17. Latham, “Packaging Woman”; Wiltse, Contested Waters; “Council Asked to Approve Plan of Sun Bathers,” 1.
18. Kathleen D. McCarthy, “Nickel Vice and Virtue: Movie Censorship in Chicago, 1907–1915,” Journal of Popular Film 5, no. 1 (1976): 38.
19. Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of Movies (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), 126.
20. Alison M. Parker, Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-censorship Activism, 1873–1933 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 30; Wheeler, Against Obscenity, 12; Nicola Beisal, Imperiled Innocents: Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 151–155; Paul S. Boyer, Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 12; Andrea Friedman, Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City, 1909–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 126–127.
21. “Rogers Pk. Calls on Her Sons to Fight Sun Baths,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 21, 1932, 1.
22. Parker, Purifying America, 30.
23. “Rogers Pk. vs. Sun Bathers! To a Decision,” 1.
24. “Protest Sent Mayor on Plan for Sun Bathing,” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 19, 1932, 1; “Rogers Pk. vs. Sun Bathers! To a Decision,” 1.
25. Gail Danks Welter, The Rogers Park Community: A Study of Social Change, Community Groups, and Neighborhood Reputation (Chicago: Center for Urban Policy, Loyola University of Chicago, 1982), 5–6.
26. “Rogers Pk. vs. Sun Bathers! To a Decision,” 1.
27. “Protest Sent Mayor on Plan for Sun Bathing,” 1.
28. “Rogers Pk. vs. Sun Bathers! To a Decision,” 1.
29. “Rogers Pk. Calls on Her Sons to Fight Sun Baths,” 1.
30. Robert G. Spinney, City of Big Shoulders: A History of Chicago (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000), 188–191.
31. “It’s a Dark Day for Sun Bathing; Mayor Says ‘No,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 22, 1932, 1.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. “Official Brings Back Tidings of the Nude Cults,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 9, 1932, 1.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. “10,000 Sign Plea for Nude Sun Bathing,” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 9, 1933, 1.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. On February 15, 1933, an Italian gunman attempted to assassinate president-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt at a rally being held in Miami, Florida, and instead fatally wounded Mayor Cermak, who died on March 6, 1933.
44. “Deny Sun Bath Pen; Knotless Lumber Costly,” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 10, 1933, 1.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Friedman, Prurient Interests, 4, 5.
49. Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 79–113.
50. Latham, “Packaging Woman,” 151.
51. Display ad, New York Times, June 26, 1934, 7.
52. Banner, American Beauty, 265–270.
53. Ibid., 269.
54. Clifford Putney, Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880–1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Michael S. Goldstein, The Health Movement: Promoting Fitness in America (New York: Twayne, 1992); Jan Todd, “Bernarr Macfadden: Reformer of Feminine Form,” Journal of Sports History 14, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 61–75; Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness.
55. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness, 286.
56. Frances Merrill and Mason Merrill, Among the Nudists (New York: Knopf, 1933); Frances Merrill and Mason Merrill, Nudism Comes to America (New York: Knopf, 1932); Maurice Parmelee, Nudism in Modern Life: The New Gymnosophy (New York: Knopf, 1931); Jan Gay, On Going Naked (Garden City, NY: Garden City, 1932).
57. Latham, “Packaging Woman,” 165.
58. Allen, Horrible Prettiness; Friedman, “Habitats of Sex-Crazed Perverts.”
59. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 214.
60. “24 Seized in Raid on Nudist Cult Here,” 3.
61. Ibid.
62. Chauncey, Gay New York, 214.
63. Friedman, “Habitats of Sex-Crazed Perverts.”
64. The Goldstein case became an important precedent for future trials resulting from police raids on nudist gymnasiums. In New York v. Burke (1934), the nudists’ attorneys introduced whole sections of the early trial’s testimony and the written judgment into the record as part of their defense. As a result, the earlier trial’s testimony and judgment were preserved in New York v. Burke (1934), excerpts from People ex rel. Walter Bloomer v. Thomas McCabe, et al., in Brief of Appellants, 18, Records of Higher State Courts, New York State Archives, Albany, New York.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., 18.
