The Truth Machine
Page 33
American Polygraph Association, 188
Ames, Aldrich, 5
Appel, Charles A., 169
Aristotle, 52
Aschaffenburg, Gustav, 27
atavism, 17, 22, 27, 39, 48, 63
Austin, Alfred, 75, 77
automatograph, 100, 108
Ayur Veda, 134
Backster, Cleve, 4–5
Baer, Abraham, 27
Balmer, Edwin, 110–12, 117, 142, 180
Barthes, Roland, 134, 152
Beard, George Miller, 54
Beccaria, Cesare, 8
Bell, Alexander Graham, 126
Benedikt, Moritz, 38
Bentham, Jeremy, 8, 186, 187
Berardi, Vito Antonio, 61
Berkeley Psychograph, 171
Bernaldo de Quirós y Pérez, Constancio, 26
Bernard, Claude, 67, 71
Bertillon, Alphonse, 25
Bertino, Michel, 67
Blackwood, Algernon, 110
Blade Runner, 189–92
Blazenzits, Joe, 166
Bleuler, Eugen, 27, 49, 99
Block, Eugene, 120
blushing, 42, 65–66, 190
Boies, Henry, 41–42, 45
Booth, John Wilkes, 169
Bordoni, Ernesta, 43
Boring, Edwin Garrigues, 98
born criminal: abandoned by criminology, 76, 95, 133, 180
in criminology, 20, 22, 23, 29, 46, 177
in England, 35, 36
Kraepelin, 27
lack of emotion of, 72
Lombroso’s notion of, 18, 22, 28, 48–49, 177
rejected by detective fiction, 112, 180
skepticism concerning, 25, 27, 28, 83, 108
in the United States, 38, 105
women, 43, 59, 62, 63, 65, 73
Bourget, Paul, 78
Bray, Charles, 16
Bridges, Frederick, 13–15
Brinton, Daniel Garrison, 39–40, 59
Broca, Pierre Paul, 21
Burgess, Thomas Henry, 65
Burke, William, 12
Burtt, Harold E., 139
Butler, Josephine, 61
Call Northside 777, 172
Canary Murder case, 166
Capillary electrometer, 125
Capone, Al, 166
cardiograph, 67, 71, 110, 115
Cardio-Pneumo-Psychogram, 122, 125
Casey, Patrick, 175
Chaplin, Charlie, 164
Charcot, Jean-Martin, 96
charismatic authority: of criminal man, 187
of criminology, 31, 178, 189
defined, 48–49, 134, 172–73
of lie detector, 31, 183, 192
of lie detector experts, 143, 172–73, 181–82
of Lombroso, 31, 48–50, 178
and sovereign power, 186–87
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 94
chronoscope, 68, 98, 102, 103, 108, 110, 111, 114, 118, 121, 122
Clouston, Thomas Smith, 23–24, 33–34, 55
Colajanni, Napoleone, 25
Collins, Frederick, 118
Collins, Wilkie, 75, 76, 77
Combe, George, 13, 15
Comte, Auguste, 21, 54
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 80, 179
Coogan, Jackie, 146
Corday, Charlotte, 42
craniology, 16–17, 21
crime, as normal feature of society, 179
criminal: as a biological entity, 17–21, 23–24, 29, 33, 178
female, 73, 178, 179
as the focus of criminology, 9–11, 20, 23, 28, 35, 178
insensitive to pain, 64
criminal anthropology: absence in Great Britain, 35, 37, 47
in Austria, 28
as contradictory discourse, 49
critique of, 75–93, 108, 124
fetish for instrumentation, 69, 72
in France, 24–25
in Germany, 27–28, 47
influence in literature, 77–81, 108, 115
interest in female offenders, 60, 61, 73, 91, 148
and Lombroso, 46, 49, 50
opponents of, 25, 32, 38
origins and emergence of, 18, 41, 56, 179
and penal codes, 30
and politics, 30
rhetorical modes of, 43–45, 178
search for stigmata, 4, 23
sensationalism of, 42, 44
and social policy, 24, 40
in Spain, 25–26, 47
in the United States, 38–40, 88–91, 105–6
criminal insanity, 20
criminal jurisprudence, 15, 20
Criminal Man (Lombroso), 20, 21, 22, 27, 31, 41, 47, 177, 187
criminology: abandons the born criminal, 76, 108, 110, 180
in Britain, 33, 34, 35, 37
development of, 9–10, 20, 23, 28, 30–31, 52, 68, 73
dilemmas of, 189
as dilemmatic discourse, 178
governmental project of, 182
Lombrosian project of, 182
cruentation, 8, 196n5
