7. Ross, N. J. 2011. Modern tree species composition reflects ancient Maya “forest gardens” in northwest Belize. Ecological Applications 21: 75–84; Ford, A., Nigh, R. 2015. The Maya Forest Garden: Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands. London: Routledge; Lucero, L. J. 1999. Water control and Maya politics in the southern Maya lowlands. In E. A. Bacus, L. J. Lucero (eds.). Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) 9. Arlington: AAA. Pp. 34–49.
8. Medina-Elizalde, M., Rohling, E. J. 2012. Collapse of classic Maya civilization related to modest reduction in precipitation. Science 335: 956–959; McNeil, C. L., Burney, D. A., Burney, L. P. 2010. Evidence disputing deforestation as the cause for the collapse of the ancient Maya polity of Copan, Honduras. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 1017–1022; Thompson, K. M., Hood, A., Caallaro, D., Lentz, D. L. 2015. Connecting contemporary ecology and ethnobotany to ancient plant use practices of the Maya at Tikal. In D. L. Lentz, N. Dunning, V. Scarborough (eds.). Tikal: Paleoecology of an Ancient Maya City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 124–151; Cook, B. I., et al. 2012. Pre-Columbian deforestation as an amplifier of drought in Mesoamerica. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L16706; Douglas, P. M. J., Demarest, A. A., Brenner, M., Canuto, M. A. 2016. Impacts of climate change on the collapse of lowland Maya civilization. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44: 613–645.
9. Hoggarth, J. A., et al. 2016. The political collapse of Chichén Itzá in climatic and cultural context. Global and Planetary Change 138: 25–42; Masson, M. A., Peraza Lope, C. 2014. Kukulkan’s Realm: Urban Life at Ancient Mayapán. Boulder: University Press of Colorado; Chase, D. Z., Chase, A. F. 2006. Framing the Maya collapse: Continuity, discontinuity, method, and practice in the Classic to Postclassic southern Maya lowlands. In G. M. Schwartz, J. J. Nichols (eds.). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Pp. 168–187; Coe, M. D. 1999. The Maya. London: Thames & Hudson; Ford, A., Nigh, R. 2015. The Maya Forest Garden: Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands. London: Routledge; Aimers, J. J. 2007. What Maya collapse? Terminal Classic variation in the Maya lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 15: 329–377.
10. O’Reilly, D. J. W. 2007. Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia. New York: Altamira Press; Pottier, C. 2012, Beyond the temples: Angkor and its territory, in A. Haendel (ed.), Old Myths and New Approaches: Interpreting Ancient Religious Sites in Southeast Asia, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia: Monash University Publishing, 12–27.
11. Evans, D., et al. 2007. A comprehensive archaeological map of the world’s largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 14277–14282.
12. Evans, D. H., et al. 2013. Uncovering archaeological landscapes at Angkor using lidar. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 12595–12600; Higham, C. 2001. The Civilization of Angkor. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson; Fletcher, R., et al. 2008. The water management network of Angkor, Cambodia. Antiquity 82: 658–670.
13. Buckley, B. M., et al. 2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 6748–6752; Lucero, L. J., Fletcher, R., Coningham, R. 2015. From “collapse” to urban diaspora: The transformation of low-density, dispersed agrarian urbanism. Antiquity 89: 1139–1154.
14. Bandaranayake, S. 2003. The pre-modern city in Sri Lanka: The “first” and “second” urbanisation. In P. J. J. Sinclair (ed.). The Development of Urbanism from a Global Perspective. Uppsala: Uppsala University; Conginham, R. A. E. 1999. Anuradhapura: The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta 2. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 824. Oxford: Archaeopress Press; BBC News. 2020. Hagia Sophia: Former Istanbul museum welcomes Muslim worshippers. BBC News. July 24. www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53506445; Coningham, R. A. E., et al. 2007. The state of theocracy: Defining an early medieval hinterland in Sri Lanka. Antiquity 81: 699–719; Mail, D. 2017. The official boundaries of the city of Liverpool are far too small—and it matters. CityMonitor. September 13. https://citymonitor.ai/politics/official-boundaries-city-liverpool-are-far-too-small-and-it-matters-3319.
