by David Garrow
49. Cheryl Devall, “Status of Black Catholics Slowly Moving Up,” CT, 20 June 1986; “87 People to Watch in 1987,” CT, 7 January 1987; Nancy Ryan, “Black Catholic Conference to Study 10 Key Issues,” CT, 23 January 1987; Devall, “Black Catholics Convene to Reassess Role, Needs,” CT, 13 March 1987; Devall, “Black Catholics Discuss Role,” CT, 15 March 1987; Devall, “Black Catholics Hold Congress,” CT, 22 May 1987; Devall, “Blacks Seek a Role in Catholic Church,” CT, 29 May 1987; Cathy Green and Monique Irvin, “The National Black Catholic Congress,” In a Word 5 (July–August 1987): 2–11; Edward K. Braxton, “The National Black Catholic Congress: An Event of the Century,” Josephite Herald, Summer 1987, as reprinted in U.S. Catholic Historian 7 (Spring–Summer 1988): 301–6; Carol Norris Green, “A Postcard from Barack,” Catholic San Francisco, 30 January 2009, p. 13; Jason Horowitz, “The Catholic Roots of Obama’s Activism,” NYT, 23 March 2014, p. A1; DJG interview with Cynthia Norris.
Gregory A. Galluzzo to Margo Dunlap (Borg-Warner Foundation), 9 February 1987, Galluzzo to Gwendolyn Jordan, 5 May 1987, Galluzzo to Ellen J. Benjamin (Borg-Warner), 16 May 1987, Techny Towers to Gamaliel Foundation, Invoice, 27 May 1987, Gamaliel Foundation, “Support for Community Lead-Organizers-in-Training,” n.d. [mid 1987], 13pp., Gamaliel Papers; David T. Kindler, “My Awesome Inaugural Adventure,” January 2009, DTKindler.com; DJG interviews with Margaret Bagby, Linda Randle, Renee Brereton, Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzales, Peter Martinez, Phil Mullins, Mike Kruglik, Mary Ellen Montes, and David Kindler.
50. Daniel Lee and Barack H. Obama to Harold Washington, 4 May 1987 (page 2 of the proposal is missing), and Obama to Luz Martinez, 7 May 1987, HWP CSS Box 10 Fld. 17; G. Alfred Hess Jr., “Schools Need Parent Involvement,” CT, 16 March 1987, p. 10; Jack Houston, “City Class of ’85 Nearly Cut in Half by Dropouts,” CT, 30 April 1987, p. 1; Tracey Robinson and Tim Padgett, “School Boss Sees ‘Disaster’ in Plans to Scrap Board,” and Linda Lenz, “’85 Dropout Rate Topped 50% at 29 City High Schools,” CST, 22 May 1987, pp. 8 and 22; Casey Banas, “Early Marking Deadline Spurs School Absenteeism,” CT, 2 June 1987; Hess and James L. Greer, “Bending the Twig: The Elementary Years and Dropout Rates in the Chicago Public Schools,” Chicago Panel, 30 July 1987, 70pp.; Jean Latz Griffin, “Dropout Rate Tied to Early Failures,” CT, 31 July 1987, p. 1; Daniel Lee et al. to Harold Washington, 12 June 1987, HWP COF Box 27 Fld. 12; Delores T. Woods to Jane Ramsey, 29 June 1987, HWP COF Box 27 Fld. 27; Kyle and Kantowicz, Kids First, pp. 70, 155, 216–18; DJG interviews with Bruce Orenstein, Danny Solis, Nadyne Griffin, Ann West, Rosa Thomas, Eddie Knox, Luz Martinez, Jacky Grimshaw, Jane Ramsey, and Hal Baron. A quarter century later, Luz Martinez would have no recall of Obama, though she did remember DCP’s name. On Kari Moe, see her 1990 interview with Betty Brown-Chappell and her 1994 interview in Krumholz and Clavel, eds., Reinventing Cities, pp. 95–100.
