ‘The Last Days of Sigmund Freud’, Jewish Frontier (September 1951); quoted in Bakan, op. cit.
216. Jones, op. cit., i 25, 35. For Freud’s own account, see M. Bonaparte, A. Freud and E. Kris (eds and trans.), Freud, Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes 1887-1902 (New York 1954), 322; Bakan, op. cit.
217. E. Stengel, ‘A Revaluation of Freud’s Book “On Aphasia” ’, International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1954).
218. H. Sachs, Freud, Master and Friend (Harvard 1944), 99-100; quoted in Bakan, op. cit.
219. Jones, op. cit., i 348.
220. Ibid., ii 367; Sigmund Freud, ‘The Moses of Michelangelo’, Collected Papers, iv 251-87.
221. Bakan, op. cit., 246-70.
222. Robert S. Steele, Freud and Jung: Conflicts of Interpretation (London 1982); W. McGuire (ed.), Freud-Jung Letters (Princeton 1974), 220.
223. Max Schur, Freud Living and Dying (London 1972), 337.
224. Jones, op. cit., ii 148.
225. Steven Marcus, Freud and the Culture of Psychoanalysis (London 1984), 50-3.
226. Quoted in ibid., 83.
227. For Breuer, see Sigmund Freud, ‘Origins and Development of Psychoanalysis’, American Journal of Psychology, xxi (1910), 181; Roazen, op. cit., 93-9.
> 228. Fritz Wittels, Sigmund Freud (New York 1924), 140; quoted in Bakan, op. cit.
229. Quoted in Roazen, op. cit., 197.
230. Jones, op. cit., ii 33.
231. For Freud’s rows, see Roazen, op. cit., 194ff., 204ff., 220ff., 234ff. etc.
232. Jones, op. cit., iii 208.
233. Ibid., iii 245.
234. Arthur Koestler, The Invisible Writing (London 1955).
235. For Einstein’s contribution to quantum theory see Max Jammer, ‘Einstein and Quantum Physics’, in Gerald Holton and Yehuda Elkana (eds), Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives (Princeton 1982), 59-76.
236. ‘What I Believe’, Forum and Century 84 (1930); quoted in Uriel Tal, ‘Ethics in Einstein’s Life and Thought’, in Holton and Elkana, op. cit., 297-318.
237. Einstein, Physics and Reality (New York 1936).
238. Henri Bergson, Two Sources of Morality and Religion (trans., London 1935).
239. Einstein to Solovine, 30 March 1952, quoted in Yehuda Elkana, ‘The Myth of Simplicity’, in Holton and Elkana, op. cit., 242.
240. Milic Capek, The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary Physics (Princeton 1961), 335ff.; see also William James, ‘The Dilemma of Determinism’, in The Will to Believe (London 1917).
241. Yehuda Elkana, op. cit.
242. For this, see my Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York 1983), ch. 1, ‘A Relativistic World’.
243. Lionel Trilling, Mind in the Modern World (New York 1973), 13-14.
244. ‘The Hunter Graccus’. Graccus or graculus is Latin for jackdaw, Czech kavka, and Kafka’s father, whom he hated, had a jackdaw sign over his shop. See Lionel Trilling, Prefaces to the Experience of Literature (Oxford 1981), 118-22.
245. Quoted in Rosen, op. cit., 10.
246. Grunfeld, op. cit., 23-4.
PART SIX: HOLOCAUST
1. Asquith speech in The Times, 10 November 1914.
2. Interview with Mrs Halperin in Eric Silver, Begin (London 1984), 5, 9.
3. Ronald Sanders, The High Walls of Jerusalem: A History of the Balfour Declaration and the Birth of the British Mandate for Palestine (New York 1984), 315ff.
4. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (London 1949), 15-25.
