by Alison Weir
26. Now in the archives of Durham Cathedral.
27. Gesta Stephani
28. Ibid.
29. John of Hexham
30. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
31. Orderic Vitalis
17. “Sovereign Lady of England”
1. Gesta Stephani
2. Oxford Castle was a ruin by the thirteenth century. While residing there, Maud issued charters granting lands to the prior and convent of St. Frideswide (Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154).
3. William of Malmesbury
4. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
5. Ibid.
6. William of Malmesbury
7. Ibid.
8. Gesta Stephani
9. Henry of Huntingdon
10. William of Malmesbury
11. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
12. Castor
13. Gesta Stephani
14. Hilton: Queens Consort
15. Gesta Stephani
16. William of Malmesbury
17. John of Hexham
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Gervase of Canterbury
20. John of Worcester
21. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Bec-Hellouin”
22. William of Malmesbury
23. Norton: England’s Queens
24. Chibnall: “The Charters of the Empress Matilda”
25. Gesta Stephani
26. William of Malmesbury
27. Goodall
28. Gesta Stephani
29. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
30. Bradbury: Stephen and Matilda
31. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
32. Simeon of Durham
18. “Insufferable Arrogance”
1. Truax
2. Stow: A Survey of London
3. Gesta Stephani
4. Victoria County History: Essex; Stubbs; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
5. Reading Abbey Cartularies; Wertheimer
6. Reading Abbey Cartularies; Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Hollister
7. Truax
8. Gesta Stephani
9. William of Malmesbury
10. Bradbury: Stephen and Matilda
11. Gervase of Canterbury
12. Gesta Stephani
13. FitzStephen
14. Davis: Henry of Blois
15. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
16. Gesta Stephani
17. Gervase of Canterbury
18. John of Worcester
19. Gesta Stephani
20. Ibid.
21. Henry of Huntingdon
22. Gesta Stephani
23. Gervase of Canterbury
24. John of Worcester
25. Ibid.
26. Gesta Stephani
27. Ibid.
28. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Church Reform”
29. Gesta Stephani
30. Ibid.
31. William of Malmesbury
32. Gervase of Canterbury
33. Gesta Stephani
34. William of Malmesbury
35. Gesta Stephani; William of Malmesbury
36. Henry of Huntingdon
19. “Terrified and Troubled”
1. Gesta Stephani
2. Ibid.
3. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
4. William of Malmesbury
5. Ibid.
6. Gesta Stephani
7. Ibid.; Gervase of Canterbury; “Annals of Waverley Abbey”; John of Worcester
8. William of Malmesbury
9. King: Medieval England
10. William of Malmesbury
11. Gesta Stephani
12. William of Malmesbury
13. Ibid.
14. Gesta Stephani
15. William of Malmesbury
16. Gesta Stephani
17. William of Malmesbury
18. Gesta Stephani
19. Henry of Huntingdon
20. Gesta Stephani
21. William of Malmesbury
22. Gesta Stephani
23. William of Newburgh; Henry of Huntingdon; Robert of Torigni
24. William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon
25. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; “The Chronicle of Melrose”; John of Hexham
26. Gesta Stephani
27. Henry of Huntingdon
28. Gesta Stephani
29. John of Hexham
30. William of Malmesbury; John of Worcester
31. William of Malmesbury
32. Gesta Stephani
33. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
34. Gesta Stephani; Gervase of Canterbury
35. It would not be rebuilt until the reign of Henry II (1154–89).
36. John of Worcester; Gervase of Canterbury
37. William of Malmesbury
38. Gesta Stephani; William of Malmesbury
39. Gesta Stephani
40. Gervase of Canterbury
41. William of Malmesbury
42. Gervase of Canterbury
43. Gesta Stephani
44. William of Malmesbury
45. Gervase of Canterbury
46. Gesta Stephani
47. Gervase of Canterbury; Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchale
48. A much later account of it, probably heavily embellished, is to be found in the Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchale.
49. Gesta Stephani
50. John of Worcester. In the Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchale, this was at the insistence of John the Marshal, but he did not accompany her on her journey. His role in her escape is highly inflated in this text, which states incorrectly that, to avoid their pursuers, her party paused to take shelter in the ruins of Wherwell Abbey.
51. Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchale
52. John of Worcester
53. Gervase of Canterbury
54. John of Worcester; Gervase of Canterbury
55. Gervase of Canterbury
56. Gesta Stephani
20. “Rejoicing and Exultation”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. Gervase of Canterbury
3. Ibid.; John of Worcester
4. William of Malmesbury
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Given-Wilson and Curteis
9. William of Malmesbury
10. Gesta Stephani
11. Ibid.
12. Gervase of Canterbury
13. Ibid.
14. John of Worcester
15. William of Malmesbury; Gesta Stephani; “The Chronicle of Melrose”
16. Henry of Huntingdon
17. William of Malmesbury
18. Gesta Stephani
19. Ibid.
20. William of Malmesbury
21. Gesta Stephani
22. William of Malmesbury
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Gervase of Canterbury
21. “The Lawful Heir”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
3. William of Malmesbury
4. Osney Priory became an abbey in c.1154.
5. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Sharpe and Doherty. It may have been while Maud was at Devizes that she donated land, pasture and a dwelling at nearby Tytherington, near Heytesbury, to support two chaplains for the chapel there dedicated to St. James. (She did not forget her connection with the area. In 1165 she endowed the church of St. Peter and St. Paul at Heytesbury.) She also made benefactions to the abbeys of Haughmond, Shrewsbury and Lilleshall in Shropshire (Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154). The poet Siegfried Sassoon, who lived in Heytesbury House, commemorated her connection with the place in his poem “A Remembered Queen.”
6. William of Malmesbury
7. Crouch: The Beaumont Twins
; 8. William of Malmesbury
9. John of Hexham
10. William of Malmesbury
11. Gesta Stephani
12. William of Malmesbury
13. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Norton: England’s Queens
14. William of Malmesbury says this happened at Devizes, but in the next passage he refers to “all continuing at Oxford,” implying that they were already there.
15. William of Malmesbury
16. Ibid.
17. Cited King: Medieval England
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Gesta Stephani
20. William of Malmesbury
21. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154. Bordesley had been founded in 1138 by Waleran de Beaumont, but Maud had insisted on taking over its patronage as a condition of receiving his allegiance (Chibnall: The Empress Matilda).
22. Gesta Stephani
23. Ibid.
24. Beem: “The Virtuous Virago”
22. “One of God’s Manifest Miracles”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. Gesta Stephani
3. Ibid.
4. John of Hexham
5. Gesta Stephani
6. William of Malmesbury
7. Ibid.
8. Gesta Stephani
9. William of Malmesbury
10. Ibid.
11. Laplane; Januauschek
12. Bernard himself had refounded Clairmarais on 26 April 1140 (Williams: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux). He and three other abbots of the Order—among them Matilda’s friend Thierry of La Capella—witnessed the Queen’s charter granting land in the forest of Beaulo at Eperlecques to the abbey (Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154). Around 1142, at Matilda’s request, King Stephen was to give more lands to the brethren of Clairmarais to help build their abbey; six years later, he, Matilda and Eustace would further endow this foundation (ibid.), doubtless hoping to retain the support of Count Thierry (Laplane; Dark).
13. Gesta Stephani
14. William of Malmesbury
15. Gesta Stephani, who says there were three knights; William of Malmesbury says there were four.
16. William of Malmesbury
17. Henry of Huntingdon
18. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
19. William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon
20. Henry of Huntingdon
21. William of Malmesbury; Gesta Stephani
22. Gesta Stephani
23. William of Malmesbury; Gesta Stephani
24. Gesta Stephani
25. Ibid.
26. It was not six miles away, as the Gesta Stephani states.
27. William of Malmesbury; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
28. Gesta Stephani
29. Gervase of Canterbury
30. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
31. Map
32. Barber: Henry Plantagenet
23. “Wretchedness and Oppression”
1. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
2. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
3. Ibid.
4. Gesta Stephani
5. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
6. Hilton: England’s Queens
7. Davis: “Henry of Blois and Brian Fitz Count”
8. Gesta Stephani
9. Ibid.
24. “A New Light Had Dawned”
1. Chroniques des Comtes d’Anjou
2. Poole: Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought
3. Chartes de Saint-Julien de Tours
4. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
5. Henry of Huntingdon
6. Gesta Stephani
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Henry of Huntingdon
11. William of Newburgh
12. Maud held the castles at Tamworth, Dudley, Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, Cardiff, Bristol, Devizes, Trowbridge, Salisbury, Castle Cary, Sherborne, Exeter, Wareham, Newbury, Marlborough, Wallingford, Bungay, Framlingham and Orford.