On the initial 21 October 1986 Education Summit, which the Tribune did not cover, see William S. McKersie, “Philanthropy’s Paradox: Chicago School Reform,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 15 (Summer 1993): 109–28, at 123, Dan A. Lewis and Kathryn Nakagawa, Race and Educational Reform in the American Metropolis (SUNY Press, 1995), p. 82, and Jim Carl, “Harold Washington and Chicago’s Schools Between Civil Rights and the Decline of the New Deal Consensus,” History of Education Quarterly 41 (Fall 2001): 311–43, at 332. The three additional signatories on the 12 June letter were Father Alan Scheible (not “Schieble” as in the letter) of St. Willibrord, who died in 2000, Rev. Samuel Fluker of the House of Inspiration Church of God in Christ, who died in 2006, and a Rev. “John Murphy” of True Right Missionary Baptist Church on 95th Street, whose correct name may have been Rev. Willie J. Murphy and who is also deceased. See Shereice Garrett, My Life Is in God’s Hands (Trafford, 2012), Chapter One.
51. DJG interviews with Cathy Askew, Stephanie Askew, Dan Lee, Marlene Dillard, Yvonne Lloyd, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Aletha Strong Gibson, Ann West, Betty Garrett, Eva Sturgies, Aurie Pennick, Margaret Bagby, Johnnie Owens, Rosa Thomas, Carolyn Wortham, Ernest Powell, and Emil Jones; Richard J. Kaplan (MacArthur) e-mail to DJG; Gamaliel Foundation Annual Report: 1986–1987, 10 June 1987, p. 5, Gamaliel Papers; Obama to Anne Hallett, 26 January 1988, Wieboldt Foundation Papers; Carolyn Wortham YouTube video, 21 May 2007; Lloyd in Sharon Cohen (AP), “Barack Obama Straddles Different Worlds,” 14 December 2007, in Janice Malone, “Nashville Resident Recalls Senator Obama Always Destined for Success,” Tennessee Tribune, 17–23 January 2008, p. A1, and in Michael Cass, “Obama’s Rise Is No Surprise to Nashville Woman Who Worked with Him,” Tennessean, 5 October 2012; Bagby in Dahleen Glanton and Katherine Skiba, “Community Organizers Who Taught Obama the Ropes,” CT, 20 January 2013; Edward McClelland, “When Barack Obama Partied,” NBCChicago.com, 15 January 2013; Obama, remarks at Brooks College Preparatory Academy, Chicago, 19 February 2015 (“the car didn’t heat up real well”). See also Isabel Wilkerson, “The Tallest Fence,” NYT, 21 June 1992. On Chicago philanthropy, the essential overview source is Robert Matthews Johnson, The First Charity: How Philanthropy Can Contribute to Democracy in America (Seven Locks Press, July 2008), esp. p. 84 (“in Chicago . . . there is more understanding and support among funders about organizing than anywhere else”).