5. Ibid., 29, 44.
6. Sanders, op. cit., 64-9.
7. New Statesman, 21 November 1914, article signed A.M.H. (Albert Montefiore Hyamson).
8. Michael and Eleanor Brock (eds), H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford 1952), 406-7.
9. Ibid., 477-8; 485.
10. Quoted in Sanders, op. cit., 313-14.
11. Miriam Rothschild, Dear Lord Rothschild: Birds, Butterflies and History (London and Philadelphia 1983), 45.
12. Sanders, op. cit., 69, 133.
13. Weizmann, op. cit., 144; doubts have been cast on this story; see Sanders, op. cit., 94-6.
14. Quoted in Sanders, op. cit.
15. For the collections see Miriam Rothschild, op. cit.
16. Weizmann, op. cit., 257.
17. Montagu was not present at the war cabinet of 31 October 1917; see Sanders, op. cit., 594-6, which also gives text of the final letter.
18. Weizmann, op. cit., 262.
19. Ibid., 298; Sanders, op. cit., 481.
20. Weizmann, op. cit., 273-4.
21. Text of the mandate in David Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, 2 vols (London 1938), ii 1194-1201.
22. Weizmann, op. cit., 288.
23. Ibid., 67.
24. Vladimir Jabotinsky, The Story of the Jewish Legion (trans., Jerusalem 1945); P. Lipovetski, Joseph Trumpeldor (trans., London 1953).
25. Yigal Allon, The Making of Israel’s Army (New York 1970); J. B. Schechtman, The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, 2 vols (New York 1956-61).
26. Amos Elon, Herzl (London 1976), 179.
27. Neil Caplan, Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question 1917-25 (London 1978), 74, 169ff.
28. Quoted in S. Clement Leslie, The Rift in Israel: Religious Authority and Secular Democracy (London 1971), 32.
29. Weizmann, op. cit., 316.
30. Ibid., 307-8.
31. Sanders, op. cit., 569-70, for full text of message.
32. Elie Kedourie, ‘Sir Herbert Samuel and the Government of Palestine’, in The Chatham House Version and Other Middle East Studies (London 1970), 57.
33. 8 June 1920; Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann (New Brunswick 1977), xi 355.
34. Quoted in Kedourie, op. cit., 55-6.
35. Quoted in Neil Caplan, ‘The Yishuv, Sir Herbert Samuel and the Arab Question in Palestine 1921-5’, in Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel (London 1982), 19-20.
36. Kedourie, op. cit., 60-2.
37. Quoted in ibid., 65.
38. Bernard Wasserstein, ‘Herbert Samuel and the Palestine Problem’, English Historical Review, 91 (1976).
39. Kedourie, op. cit., 69.
40. Weizmann, op. cit., 325, 494.
41. Lloyd George, Peace Treaties, 1123ff.
42. Ibid., 1139.
43. Caplan, ‘The Yishuv’, 31.
44. Quoted in Wasserstein, op. cit., 767.
45. Quoted in R. H. S. Crossman, A Nation Reborn (London 1960), 127.
46. Weizmann, op. cit., 418.
47. Quoted in Encyclopaedia Judaica, iv 506.
48. Weizmann, op. cit., 411.
49. Quoted in Leslie, op. cit. (1938 interview).
50. ‘On the Iron Wall’, 1923; quoted in Silver, op. cit., 12.
51. Robert S. Wistrich, Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky (London 1976), 77ff.; see also J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 vols (London 1966).
52. Quoted in Wistrich, op. cit., 83.
53. Letter to Mathilee Wurm, 16 February 1917, quoted in ibid.
54. Collected Works (London 1961), vii 100ff.; ‘Critical Remarks on the National Question’, 1913; quoted in Wistrich, op. cit.
55. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 (Oxford 1965).
56. See K. Pindson (ed.), Essays in Anti-Semitism (2nd edn, New York 1946), 121-44. The Encyclopaedia Judaica, xiv 459, gives the figure as 60,000; H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (trans., Harvard 1976), gives 75,000; the Soviet figure is 180,000-200,000.