15. Lucero, L. J., Fletcher, R., Coningham, R. 2015. From “collapse” to urban diaspora: The transformation of low-density, dispersed agrarian urbanism. Antiquity 89: 1139–1154; Gilliland, K., et al. 2013. The dry tank development and disuse of water management infrastructure in the Anuradhapura hinterland, Sri Lanka. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 1012–1028.
16. Meggers, B. 1954. Environmental limitations of the development of culture. American Anthropologist 56: 801–824; Heckenberger, M. J., et al. 2003. Amazonia 1492: Pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science 301: 1710–1714; Heckenberger, M., Neves, E. G. 2009. Amazonian archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 38: 251–266.
17. Roosevelt, A. 1999. The development of prehistoric complex societies: Amazonia, a tropical forest. In E. A. Bacus, L. J. Lucero, J. Allen (eds.). Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World. Arlington: American Anthropological Association. Pp. 13–34; Hermenegildo, T., O’Connell, T. C., Guapindaia, V. L. C., Neves, E. G. 2017. New evidence for subsistence strategies of late pre-colonial societies of the mouth of the Amazon based on carbon and nitrogen isotopic data. Quaternary International 448: 139–149; Koch, A., Brierley, C., Maslin, M. M., Lewis, S. L. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36.
18. Rostain, S. 2014. Islands in the Rainforest: Landscape Management in Pre-Columbian Amazonia. London: Routledge; de Souza, J. G., et al. 2018. Pre-Columbian earth-builders settled along the entire southern rim of the Amazon. Nature Communications 9: 1125. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03510-7; Schmidt, M. J., et al. 2014. Dark earths and the human built landscape in Amazonia: a widespread pattern of anthrosol formation. Journal of Archaeological Science 42: 152–165.
19. Roosevelt, A. 1999. The development of prehistoric complex societies: Amazonia, a tropical forest. In E. A. Bacus, L. J. Lucero, J. Allen (eds.). Complex Polities in the Ancient Tropical World. Arlington: American Anthropological Association. Pp. 13–34; Scarborough, V. L., Lucero, L. 2010. The non-hierarchical development of complexity in the semi-tropics: Water and cooperation. Water History 2: 185–205; McIntosh, S. K. 1999. Pathways to complexity: An African perspective. In S. K. McIntosh (ed.). Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 1–30.
20. Carson, J. F., et al. 2014. Environmental impact of geometric earthwork construction in pre-Columbian Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111: 10497–10502; Piperno, D. R., McMichael, C., Bush, M. B. 2017. Further evidence for localized, short-term anthropogenic forest alterations across pre-Columbian Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114: E4118–E4119.
21. Lucero, L. J., Gonzalez Cruz, J. 2020. Reconceptualizing urbanism: Insights from Maya cosmology. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 2: doi: 10.3389/frsc.2020.00001; Simon, D., Adam-Bradford, A. 2016. Archaeology and contemporary dynamics for more sustainable, resilient cities in the peri-urban interface. Water Science and Technology 72: 57–83.
22. Miller, S. W. 2007. An Environmental History of Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CHAPTER 10: EUROPE AND THE TROPICS IN THE “AGE OF EXPLORATION”
1. Associated Press. 2020. Mexico’s marks Columbus Day without statue of Columbus, News18, October 13. https://apnews.com/article/mexico-mexico-city-columbus-day-60bdc08a7606b41a4825d467d97c5f6c.
2. Associated Press. 2020. Columbus statue removed in Mexico City, defaced elsewhere. Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette. October 13.
www.nwaonline.com/news/2020/oct/13/columbus-statue-removed-in-mexico-city-defaced; Mineo, L. 2020. A day of reckoning. Harvard Gazette. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/10/pondering-putting-an-end-to-columbus-day-and-a-look-at-what-could-follow; Elliott, J. H. 2006. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. New Haven: Yale University Press; Steinberg, P. E. 1999. Lines of division, lines of connection: Stewardship in the World Ocean. Geographical Review 89: 254–264.