67. Ibid., 21.
68. Ibid., 21.
69. Ibid., 20.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. “Nudism as Educational and Social Force,” Literary Digest, October 1933, 16.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.
75. “3 Held in Nudist Raid,” New York Times, April 14, 1934, 7.
76. Chauncey, Gay New York, 354.
77. Friedman, “Habitats of Sex-Crazed Perverts,” 222.
78. Philip Jenkins, Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 49–93.
79. Friedman, “Habitats of Sex-Crazed Perverts,” 222.
80. New York v. Burke, “Record on Appeal,” 6.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. New York v. Burke, “Respondent’s Brief,” 26.
91. New York v. Burke, “Record on Appeal,” 24.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Allen, Horrible Prettiness, 250.
95. New York v. Burke, “Record on Appeal,” 41.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid.
100. Leigh Ann Wheeler, How Sex Became a Civil Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 44.
101. New York v. Burke, “Record on Appeal,” 40.
102. New York v. Burke, Brief of Appellants, 7.
103. Ibid., 6.
104. Ibid., 7.
105. Ibid., 23.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid.
108. People v. Burke, 243 App. Div. 83, 276 N.Y.S. 402 (1934).
109. People v. Burke, 276 N.Y.S at 404.
110. Al Smith to Honorable Herbert Lehman, December 27, 1934, 13682 Central Subject and Correspondence Files, 1919–1954, 1959–1983, Governor Office Records, New York State Archives, Albany, New York.
111. Ibid.
112. Robert A. Slayton, Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith (New York: Free Press, 2001).
113. Friedman, Prurient Interests, 139–140.
114. “Catholics Begin Fight on Nudism,” New York Times, January 3, 1935, 25.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. “Nudists See Smith ‘Inconsistent’ Foe,” New York Times, January 4, 1935, 26.
123. “Catholics Deny Wide Reform Aim,” New York Times, January 15, 1935, 23.
124. “Anti-Nudist Bill Obtains No Backing,” New York Times, February 6, 1935, 5.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. “Oppose Anti-Nudist Bill,” New York Times, Feb
ruary 3, 1935, 28; signers of the protest included the Reverend Dr. Charles Francis Potter of the First Humanist Society; the Reverend Dr. Guy Emory Shipler, editor of the Churchman, an Episcopal publication; Professor Arthur L. Swift of the Union Theological Seminary; the Reverend John Howard Melish, rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity; the Reverend Roswell D. Barnes of the Washington Heights Presbyterian Church; Rabbi Jonah B. Wise of the Central Synagogue; the Reverend Allan Knight Chalmers of the Broadway Congregational Tabernacle; and Professor Ellsworth Huntington of Yale University.
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. “Nudist Bill Reported,” New York Times, March 14, 1935, 2.
133. “Albany Votes Bill Outlawing Nudism; Leaders Wrangle,” New York Times, April 16, 1935, 1.
134. “Compensation Law Revised at Albany,” New York Times, March 20, 1935, 10.
135. “Albany Votes Bill Outlawing Nudism,” 1.
136. Ibid.
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. “Anti-Nudist Bill Voted,” New York Times, April 9, 1935, 12.
142. “Albany Votes Bill Outlawing Nudism,” 1.
143. The New York World-Telegram resulted from the 1931 merger of the New York World, owned by the heirs of Joseph Pulitzer, with the Evening Telegram, owned by Scripps Howard. The continuing influence of Pulitzer’s World gave the newspaper a liberal reputation, but over the next two decades, the ownership of Scripps Howard resulted in an increasingly conservative perspective.
144. “Letters to Lehman,” Nudist, July 1935, 24.
145. Ibid.
146. Henry Huntington, “The Seething Pot,” Nudist, July 1935, 13.
147. Ibid.
148. “Nudists Win Case in Appeals Court,” New York Times, May 1, 1935, 6.
149. “Anti-Nudism Bill Signed by Lehman,” New York Times, May 14, 1935, 2.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. “La Guardia Champions Cleaner Shows,” New York Times, June 6, 1939, 15.