57. Bernard D. Weinryb, ‘Anti-Semitism in Soviet Russia’, in Lionel Kochan (ed.), The Jews in Soviet Russia (Oxford 1972).
58. J. B. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, in Kochan, op. cit., 101.
59. Ibid., 107; Guido D. Goldman, Zionism under Soviet Rule 1917-28 (New York 1960).
60. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-29 (Oxford 1965), 258.
61. Quoted in Lionel Trilling, ‘Isaac Babel’, in Beyond Culture (Oxford 1980), 103-25; see also Trilling’s edition of Babel’s Collected Stories (New York 1955), and R. Rosenthal in Commentary, 3 (1947).
62. Robert Conquest, Inside Stalin’s Secret Police: NKVD Politics 1936-39 (London 1985), 99.
63. Jewish Chronicle, 2 November 1917.
64. Quoted in Leon Poliakov, History of Anti-Semitism, vol. iv, Suicidal Europe, 1870-1933 (Oxford 1985), 209.
65. The Cause of World Unrest, 10, 13, 131-2.
66. Illustrated Sunday Herald, 8 February 1920, quoted in Poliakov, op. cit.
67. Morning Post, 6 October 1921, quoted in Poliakov, op. cit.
68. Robert Wilson, The Last Days of the Romanovs (London 1920), 148.
69. P. Lévy, Les Noms des Israélites en France (Paris 1960), 75-6.
70. Quoted in Paul J. Kingston, Anti-Semitism in France during the 1930s: Organization, Personalities and Propaganda (Hull 1983), 4.
71. Paul Hyman, From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry (Columbia 1979), 35.
72. Léon Blum, Nouvelles Conversations de Goethe avec Eckermann (Paris 1901), quoted in Wistrich, op. cit.
73. Harvey Goldberg, ‘Jean Jaurès on the Jewish Question’, Jewish Social Studies (April 1958).
74. A. Mitchell Palmer, ‘The Case Against the Reds’, Forum, February 1920; Poliakov, op. cit., 231-2.
75. For Brandeis’ legal philosophy, see Philippa Strum, Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People (Harvard 1985).
76. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943).
77. G. Saleski, Famous Musicians of Jewish Origin (New York 1949).
78. T. Levitan, Jews in American Life (New York 1969), 96-9, 199-203, 245-6.
79. Quoted in Lary May, Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion-Picture Industry (Oxford 1980).
80. See Philip French, The Movie Moguls (London 1967).
81. Ibid., 21.
82. For biographical details see French, op. cit.; May, op. cit., 253, table IIIa, ‘Founders of the Big Eight’, and table IIIb for biographies.
83. French, op. cit., 28.
84. Raymond Durgnat, The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image (London 1969), 150-61; 78-83.
85. May, op. cit., 171.
86. Helen and Robert Lynd, Middletown (New York 1929).
87. Edward J. Bristow, Prostitution and Prejudice: The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery 1870-1939 (New York 1984).
88. Jenna Weissman Joselit, Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community 1900-1940 (New York 1983).
89. For Jewish gangsters see Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America (New York 1980).
90. Melvin Urofsky, American Zionism: From Herzl to the Holocaust (New York 1975), 127.
91. Quoted in Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (London 1980), 187.
92. James Grant, Bernard Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend (New York 1983), 223ff., shows that he merely salvaged most of his fortune after the market broke; he was never worth more than between $10 million and $15 million.
93. Ibid., 107-9.
94. Steel, op. cit., 189.
95. ‘Public Opinion and the American Jew’, American Hebrew, 14 April 1922.
96. Quoted in Steel, op. cit., 194.
97. Quoted in ibid., 330-1.
98. New York Times, 11 April 1945; for polls see Davis S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941-45 (New York 1984), 8-9.
99. Fritz Stern, ‘Einstein’s Germany’, in Holton and Elkana, op. cit., 322ff.