Dallemagne, Jules, 47
Darrow Photopolygraph, 171
Darwin, Charles, 21, 54, 66, 67, 79, 82
Darwin, Leonard, 37
de Aramburu, Félix, 25
Deception Tests Service Company (Berkeley), 171
degeneration theory, 20, 21–22, 27, 35, 40, 60, 78–80,84, 105
de Mille, Agnes, 164
de Mille, Cecil B., 164
Dent, Max, 174
detective fiction, 77, 81, 110, 180, 181
Dick, Philip K., 174, 189
Dickens, Charles, 76, 77
Dick Tracy, 172
Distant, William Lucas, 58
Dorado Montero, Pedro, 26
Dracula (Stoker), 39, 80
Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand, 67, 96
Dugdale, Richard, 79, 87
Dunlap, A., 129
Dyche, William, A., 168
dynamometer, 108
Edison, Thomas, 126, 127
electric psychometer, 94, 95, 103, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112
Ellis, Henry Havelock, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 59, 63, 66
Elmira State Reformatory, New York, 39, 45, 86
emotiograph, 118, 125
Erasistratus, 134
ergograph,108
eugenics, 35, 107
Falco, Giovanni, 43
Falret, Jules, 58
feeblemindedness, 107, 108, 147
female body, as focus of criminology, 178
Female Offender, 59–60
female offenders, 65
Féré, Charles, 25, 66, 96, 97
Ferrer, Francisco, 26
Ferrero, Guglielmo, 42–43, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
Ferri, Enrico, 22, 38, 49, 71, 88
Feurerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von, 8
Feyerabend, Paul, 1
Fibbograph, 100
Fink, Arthur E., 108
Fletcher, Ronald, 38–39
Földes, Béla, 59, 61
Ford, Henry, 126, 127
Fordham psycho-galvanometer, 138
Foucault, Michel, 186, 187
Fox, Long, 36
Freeman, Austin Richard, 110
Freud, Sigmund, 51, 55, 96
Futrelle, Jacques Heath, 114
Gage, Phineas, 12
Gall, Franz Josef, 12–13, 21
Galton, Francis, 35, 37, 64
galvanometer, 96, 98, 99, 100, 105, 110, 111, 112, 114, 127, 133, 144, 182
Garofalo, Raffaele, 22–23, 32, 38, 64
Gaudenzi, Carlo, 18
Gautier, Alfred, 49
Geddes, Patrick, 54–55
Gesell, Arnold, 132
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 53–54
Goddard, Calvin, 150, 166, 169, 170
Goddard, Henry Herbert, 106–8
Golden Lasso of Truth (Wonder Woman), 158, 184, 185, 188
goniometer, 68–69
Goring, Charles, 25, 37, 83, 108, 109
Gothic novel, 77–81, 83, 109, 110, 179
Grable, Betty, 146
Griffiths, Arthur, 37, 47
Griffiths, G. B., 37
Gross, Hans, 28, 219n120
guillotine, 187
Haeckel, Ernst, 21
Hare, William, 12
Harwood, Jack, 1
Hauptmann, Bruno, 146, 166, 227n79
Healey, William, 108
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 53
Heinrich, Edward Oscar, 124
Henderson, Charles, 40
Hesse-Darmstadt jewels, 172
Hill, Anita, 5
Hodgson, William Hope, 110
Homo criminalis. See Criminal Man (Lombroso)
Hooton, Ernest A., 45
Hoover, J. Edgar, 230n22
Horner, Henry, 174
Howard, John, 8
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 82
hysteria, 56–58, 80, 97, 179
ideological dilemmas, 46, 82, 178, 181–84, 186, 188–89
Inbau, Fred, 128, 134, 139, 151, 167, 184
inspiration-expiration ratio, 115
Institute for Juvenile Research (Chicago), 165
intelligence tests, 107
“Jack the Ripper” murders, 77
Jastrow, Joseph, 38, 70
Johnston, Alva, 150
Johnstone, Edward R., 106, 107
Jung, Carl, 96, 97, 98, 99, 131, 158
Juska, Edward, 138
Kant, Immanuel, 55
Keeler, Charles Augustus, 161–62, 164, 165
Keeler, Eloise, 120, 126, 136, 154, 166–69
Keeler, Leonarde: in Call Northside 777, 172
canary murder case, 166
charismatic authority of, 172
correspondence with August Vollmer, 128–29, 140, 164, 169–72
fame of, 154, 170–72
and Hollywood, 164, 172