153. Ibid.
Chapter 2: Out in the Open
1. Alois Knapp, “Chicago’s Zoro Nature Park,” Nudist, October 1933, 12.
2. “Lorena Knapp, July 4, 1886–August 24, 1950,” Sunshine and Health, November 1950, 20–21.
3. “Chicago’s Zoro Nature Park,” 12.
4. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986); John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1998); George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Joanne J. Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Kevin Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); John Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the Perfect Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
5. John Howard, Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 35.
6. Ibid.
7. Michael L. Lewis, ed., American Wilderness: A New History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
8. Susan A. Miller, Growing Girls: The Natural Origins of Girls’ Organizations in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007); Michael B. Smith, “‘The Ego Ideal of the Good Camper’ and the Nature of Summer Camp,” Environmental History 11, no. 1 (2006): 70–101; Leslie Paris, “The Adventures of Peanut and Bo: Summer Camps and Early-Twentieth-Century American Girlhood,” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 4 (2001): 47–76.
9. Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the Perfect Man, 157–218.
10. Jim Motavalli, Naked in the Woods: Joseph Knowles and the Legacy of Frontier Fakery (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2007).
11. Samuel Scoville, Jr., Boy Scouts in the Wilderness (New York: Century, 1919).
12. Smith, “Ego Ideal of the Good Camper,” 71; Paris, “Adventures of Peanut and Bo,” 53.
13. Howard, Men Like That, 47.
14. Rev. Ilsley Boone, “Selecting a Nudist Camp,” Nudist, April 1934, 12.
15. John A. Jakle, The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985).
16. “Chicago’s Zoro Nature Park,” 12.
17. Boone, “Selecting a Nudist Camp,” 12.
18. Jeff Wiltse, Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 87–120.
19. “Chicago’s Zoro Nature Park,” 12.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Sam Weller, “Solving Financial Problems of the Local Group,” Nudist, November 1936, 19–20.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Elton Raymond Shaw, The Body Taboo (Binghamton, NY: Vail-Ballou, 1937), 191.
27. Ibid.
28. J.Q.F., of the United States Senate, “Legal Nudism in Maryland,” Nudist, April 1934, 15.
29. “Nudists Call on America to Take Off Its Clothes,” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 26, 1936, 3.
30. The indecency statutes in the state of Indiana did not change until 1976. See Richard A. Posner and Katherine B. Silbaugh, A Guide to America’s Sex Laws (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 88–89.
31. “Chicago’s Zoro Nature Park,” 12.
32. Sidney R. Thompson, “Why Not Enjoy Your Camera?,” Nudist, January 14, 1938, 14.
33. Ibid.
34. “Chicago’s Zoro Nature Park,” 12.
35. Ibid.
36. “Elysia at Elsinore,” Nudist, March 1934, 15.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Michigan v. Ring (1934), Record, 3, State Law Library, Library of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 4.
42. Virginia Gardner, “Nudist Cult Leaders to Face Hearing in Michigan Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 21, 1933, 3.
43. Michigan v. Ring (1934), Record, 7.
44. Ibid., 31.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., 7.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., 19–20.
49. Judith R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 121–135; Leslie J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 160–193; Lisa Duggan, Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence, and American Modernity (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 32–60.
50. “Nudist Colony Heads in Court,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 1933, 3; “Court Battle in Nudist Camp Case Promised,” Washington Post, September 22, 1933, 3.
51. Duggan, Sapphic Slashers, 40.
52. Virginia Gardner, “Nudist Cult Leaders to Face Hearing in Michigan Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 21, 1933, 3.
53. Alyssa Picard, “‘To Popularize the Nude in Art’: Comstockery Reconsidered,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1, no. 3 (2002): 195–224; Molly McGarry, “Spectral Sexualities: Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism, Moral Panics, and the Making of U.S. Obscenity Law,” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 2 (2000): 8–29.
54. Virginia Gardner, “Nudist Leader Is Found Guilty of Indecencies,” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 25, 1933, 3.
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