13. Gesta Stephani
14. Ibid.
15. Robert of Torigni
16. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
17. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Church Reform”; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
18. Patrologia Latina, Vol. 180
25. “An Example of Fortitude and Patience”
1. Ralph of Diceto
2. William of Malmesbury
3. Charters and Documents illustrating the History of the Cathedral Church and Diocese of Salisbury
4. Liber Feodorum. The date of his death is not recorded, but in 1151 his widow, Matilda of Wallingford, confirmed by charter the grants that she and Brian had made to Bec-Hellouin, with the consent of the Empress and Henry, Duke of Normandy (Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154).
5. Additional Charters 19577, 19579, 19581, British Library
6. Gervase of Canterbury; Hilton: Queens Consort
7. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
8. Marshall
9. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
10. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
11. Crouch: The Normans
12. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Bec-Hellouin”
13. Stephen of Rouen
14. The area has been engulfed by modern industrial development, and nothing remains of the palace or the priory apart from the chapel of Saint-Julien at Petit-Quevilly, founded by Henry FitzEmpress in 1160, which contains frescoes that Maud may have commissioned herself (Chibnall). In “The Empress Matilda and Bec-Hellouin,” Chibnall stated that they dated from after Maud’s death, but she revised this view after reading Lindy Grant’s article, “The architecture of the early Savigniacs and Cistercians in Normandy.”
15. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
16. Stephen of Rouen
17. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
18. Ibid.; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
19. Stephen of Rouen
20. Charters and Documents illustrating the History of the Cathedral Church and Diocese of Salisbury; Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Castor; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
26. “For the Good of My Soul”
1. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
2. Saltman
3. Gervase of Canterbury
4. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
5. Hilton: Queens Consort
6. For an excellent account of Marie’s life, see Brown: “Elegit domum sibi placabilem”
7. Cited Dark; Saltman
8. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
9. Gervase of Canterbury
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid. A sixteenth-century carved panel relief depicting Stephen and Matilda can be seen at the entrance to the Old Grammar School in Faversham. It is thought to have originally been in a room above the town gate.
12. Saltman
13. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
14. Castor
15. Map
16. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
17. Ibid.; Tierney
18. Sanderus
19. Ibid.
20. “Annals of Margam, 1066–1232.” The Canterbury Obituary Lists (published in The Culture of Christendom) give the date as 26 March. Adeliza is listed on Affligem Abbey’s mortuary roll (Sanderus).
21. Sanderus
22. Baxter
23. Lambeth Palace MS. 371
24. Baxter
25. Norton: England’s Queens
26. Robert of Torigni
27. “Adeliza of Leuven”
28. St. Giles’s Hospital at Fugglestone St. Peter long claimed that Adeliza was buried in its chapel (Britton; Dugdale and Burnett). It was the only part of the foundation still standing in 1814, but has now disappeared.
27. “Carried by the Hands of Angels”
1. Chroniques des comtes d’
Anjou
2. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
3. Hilton: Queens Consort
4. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5. Ibid.
6. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate
7. Hilton: Queens Consort
8. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
9. Crouch: The Normans
10. Le Livere de Reis
11. Southouse gives a different translation from the Latin, calling Matilda the “happy wife of King Stephen. She died outstanding in character and titles. She was a true follower of God and a follower of poverty. Here she was elevated by God in whom she rejoices. If any woman whatever deserves to rise up to heaven, she does. Angels hold this godly Queen in their hands.”
PART FIVE: THE EMPRESS MAUD
1. “Joy and Honour”
1. Giraldus Cambrensis
2. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
3. Turner
4. Ibid.
5. Richard
6. Chronicon Valassense, cited by Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
7. A spurious thirteenth-century tale related by Matthew Paris had Maud present, pleading with Stephen and Henry to desist from fighting, for they were father and son, and it did not become them to kill each other.
8. Gervase of Canterbury; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
9. Castor
10. Henry of Huntingdon
11. Robert of Torigni
2. “The Light of Morning”
1. Brewer
2. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3. Histoire des ducs de Normandie et des rois d’Angleterre; Crouch: The Normans
4. Dark
5. Dodson
6. Stow: The Annals of England
7. Aelred of Rievaulx: “Genealogia regum Anglorum”
8. Seward
9. Map
10. Cited Meade
11. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
12. Chadwick: Empress Matilda’s Bling; Castor
13. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
14. Chibnall: “The Charters of the Empress Matilda”
15. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
16. Recueil des Actes de Henry II
17. Robert of Torigni; Recueil des Actes de Henry II
18. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
19. Crouch: The Beaumont Twins