52. Greg Galluzzo, 1987 planning diary, GGP; Gwendolyn J. Jordan (CRS) to Galluzzo, 1 June 1987, Gamaliel Papers; Obama in Marc Strassman’s August 1995 Book Channel interview, in Monica Mitchell, “Son Finds Inspiration in the Dreams of His Father,” HPH, 23 August 1995, in his 2001 interview with Julieanna Richardson, in Scott Fornek, “‘I’ve Got a Competitive Nature,’” CST, 3 October 2004, p. 12, in Ronald Roach, “Obama Rising,” BIHE, 7 October 2004, pp. 20–23, and on The Friday Night Show with Bob Sirott, WTTW.com, 3 December 2004; Obama, TAOH, p. 206 (“my resolve to lead a public life”); Obama on CNBC with Tim Russert, 18 November 2006; Obama, remarks at the National Prayer Breakfast, 5 February 2009, Public Papers of the Presidents 2009 Vol. I, p. 46; Stanley Ann Dunham, “Application for Passport by Mail,” 27 March 1986, DOS FOIA Release; Ann Dunham to Alice Dewey, 3 November 1987, and Ann Dunham résumé, n.d. (ca. 1993), Dunham Papers; S. Ann Dunham, Surviving Against the Odds (Duke University Press, 2009), pp. 280, 300; Julia Suryakusuma in Prodita Sabarini, “Ann Dunham Soetoro: Love for Indonesia,” Jakarta Post, 17 March 2010; Scott, A Singular Woman, pp. 267–70; Michael R. Dove, “Dreams from His Mother,” NYT, 11 August 2009; Dove, book review of Surviving Against the Odds, Anthropological Quarterly 83 (Spring 2010): 449–54, esp. 451; Jeff Chang, “Maya Soetoro Ng: Q & A,” Vibe, September 2007; Dan Boylan, “Obama’s Sister Goes Campaigning,” Midweek, 12 September 2007; Sudhin Thanawala (AP), “Sister: Hawaii’s Cultural Mix Laid Basis for Political Career,” 14 February 2008; Anna Scott, “Senator’s Sister Fills in the Blanks,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 18 July 2008, p. A1; Stuart Coleman, “Tea with Barack Obama’s Sister,” Salon, 23 October 2008; Evan Drellich, “BU Prof Recalls College Road Trips with Obama,” Pipe Dream, 4 November 2008; John Nichols, “Friend of Barack,” Madison Capital Times, 14 January 2009; Obama, Q&A with Student Journalists, 27 September 2010, and remarks at DNC Rally, 28 September 2010, Public Papers of the Presidents 2010 Volume II, pp. 1435, 1455; Meredith Turits, “Maya Soetoro-Ng,” Glamour.com, 20 January 2013; DJG interviews with Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzales, Kevin Limbeck, Nancy Jones, Lynn Feekin, Sheila Jager, Tyrone Partee, Asif Agha, Charles Payne, Mike Dees, and Douglas Glick; Maureen O’Donnell and Jon Seidel, “Barack Obama’s Great-Uncle Dies at 89,” CST, 12 August 2014. “Obama’s Mother Stayed in Pakistan for 5 Years,” Daily Waqt (Lahore), 31 August 2008, badly misstates the duration of Ann’s 1986–87 work but is nonetheless instructive.
53. People for Community Recovery (PCR), April, May, and June 1987 Activity Reports, and “Grantee Fiscal and Progress Report,” n.d. (ca. 30 June 1987), CFP Box 30 Fld. 368; Jim Vallette, Waste Management, Inc.: The Greenpeace Report (Greenpeace USA, May 1987); Casey Bukro, “Firm Buying Time for Landfill,” CT, 28 May 1987, p. C6