3. Jackson, P. 2000. The Mongol Empire, 1986–1999. Journal of Medieval History 26: 189–210; O’Rourke, K. H., Williamson, J. G. 2009. Did Vasco da Gama matter for European markets? Economic History Review 62: 655–684; Nichols, D. L., Rodríguez-Alegría, E. 2017. The Oxford Handbook of the Aztecs. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Bridges, E. J. 2016. Vijayanagara Empire. Wiley Online Library. January 11. doi: 10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe424; Cissé, M., McIntosh, S. K., Dussubieux, L., Fenn, T., Gallagher, D., Smith, A. C. 2013. Excavations at Gao Saney: New evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE. Journal of African Archaeology 11: 9–37; Koch, A., Brierley, C., Maslin, M. M., Lewis, S. L. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36; Hofman, C., Mol, A., Hoogland, M., Rojas, R. V. 2014. Stage of encounters: Migration, mobility and interaction in the pre-colonial and early colonial Caribbean. World Archaeology 46: 590–609; Mitchell, P. 2005. African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Lanham: AltaMira Press; Junker, L. L. 1999. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
4. Wolf, E. 1982. Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5. Crosby, A. W. 1972. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport: Greenwood Press; Cañizares-Esguerra, J. 2006. Puritan Conquistadors: Iberianizing the Atlantic, 1550–1700. Stanford: Stanford University Press; Cavanagh, E. 2016. Corporations and business associations from the commercial revolution to the Age of Discovery: Trade, jurisdiction and the state, 1200–1600. History Compass 14: 493–510; Curry, A. 2016. “Green hell” has long been home for humans. Science 354: 268–269; Roberts, P. 2017. Forests of plenty: Ethnographic and archaeological rainforests as hotspots of human activity. Quaternary International 448. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.041.
6. Ramsey, J. F. 1973. Spain: The Rise of the First World Power. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; Schwarz, G. R. 2008. The Iberian caravel: Tracing the development of a ship of discovery. In F. Vieira de Castro, K. Custer (eds.). Edge of Empire. Casal de Cambra: Caleidoscópio—Edićao e Artes Gráficas. Pp. 23–42; Hemming, J. 2004. The Conquest of the Incas (2nd edition). New York: Harvest; Livi Bacci, M. 2003. Return to Hispaniola: Reassessing a demographic catastrophe. Hispanic American Historical Review 83: 3–51; Vågene, Å. J., et al. 2018. Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2: 520–528; McNeill, W. 1977. Plagues and Peoples. London: Anchor; Koch, A., Brierley, C., Maslin, M. M., Lewis, S. L. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36.
7. Nichols, D. L. 2018. Agricultural practices and environmental impacts of Aztec and pre-Aztec Central Mexico. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.175; Weaver, M. P. 2019. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica (3rd edition). London: Routledge; Daniel, D. A. 1992. Tactical factors in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs. Anthropological Quarterly 65: 187–194; Valdeón, R. A. Doña Marina/La Malinche: A historiographical approach to the interpreter/traitor. Target 25: 157–179; Mann, C. 2011. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Vintage Books; Haskett, R. S. 1991. “Our suffering with the Taxco Tribute”: Involuntary mine labour of indigenous society in central New Spain. Hispanic American Historical Review 71: 447–475; Diel, L. B. 2010. The spectacle of death in early colonial New Spain in the Manuscrito del aperreamiento. In J. Beusterien, C. Cortez (ed.). Death and Afterlife in the Early Modern Hispanic World. Hispanic Issues 7: 144–163.
8. Borsdorf, A., Stadel, C. 2015. The Andes: A Geographical Portrait. (Translated by B. Scott, C. Stadel.) Dordrecht: Springer; Shimada, I. (ed.). 2015. The Inka Empire: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Austin: University of Texas Press; Cieza da León, P. D. 1998. The Discovery and Conquest of Peru. (Translated by A. P. Cook and N. D. Cook—original 1553). Durham: Duke University Press; Hemming, J. 2004. The Conquest of the Incas (2nd edition). New York: Harvest.
9. de Espinosa, A. 1907. The Guanches of Tenerife. (Translated by C. Markham—original 1594). London: Hakluyt Society.
10. Cook, N. D. 1998. Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Cook, N. D. 1993. Disease and depopulation of Hispaniola, 1492–1518. Colonial Latin American Review 2: 213–245; Hemming, J. 2009. Tree of Rivers: The Story of the Amazon. London: Thames & Hudson; Livi-Bacci, M. 2006. The depopulation of Hispanic America after the conquest. Population and Development Review 32: 199–232.
