10 GF, pp. 95; RtM 9, 19, p. 875, and 9, 23, p. 879; GN 7, 20, p. 299; BB 4, 20, p. 109. See also France (1994), pp. 362–366. Guibert specifies 7, that Robert had not captured the standard himself but had instead bought it from another soldier—captured the standard himself but had instead bought it from another soldier—still, a sign of the duke’s marvelous generosity.
11 BN 39, p. 518. The German writer is Frutolf, p. 116. BB 4, 20–21, pp. 109–110; RtM 9, 21, p. 878. One of Baudry’s earliest copyists spotted the potential embarrassment from this passage (given that wars with Egypt continued unabated) and excised it from the text. It appears to survive in only two manuscripts (of the fourteen that I have examined). See Apoc. 8:7, where at the sound of the first trumpet, fire and hail mixed with blood rain down from heaven.
12 FC 1, 31, 10, pp. 316–317.
13 BN 71, p. 541; FC 2, 35, 2, p. 507. More generally, FC 2, 34–35, pp. 503–509. BN is either a lightly revised version of FC’s chronicle or (in my opinion the more likely case) a copy of the first draft of FC’s chronicle, finished in 1106, preserving elements of that draft that have since been lost.
Conclusion
1 This anecdote about Galdemar was published as a continuation to Raymond’s chronicle (henceforth, “Continuation”) in RHC Oc. 5, pp. 307–308.The author only specifies Greek and Armenian; I am presuming the Latin. At one point Galdemar started to leave Hugh, but the archbishop ordered him by the oath he had made to him in life to return. See also Riley-Smith (1997), p. 75.
2 “Continuation,” p. 308.
3 The treaty appears in Fernand Vercauteren, ed., Actes des comtes de Flandre, 1071–1128 (Brussels: Palais des Académies, 1938), pp. 90–91.
4 CdA 233, pp. 284–285, for example; OV 5, 10, pp. 324–325; GN 5, 25, p. 228.
5 The literature on this topic is vast, but to hit the highlights: R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1999); R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and Other Studies (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1970); Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050–1200 (New York: Harper and Row, 1972). The most important recent foray into the topic is Rachel Fulton, From Judgment to Passion: Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 800–1200 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), which considers the question of the development of empathy in the twelfth century.
6 On Raimbold Croton, see Riley-Smith (1997), pp. 155–156.
7 GN 5, 11, p. 214; BN 35, p. 515; I Sam. 15:3.
8 BB 1, 4, p. 14. Robert uses the image frequently: RtM 2, 16, p. 747; 3, 14, p. 763; 6, 12, p. 812. See also RC 125, p. 693.
9 In particular, GN 2, 1, p. 109. On this theme generally, see Anthony D. Smith, Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003), esp. pp. 44–65, 120–123, and 137–141; and Mary Garrison, “The Franks as the New Israel? Education for an Identity from Pippin to Charlemagne,” in Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages, ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 114–161. Matthew Gabriele’s book is titled An Empire of Memory: The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem Before the First Crusade. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011).
10 Brett Edward Whalen, Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009). On the definition of Christianitas, Rousset, pp. 102–103, makes this point. Denis Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (New York: Harper and Row, 1957), pp. 22–23 and 27–28, notes the word’s ambiguities but draws too sharp a distinction between Christianitas as “the faithful” and Christianismus as the “faith,” which was not a universally understood distinction. See also BB prologue, p. 9; 1, 11, p. 20; 2, 3, pp. 35–36; 2, 7, p. 39; 2, 16, p. 49; 4, 21, p. 110; and RA, p. 110.
11 RA, p. 151; RC 57, p. 648; Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. and trans. Diana Greenway (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1996), 7, 14, pp. 436–437. See the recent study by Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100–1450 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009). I most certainly attribute more influence to the First Crusade for the propagation of these ideas than does Akbari.
12 GN 1, 2, p. 89, and, more generally, pp. 89–90; WM, 347, pp. 602–603, and 360, pp. 632–635. See also WM, 372, pp. 654–655, where he says it was a miracle that so many men, accustomed to cold weather, would willingly travel East. See the comments of Hay, Europe, pp. 3–5 and 32–33.
13 Paris BnF MS Arsenal 1101, fol. 101v, printed in the “Continuation,” p. 309. See also Ripoll Account, p. 649. The biblical passage here conflates Apoc. 6:2 and 19:14.