as inventor of lie detector, 117–18, 120, 124, 125, 131, 133, 138, 144, 154, 168, 175–76, 182
and lie detector business, 171–72, 182, 184
lie detector technique of, 142, 143, 144, 154
on Marston, 128–29, 131
patent on lie detector, 133, 165, 223n79, 223n83
in photographs of lie detector tests, 136, 142, 144, 150, 165, 168
public recognition for work of, 167
and Rappaport case, 142–43, 144, 147, 174–77
relationship with Fred Inbau, 130
relationship with John Larson, 128, 130, 140, 184
relationship with August Vollmer, 164 (see also correspondence with August Vollmer)
youth of, 162, 164
Keeler Polygraph, 149
in magazine articles, 135, 138, 140, 145, 154, 166, 168, 171, 172
synonymous with lie detector, 128, 137, 149, 165, 167, 183
Kellor, Frances, 87–93, 180, 214n91
kimegraph, 121
Kipling, Rudyard, 78
kissing, 44
Klein, Charles, 225n13
Koch, Julius, 27
Kraepelin, Emil, 27
Kurella, Hans, 27, 47
kymograph, 91, 115, 127, 180
Lacassagne, Alexandre, 24, 25
Lapicque, Louis, 105
Larson, John Augustus, 116–18, 120, 122–25, 128–33, 139, 140, 148, 150, 183–84, 186
relationship with Leonarde Keeler, 128, 130, 140, 184
relationship with August Vollmer, 164
Lavine, Emanuel H., 135
Lee, C. D., 130
Leibowitz, Samuel, 148
Leonarde Keeler, Inc., 171
Leonarde Keeler Polygraph Institute, 5
Lewis, A. A., 143, 146
lie detector: accuracy statistics of, 138, 139
aim to produce confessions, 177
as alternative legal system, 147, 180, 183, 191, 218n109
animosity between pioneers, 128–31
as black box, 124, 140, 142–43, 183
conditions of possibility for, 192
as contradictory discourse, 5, 151, 177, 181–85, 188
discursive architecture of, 183
as dream of criminology, 148
emergence of, 179, 180–82
as erotic scene, 152, 186
fails with certain subjects, 147
first use of term, 95, 108, 124, 182
as function of privileging of the lie, 124–25
as gendered practice, 2, 151
images of, 150
interest of popular press in, 137, 151–52
intimidating reputation of, 141, 148, 183
invention of, 115, 117, 120, 124, 172
as invention, 124, 126, 131, 133, 135, 137, 176, 182, 224n113
inventor of, 116–33, 173, 182
in law court, 155, 229n5; “male gaze” of, 148–50
mystique surrounding, 127, 137, 140, 141, 173, 188
myth of invention of, 173, 182, 224n113
naming of, 125
as opposite of “third degree,” 164, 168, 183
as popular culture construction, 172, 180
as possessing agency, 145
as possessing magical properties, 143–44, 172, 183
price of, 171
as public relations tool, 168
to solve romantic problems, 160, 183, 184, 186
as tool of medical diagnosis, 184, 186
volunteering to take test, 146
women as ideal subjects of, 151
lietector, 125
Lindbergh baby kidnapping, 5, 146, 159, 166
Lombroso, Cesare: ambitions for criminology, 20–21
charismatic authority of, 46–50, 178
discusses politics, 26, 32
as father of criminology, 20, 31, 46, 134
and female offenders (see Female Offender); on genius, 43, 82
Homo criminalis (L’uomo delinquent), 21, 22, 27, 47
on hysterica, 56
influence of, 34–38, 41, 46, 47, 78, 80–83, 101, 105
influences on, 21, 22, 41, 68, 78, 178
and instrumentation, 18, 68, 70, 72–73
rhetorical modes of, 42–46, 48, 178
role in creating criminal anthropology, 18, 30–38, 41, 47, 178
theory criticized, 25, 28, 37, 38, 45, 83–85, 88–89, 110
theory of the born criminal, 18, 21, 22, 23, 49, 64, 66, 70, 177
Lombroso-Ferrero, Gina, 44
Londes, Nick, 146
Lopez, Marquita, 156
Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm, 67
L’uomo delinquent. See Criminal Man (Lombroso)