11. Newson, L. A. 2009. Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. Manoa: University of Hawaii Press; Scott, W. H. 1982. Cracks in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers; Acabado, S. B. 2010. Landscapes and the archaeology of the Ifugao agricultural terraces: Establishing antiquity and social organisation. Hukay: Journal for Archaeological Research in Asia and the Pacific 15: 31–61; Bassani, E., Fagg, W. 1988. Africa and the Renaissance: Art in Ivory. London: Centre for African Art, Prestel-Verlag; Mitchell, P. 2005. African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Lanham: AltaMira Press; Fage, J. D. 1980. Slaves and society in western Africa, c. 1445–c.1700. Journal of African History 21: 289–310; Nunn, N., Qian, N. 2010. The Columbian exchange: A history of disease, food, and ideas. Journal of Economic Perspectives 24: 163–188s.
12. Koch, A., Brierley, C., Maslin, M. M., Lewis, S. L. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36; Adorno, R. 2000. Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru (2nd edition). Austin: University of Texas Press.
13. Crosby, A. W. 1972. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport: Greenwood Press; Earle, R. 2010. “If you eat their food…”: Diets and bodies in early colonial Spanish America. American Historical Review 115: 688–713; Earle, R. 2012. The Columbian exchange. In J. M. Pilcher (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Food History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0019; Dumire, W. 2004. Gardens of New Spain: How Mediterranean Plants and Foods Changed America. Austin: University of Texas Press.
14. Melville, E. G. K. 1994. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Bhattacharya, T., Byrne, R. 2016. Late Holocene anthropogenic and climatic influences on the regional vegetation of Mexico’s Cuenca Oriental. Global and Planetary Change 138: 56–69; Hooghiemstra, H., et al. 2018. Columbus’ environmental impact in the New World: Land use change in the Yaque River valley, Dominican Republic. The Holocene 28. doi: 10.1177/0959683618788732; Rifkin, J. 1993. Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture. New York: Plume; Crosby, A. W. 1984. An ecohistory of the Canary Islands: A precursor of European colonialization in the New World and Australasia. Environmental Review 8: 214–235; Alexander, R. T., Álvarez, H. H. 2017. Agropastoralism and household ecology in Yucatán after the Spanish invasion. Journal of Human Palaeoecology 23: 69–79; Norton, M. 2015. The chicken or the Iegue: Human-animal relationships and the Columbian exchange. American Historical Review 120: 28–60.
15. Nunn, N., Qian, N. 2010. The Columbian exchange: A history of disease, food, and ideas. Journal of Economic Perspectives 24: 163–188; Ra
in, P. 1992. Vanilla: Nectar of the gods. In N. Foster, L. S. Cordell (eds.). Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Pp. 35–45; Thornton, E. K., et al. 2012. Earliest Mexican turkeys (Melagris gallopavo) in the Maya region: Implications for pre-Hispanic animal trade and the timing of turkey domestication. PLOS ONE 7(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042630.
16. Amano, N., Bankoff, G., Findley, D. M., Barretto-Tesoro, G., Roberts, P. 2020. Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago. The Holocene. doi: 10.1177/0959683620941152.
17. McCann, J. C. 2005. Maize and Grace: Africa’s Encounter with a New World Crop, 1500–2000. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; Alpern, S. B. 2008. Exotic plants of western Africa: Where they came from and when. History in Africa 35: 63–102; Logan, A. 2020. The Scarcity Slot: Excavating Histories of Food Security in Ghana. Oakland: University of California Press; Shanahan, T. M., et al. 2009. Atlantic forcing of persistent drought in West Africa. Science 324: 377–380.
18. Logan, A. 2017. Will agricultural technofixes feed the world? Short- and long-term tradeoffs of adopting high-yielding crops. In M. Hegmon (ed.). The Give and Take of Sustainability: Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 109–124; Dotterweich, M. 2013. The history of human-induced soil erosion: Geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation—a global synopsis. Geomorphology 201: 1–34; Mann, C. 2011. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York: Vintage Books.
19. Carney, J., Rosomoff, R. 2009. In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World. Berkeley: University of California Press; Carney, J. 2001. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jungle Page 39