; Deborah Nelson, “Our Toxic Trap: Crisis on the Far South Side,” CST, 31 May 1987, p. 1; Nelson, “Waste Pits Poisoning Air, Water,” CST, 1 June 1987, p. 1; Nelson, “San. Dist. Cancer Rate Is Ignored,” and “They Can’t Escape Sludge Stench,” CST, 2 June 1987, pp. 1, 11; Nelson, “‘Hotspot’ Air Smells, Kills,” CST, 3 June 1987, p. 10; Nelson, “No Haste to Clean Up Waste,” “Pollution Suits Often Caught in Legal Muck,” and John Krukowski, “Illinois Senate Panel Asks Toxic Waste Probe,” CST, 4 June 1987, pp. 10–11; Nelson, “Tackling the Pollution Scourge,” and Bob Olmstead, “4 Area Residents Sue San. Dist.,” CST, 5 June 1987, p. 47; “Sanitary District Hit with Lawsuit,” CT, 5 June 1987, p. D2; People for Community Recovery, “COME!!! PROTEST!!!” flyer, 11 June 1987, CFP Box 30 Fld. 368; Olmstead, “San. Dist. Pledges to Probe Pollution,” CST, 12 June 1987, p. 3; Bukro, “Southeast Side Fights to Shut Toxic Dumps,” CT, 14 June 1987, p. C1; Roger Flaherty, “McHenry County Villages Battle Plans for Landfill,” CST, 17 June 1987, p. 7; Bukro, “Toxic Sites Called Not That Bad,” CT, 23 June 1987, p. C3; Fred Marc Biddle, “City Begins Clean-Up of Huge Illegal Dump,” CT, 25 June 1987, p. C3; Jacquelyn Heard, “Study Aims to Halt Ill Effects of Plant,” CT, 26 June 1987, p. C8; “Presentation by Waste Management of Illinois to City of Chicago,” 30 June 1987, HWP COS Box 71 Fld. 2; [James Landing,] Lake Calumet Study Committee, “Update,” 30 June 1987, Landing Papers (JLP) Box 39; Marian Byrnes and Hazel Johnson to Richard Carlson (IEPA), 30 June 1987, Robert Ginsburg Papers (RGP); Robert Bergsvik, “Region Waste Wars Rage On,” DC, 6 July 1987, p. A1; Bergsvik, “Waste Incidents Spark Fears,” DC, 7 July 1987, p. A1; Bergsvik, “Waste Worries Head for 21st Century,” DC, 8 July 1987, p. A2, Richard Carlson to Marian Byrnes and Hazel Johnson, 8 July 1987, RGP; Tim Padgett and Nelson, “Waste Site Health Review Demanded,” CST, 9 July 1987, p. 42; Bukro, “Calumet City Residents Urge Freeze on New Permit for Landfill,” CT, 9 July 1987, p. C7; Bergsvik, “Landfill Complaints Aired,” DC, 9 July 1987, p. A1; Bergsvik, “2 State Lawmakers Back Permit Freeze for SCA Burner,” DC, 11 July 1987, p. A3; Leslie Morse, “Committee Tackles Area Waste Woes,” DC, 14 July 1987, p. A3; Nelson and Padgett, “Can David Trash Goliath? Far South Siders Fight Permits for Giant Waste Management,” CST, 19 July 1987, p. 38; Ben Gordon and Jim Vallette, “Action Alert: Rally for Environmental Rights Chicago, July 29, 1987,” and “Say ‘No!’ to Waste Management” flyer, 29 July 1987, JLP Box 37 Fld. SCA; Bergsvik, “CID Protesters Arrested,” and “CID Target of Protest,” DC, 30 July 1987, pp. A1, A4; “Protesters Halt Trucks at Landfill,” CT, 30 July 1987, p. 1; Leon Pitt, “Protesters Block Far S. Side Landfill,” CST, 30 July 1987, p. 32; PCR, “Summary” and “Introduction,” n.d. (ca. 1 August 1987), CFP Box 30 Fld. 367; Dennis Geaney, “Confessions of a Street Walker,” SVPSB, 2 August 1987, p. 7; “Protesters Make Not Guilty Plea,” DC, 1 September 1987, p. A3; “Protesters Sentenced,” DC, 16 September 1987, p. A1; Bergsvik, “Garbage Crisis Dumps Big in ’87,” DC, 28 December 1987, p. 2; Virginia Mullery, “Hazel Johnson,” Salt, July–August 1988, pp. 4–6; DJG interviews with Hazel Johnson, Dan Lee, Cathy Askew, Margaret Bagby, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Betty Garrett, Scott Sederstrom, and Leonard Lamkin.