Lydson, G. Frank, 40
lying, 75, 181
Lykken, David, 2
MacDonald, Arthur, 40, 69, 73, 84–85, 88, 105
MacHarg, William, 110, 112, 117, 142, 180
Mackenzie, George S., 16
Mantegazza, Paolo, 61, 88
Marat, Jean-Paul, 42
Marconi, Guglielmo, 127
Marey, Étienne-Jules, 67, 71
Marston, William Moulton: charisma of, 154, 155, 159, 182–83
creates Wonder Woman, 158, 172, 185
criticized notion of invention, 126, 133
dominance and submission theory of, 156, 158, 185
FBI file on, 230n22
as inventor of lie detector, 117–21, 131, 132, 155, 158, 172, 182
on Keeler, 128
lie detector technique of, 122–24, 139, 147, 150, 158
The Lie Detector Test (1938), 118, 122, 128, 129, 135–36, 159, 184
managed lie detector’s contradictions, 184–86
offers Hauptmann a lie detector test, 146
as popular psychologist, 156–58, 184
against “third degree,” 137
use of lie detector extended beyond crime, 154–55, 160–61, 184–86
uses lie detector in court of law, 120, 155
on women as ideal subjects, 151
work criticized by others, 130, 139, 184
Marston Systolic Blood Pressure Deception Test, 120–23, 126, 139, 149, 155–57, 159
Marzolo
, Paolo, 21, 41
Massee, Burt, 165, 170
Matté, James Allen, 151
Maudsley, Henry, 17, 19, 55, 57, 59, 76
Mayhew, Henry, 10, 18, 24, 33, 65–66
McCarty, Dwight G., 120
McKim, W. Duncan, 40
McLaughlin, John, 177
McLean Hamilton, Allan, 95, 96, 104
Mead, Syd, 190
Mendaxophone, 100
mistrust, between lie detector pioneers, 131, 184
Mobile Crime Detection Laboratory, 167
Moffett, Cleveland, 115, 180
Montaigne, Michel de, 53
Montero, Dorado, 46
moral insanity, 11, 41
Morel, Bénédict Augustin, 10–11, 21
moron, 108, 147
Morrison, William D., 36–37, 83–84
Mosso, Angelo, 67, 73, 132, 134
Müller, E. K., 97
Münsterberg, Hugo, 99–104, 111, 113, 115, 120, 126, 131, 132, 137, 157–58, 225n13
Musolino, Guiseppe, 43
Näcke, Paul, 27
National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 155
Niceforo, Alfredo, 58
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 51, 53, 56, 174, 189
Nordau, Max, 46
Olson, Walter, 165
Orchard, Harry (Albert Horsley), 102, 103, 131
Ottolenghi, Salvatore, 20–21, 43, 59, 60, 65
Owen, M. E., 66
Panizza, Bartolomeo, 21
Panopticon, 187
Parsons, Philip A., 40
Partridge, George Everett, 66
Pearson, Karl, 25
penal policy, 8, 20
penology, 20, 33, 40
Peterson, Frederick, 97–98, 99, 103
phrenology, 10–16, 20, 21, 35, 40
Pickford, Mary, 164
Pie-crustograph, 100
Pitrè, Giuseppe, 59
Plato, 52
plethysmograph, 72–73, 92, 98, 100, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 118, 142
Pneumo-Cardio-Sphygmogalvanograph, 125
pneumo-cardio-sphygmometer, 117
pneumograph, 98, 100, 108, 110, 111, 113, 118, 127, 133, 142, 156, 180, 182
Pollock, Dorothy, 170
polygraph. See lie detector
Price, Rosemary, 125
Prichard, James, 11
Pringle, Henry, 140
prostitute: criminology’s obsession with, 24, 43, 57, 61–63, 179
as embodiment of criminality, 60–61, 179
prostitution, 10, 61–63, 88
psychoanalysis, 83
psychogalvanometer, 125, 140, 144
psychometer. See electric psychometer
psychopathic subjects, 147
pulp fiction, 109–15
Quetelet, Adolphe, 9–10, 61
Rappaport, Joseph, 142–43, 144, 147, 174–77
Ray, Isaac, 57
Reeve, Arthur Benjamin, 95, 112, 113, 115, 117, 180
Reid, John E., 151
Rittenberg, Max, 110
Rizzo, Ernie, 1–2
Road Hill House murder, 76
Robinson, Henry Morton, 135
Rosny aîné, J.-H. (Joseph-Henri Honoré Boex), 78
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 55
Rush, Benjamin, 8
Salillas, Rafael, 26, 47