A Note on Sources
1 Deeds of the Franks, or GF, has long enjoyed a reputation for being the most important of the crusade sources. I have presented a detailed interpretation of it in Rubenstein (2004). Historians, by contrast, have tended to discount the value of Raymond’s book, seeing it as a revised version of GF, when in fact all evidence points to the two books being composed at the same time (and it is indeed likely that the two writers would have known of each other’s work during the crusade itself, perhaps helping to explain the similarities). Historians have only recently begun to appreciate the value of Albert of Aachen’s chronicle (AA), thanks to the work of his most recent editor, Susan Edgington. I have disagreed with Edgington here by saying that Albert made use of a now-lost source (and am currently preparing an article to make this case more forcefully).
Index
Abraham
Acre
Adela of Blois (wife of Stephen of Blois)
Adhémar (bishop of le Puy)
and Antioch
battle orations of
cross of
death of
and decapitation
and Dorylaeum
and Holy Lance
and Holy Lance, excavation of
and Kerbogah, defeat of
and Nicea
and nun from Trier
and Peter Bartholomew, visions of
and Peter Desiderius, visions of
and Stephen of Valence, visions of
and Urban II,
Adultery
Aelia Capitolina
Agarenes. See also Muslims; Saracens
Agatha (saint)
Ahmad ibn-Marwan
Aimo (archbishop of Bourges)
Al-Afdal
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Albara
Albert of Aachen
and Adhémar, death of
and Antioch
and Ascalon
and Bohemond
and cannibalism
and Civitot
and Godfrey of Bouillon
and Jerusalem, massacre at
and Nicea
and nun from Trier
and procession of penance and humility
and Sidon
Alexius II,
and Antioch
and Bohemond
and Civitot
and crusade, contributions to
and decapitation
and Dorylaeum
and Godfrey of Bouillon–
and Greek Fire
hostages of
and Hugh the Great
and Nicea
and nun from Trier
oaths to–
and Peter the Hermit
and Raymond of Saint-Gilles
and religious war
and Robert of Flanders
and Saracens
and Seljuk Turks
and Stephen of Blois
and Tetigus
and Turks
and Urban II,
Al-Hakim bi Amr Allah
Alp Arslan (sultan)
Ambrose (saint)
Anatolia
Andrew (monk)
Andrew (saint)
and Antioch
and Holy Lance
and John IV,
and Ma‘arra
relics of
Angers
<
br /> Animals, as sign of Apocalypse. See also Signs
Anna Comnena
and Bohemond
and Civitot
and Godfrey of Bouillon
and Hugh the Great
and Kelts
and Nicea
Anselm of Ribemont
Antichrist, plate 7
and decapitations, plate 4
precursor to
and Urban II,
Antioch(map)
and Alexius II,
apocalyptic signs in
and Bohemond
cannibalism at
decapitation at
description of
desertion at
destruction of
earthquake in
and Egypt
and ghost riders
importance of
and Kerbogah
and Kerbogah, defeat of
and Kerbogah, negotiations with
and Kerbogah, withdrawal from
legal judgment at
Mahomerie tower at
massacre at
miracles at
moral code at
and Orontes River battle
orphans at
and Peter Bartholomew, visions of
religious buildings at, defacing of
road to
rule of
siege of
as special Christian inheritance
starvation at
and Taurus Mountains
tournaments at
trial by combat at
truce at
truce at, failure of
victory at
visions at
and Yaghi-Siyan, and relief army
Apocalypse
and animals
and Clermont sermon
defined
false
and history
and miracles
ongoing, First Crusade as
and opposites
scenes of
and seventh battle
and white horse, apocalyptic rider on
See also Apocalypticism
Apocalyptic signs. See Signs
Apocalyptic visions. See Visions
Apocalypticism. See also Apocalypse; Armageddon; Last Days; Last Emperor; Last Judgment; Millenarianism; Visions
Armageddon. See also
Apocalypticism
Armor. See also Army
Army (of First Crusade)
dehydration of
dispersal of
and honor
and major battle sites(map)
of princes
reform of, vision of
routes taken by(map) (map)(map)
supplies for
and visions(see also Visions)
See also Armor; under individual leaders; Warriors; Weaponry
Arnold (knight; former lord of Échauffour)
Arnulf (bishop of Martirano)
Arnulf of Choques (patriarch)
and Ascalon
Arnulf of Choques (priest)
Arqa
Ascalon
Augustine (saint)
Augustus
Bagrat
Balduk
Baldwin (archbishop of Caesarea)
Baldwin of Boulogne
as adopted son of Toros
and Antioch
as Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem
and Constantinople
fate of
and Godfrey of Bouillon
and Mamistra
and Marash
as prince of Edessa
and Samosata
and Syria
and Tarsus
wife of
Baptism
Bari
Bartlett, Robert
Baudry (monk)
Baudry of Bourgueil
and Clermont
and Jerusalem
and siege warfare, violence of
Belgrade
Beneciacum
Benjamites
Benzo (bishop of Alba)
Bertha of Holland
Bertrada of Montfort
Bertrand of le Puy
Bethlehem
Birds eating flesh of men, plate 5
Bohemond (of Antioch; of Taranto)
and Alexius II,
and Alexius II, negotiations with
and Alexius II, oath to
and Antioch
and Antioch, rule of
and Antioch, starvation at
and Antioch, victory at
army of
and Baldwin of Boulogne
and battle wounds
and Byzantine-Turkish alliances
and cannibalism
and Cilicia
and Constantinople
and decapitation
and Dorylaeum
fate of
and Holy Lance
as hostage
and Jerusalem
and Kerbogah
and Kerbogah, defeat of
and Ma‘arra
as military genius, at Antioch
military plan of
and Nicea
and Orontes River battle
and Peter Bartholomew, vision of
and Pirrus
and Tetigus
The Book of Raymond of Aguilers
Boutoumites (general)
Brutality
at Antioch
of Godfrey of Bouillon
of Raymond of Saint-Gilles
of Saracens
See also Cannibalism; Decapitation; Massacres; Violence
Bucinat
Bulgaria
Byzantine Empire(map)
Byzantine-Turkish alliances
Canaanites
Cannibalism
at Antioch
at Ma‘arra
and Peter Bartholomew, visions of
See also Brutality
Cappadocia
Castoria
Charlemagne
Chosen People
obsession with
Christ
as apocalyptic rider on white horse
and Last Days, signs of
Christendom
“Christian,”
Christian identity
Christians
and conversion
Latin Catholic vs. Greek Orthodox
vs. Muslims
Chrysobull
Church of the Nativity
Churches, as sanctuaries
Cilicia
Circumcision
Civitot
Clarembald of Vendeuil
Clement III (aka Wibert of Ravenna; the Antipope; “the blockheaded pope”)
Clermont, sermon at
and Antichrist
apocalypticism of
and call for peace
and crusade indulgence
and pollution, fear of
and Saracens, brutality of
Climate
Code of conduct, of crusade warriors
Coloman (king of Hungary)
and Emicho of Flonheim
and Godfrey of Bouillon
Combat fatigue
Comets. See also Signs
Conrad (son of Henry IV)
Constantine Euphorbenus Catacalon
Constantine the Great
Constantinople
and Baldwin of Boulogne
and Bohemond
and Godfrey of Bouillon
and Peter the Hermit
and Walter of Sansavoir
Conversion, religious
forced
Council of Clermont
Crown of Thorns
Crucifixion of Christ
nails of
site of(see also Golgotha)
Crusade indulgence
Crusade leaders. See Leaders, of crusade
Crusader state
Daimbert (archbishop of Pisa)
Dalmatia (aka Sclavonia)
Daniel, Book of
David (king)
enthrone
d in earthly Jerusalem, plate 9
Decapitation
and Alexius II,
and antichrist, plate 4
at Antioch
of Denis (saint)
and Egypt
in Nicomedia
and Peter Bartholomew, visions of
and Peter the Hermit, armies of
See also Brutality
Dehydration
Demetrius (saint)
Denis (saint)
decapitation of
Desertions
at Antioch
Deuteronomy
Dome of the Rock
Dorylaeum
Drogo of Nesle
Duqaq of Damascus
Durand (bishop of Clermont)
Durazzo
Earthquakes. See also Signs
East, vs. West
Easter, March
Échauffour
Edessa
Egypt
Egyptians
and Ascalon
and Jerusalem
Emicho of Flonheim
army of
and pogroms
End of days. See Last Days
End times. See Last Days
Europe, siege warfare in
Eustace (count of Boulogne)
“Evil Crown,”
Evrard (priest)
Evrard the Hunter (knight)
“The Faithful Men of St. Peter,”
First Crusade
and Christian identity
and climate
and Frankish identity
as holy war
and the individual, discovery of
legacy of
meaning of
and modern world, birth of
motivation for joining
and national identity
as ongoing Apocalypse
as penitential war
reasons for
and West vs. East
and Western culture, foundations of
Folkmar (monk)
army of
Fox (armored shell model). See also Weaponry
France
Francis (saint)
Frankish identity
Franks
and Jews, conflating of, plate 12
as new Israel
style of
Fulcher of Chartres
and Alexius II, oaths to
and Antioch
and Armageddon
and Ascalon
and Baldwin of Boulogne
and cannibalism
and Constantinople
and Dorylaeum
and Jerusalem, massacre at
and Jerusalem, rule of
and Kerbogah, defeat of
and Nicea
Fulk (count of Anjou)
Fulk Nerra (count of Anjou)
Gabriel (archangel)
Gabriele, Matthew
Galdemar Carpenel
Gaston of Béarn
George (saint)
Armies of Heaven Page 45