54. “CID Protest Staged,” DC, 6 August 1987, p. A1; “CID Is Target of Another Protest,” DC, 18 August 1987, p. A1; Henry Locke, “Protesters Razz Dump Site,” CD, 18 August 1987, p. 3; “Activities of the Joint Committee,” 25 August–13 October 1987, RGP; Deborah Nelson, “Agency to Run S. Side Cleanup Urged,” CST, 26 August 1987, p. 6; Jean Davidson and Wes Smith, “Southeast Siders Irked Over Pollution-Health Report,” CT, 26 August 1987, p. C3; Robert Bergsvik, “Waste Cleanup Tax Eyed,” DC, 26 August 1987, p. A1; Nicholas J. Melas (Metropolitan Sanitary District President) to Emil Jones Jr., 26 August 1987, RGP; Howard Stanback to Harold Washington, “Solid Waste Management Strategy Options,” 28 August 1987, HWP COS Box 42 Fld. 6; Thomas J. Murphy to Maurice Parrish, 31 August 1987, HWP PSS Box 12 Fld. 1; Terry Ayers to Bill Child, “Cook Co.-Dutch Boy,” 4 September 1987, RGP; “CID Landfill Protested Again,” DC, 9 September 1987, p. A1; Henry Locke, “Waste Site Tour Set for So. Side,” CD, 10 September 1987, p. 4; Nelson, “Dump-Site Tour an Eye-Opener for Legislators,” CST, 11 September 1987, p. 36; James A. Fitch to Sharon Gist Gilliam, 11 September 1987, HWP COS Box 42 Fld. 6; Bergsvik, “Toxic Waste Sites Focus of Hearing,” DC, 14 September 1987, p. A1; Gilliam to Fitch, 23 September 1987, HWP COS Box 42 Fld. 6; “State Sen. Jones to Challenge Savage,” CT, 16 November 1987, p. C2; Howard J. Stanback C.V. in HWP COS Box 42 Fld. 6; Gene Maeroff, “The New School Pushes to Revive Ph.D. Program,” NYT, 18 May 1986; Stanback’s 1989 interview with Betty Brown-Chappell; Stanback in Krumholtz and Clavel, eds., Reinventing Cities, pp. 176–77; Lynne M. Cunningham, “Local Initiatives to Catalyze Economic Development,” Planning News (American Planning Association Illinois Chapter), Spring 1988, pp. 4–5; DJG interviews with Hazel Johnson, Howard Stanback, Hal Baron, Mary Ryan, and Bruce Orenstein.
55. Greg Galluzzo 1987 planning diary, GGP; Scott, A Singular Woman, photo insert and pp. 243, 245, 268–71; “Frank Davis Dead at 81,” CD, 13 August 1987, p. 5; Obama’s 2001 interview with Julieanne Richardson; DJG interviews with Greg Galluzzo, Johnnie Owens, Genevieve Cook, Tim Jessup, Pete Vayda, Hasan and Raazia Chandoo, Genevieve Cook, Sheila Jager, Mike Dees, Doug Glick, Asif Agha, and Cathy Askew. Sheila accompanied Barack on one trip to New York City, but not this summer 1987 one. “I only met the Paki crowd once in NY and don’t remember them or the visit very well,” and Hasan does not believe he ever met Sheila.
56. Karen Thomas and Jean Latz Griffin, “As Different as City, Suburbs,” CT, 2 September 1987, p. 1; Casey Banas, “Teachers Want 10% Pay Raise,” and Griffin and Michele Norris, “Money’s There, But It’s Wasted,” CT, 3 September 1987, pp. 1, 6; Linda Lenz, “Teachers OK Strike,” CST, 5 September 1987, p. 1; Lenz, “No Quick End Seen to Strike,” CST, 9 September 1987, p. 1; Jack Houston and Griffin, “Teachers Strike Closes Schools,” and Banas and Griffin, “School Board Counting Days Till Strike Pays,” CT, 10 September 1987, p. 1; G. Alfred Hess Jr., “Need School Reform, Not a Showdown,” CT, 12 September 1987, p. 8; Griffin and Fred Marc Biddle, “No Progress in School Strike,” CT, 13 September 1987; Banas, “Plan Would Give Teachers a Raise,” CT, 15 September 1987, p. 1; Banas, “Cuts to Fund School Raises Proposed,” CT, 16 September 1987, p. 1; Nancy Ryan and Blair Kamin, “Mayor Wants Strike Ended by Monday,” and Ryan and Banas, “Parents Urge Mayor to Act in School Crisis,” CT, 17 September 1987, p. 1; Ryan and Kamin, “Pickets at Mayor’s Home Demand an End to Teachers Strike,” CT, 18 September 1987, p. 7; Banas and R. Bruce Dold, “Board Doesn’t Want to End Strike Soon, Vaughn Says,” CT, 19 September 1987, p. 5; Manford Byrd Jr., “Byrd Defends School System Reforms,” CT, 24 September 1987, p. 26; Banas and Andrew Martin, “Teachers’ Raises Cost Jobs: Board,” CT, 25 September 1987; Norris, “School Board May OK Learning with Lunch,” CT, 26 September 1987, p. 7; Banas, “Outcry Rises for Reform of Schools,” CT, 2 October 1987, p. 1; Lenz and Jim Merriner, “Board, Union Study 3% Raise as Compromise,” CST, 2 October 1987, p. 3; Banas, “Teachers Cool to Latest Offer,” CT, 3 October 1987, p. 1; Banas, “Union, Schools Reach Pact,” and “End of Strike Could Be a New Beginning,” CT, 4 October 1987, pp. 1, 14; Banas, “Mayor Tilts Spotlight to Reform,” and “Strike’s Wake Leaves Winners and Losers,” CT, 5 October 1987, pp. 1, 2; Banas, “Call Is Out to School Reformers,” CT, 7 October 1987, p. 1; Bill McKersie, “And a New Test for Mayor Washington,” CT, 8 October 1987, p. 27; C. D. Matthews, “School Reform Gains Support,” DC, 29 December 1987, pp. 3, 6; Howard Stanback and Robert Mier, “Economic Development for Whom? The Chicago Model,” NYU Review of Law & Social Change 15 (1987): 11–22, 37–41; Thom Clark, “Chicago Parents Organize for Better Schools,” TNW, January–February 1988, pp. 3–6; Ben Joravsky, “Mad as Hell: School Reformers Declare War on the Central Bureaucracy,” CR, 1 March 1990; Alex Poinsett, “School Reform, Black Leaders: Their Impact on Each Other,” Catalyst,
May 1990, pp. 7–11, 43 (which is unreliably hostile toward both Hess and Moore); Hess, School Restructuring, Chicago Style (Corwin Press, 1991), pp. 25–27; Kyle and Kantowicz, Kids First, esp. pp. 178–81, 209–10, 219–24; David Moberg, “Can Democracy Save Chicago’s Schools?,” American Prospect, January 1992, pp. 98–108; Jeffrey Mirel, “School Reform, Chicago Style: Educational Innovation in a Changing Urban Context, 1986–1991,” Urban Education 28 (July 1993): 116–49, esp. p. 121; William Ayers, “Chicago: A Restless Sea of Social Forces,” in Charles T. Kerchner and Julia E. Koppich, eds., A Union of Professionals (Teachers College Press, 1993), pp. 177–93, esp. 181–83; Ayers and Michael Klonsky, “Navigating a Restless Sea: The Continuing Struggle to Achieve a Decent Education for African American Youngsters in Chicago,” Journal of Negro Education 63 (Winter 1994): 5–18; Maribeth Vander Weele, Reclaiming Our Schools (Loyola University Press, 1994), p. 10; Hess, Restructuring Urban Schools, pp. 14–15, 21–22, 194; Carl, “Harold Washington and Chicago’s Schools,” esp. pp. 316, 334–36. See also Michael B. Katz, “Chicago School Reform as History,” Teachers College Record 94 (Fall 1992): 56–72, Linda Lenz, “Missing in Action: The Chicago Teachers Union,” in Alexander Russo, ed., School Reform in Chicago: Lessons on Policy and Practice (Harvard Education Press, 2004), pp. 125–31, and Jim Carl, “‘Good Politics Is Good Government’: The Troubling History of Mayoral Control of the Public Schools in Twentieth-Century Chicago,” American Journal of Education 115 (February 2009): 305–36.