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CHAPTER 12: A TROPICAL “ANTHROPECENE”?
1. Walker, J. D., Geissman, J. W., Bowring, S. A., Babcock, L. E. 2013. The Geological Society of America geologic time scale. Geological Society of America Bulletin 125: 259–272; Malhi, Y. 2017. The concept of the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 42: 77–104; Ronda, M. 2013. Mourning and Melancholia in the Anthropocene. Post45. June 10. http://post45.org/2013/06/mourning-and-melancholia-in-the-anthropocene; Zalasiewicz, J., et al. 2017. The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations. Anthropocene 19: 55–60.
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3. Malhi, Y., Gardner, T. A., Goldsmith, G. R., Silman, M. R., Zelazowski, P. 2014. Tropical forests in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39: 125–159.
4. Pimm, S. L., Raven, P. 2000. Extinction by numbers. Nature 403: 843–845; Malhi, Y. 2012. The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of tropical forest vegetation. Journal of Ecology 100: 65–75; Brandon, K. 2014. Ecosystem Services from Tropical Forests: Review of Current Science Working Paper 380. Washington DC: Center for Global Development; Wilson, J. B., Peet, R. K., Dengler, J., Pärtel, M. 2012. Plant species richness: The world records. Journal of Vegetation Science 23: 796–802; Brugmann, H. 2020. Tree diversity reduced to the bare essentials. Science 368: 128–129; DryFlor et al. 2015. Plant diversity patterns in neotropical dry forests and their conservation implications. Science 353: 1383–1387.
5. Watts, J. 2020. Tolkien was right: Giant trees have towering role in protecting forests. Guardian Online. April 9. www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/09/tolkein-was-right-giant-trees-have-towering-role-in-protecting-forests; Larsen, M. C. 2017. Contemporary human uses of tropical forested watersheds and riparian corridors: Ecosystem services and hazard mitigation, with examples from Panama, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Quaternary International 448: 190–200; Samarakoon, M. B., Tanaka, N., Iimura, K. 2013. Improvement of effectiveness of existing Casuarina equisetifolia forests in mitigating tsunami damage. Journal of Environmental Management 114: 105–114; Powers, J. S., et al. 2009. Decomposition in tropical forests: A pan-tropical study of the effects of litter type, litter placement and mesofaunal exclusion across and precipitation gradient. Journal of Ecology 97: 801–811; Rüger, N., et al. 2020. Demographic trade-offs predict tropical forest dynamics. Science 368: 165–168; Lutz, J. A., et al. 2018. Global importance of large-diameter trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography 27: 849–864.
6. Malhi, Y., Gardner, T. A., Goldsmith, G. R., Silman, M. R., Zelazowski, P. 2014. Tropical forests in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39: 125–159; Sheil, D. 2014. How plants water our planet: Advances and imperatives. Trends in Plant Science 19: 209–211; Met Office. 2020. Tynemouth. UK Climate Averages. Met Office. www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcybzz9xh; Lawrence, D., Vandecar, K. 2015. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Nature Climate Change 5: 27–36; Nogherotto, R., Coppola, E., Giorgi, F., Mariotti, L. 2013. Impact of Congo Basin deforestation on the African monsoon. Atmospheric Science Letters 14: 45–51; Medvigy, D., Walko, R. L., Otte, M. J., Avissar, R. 2013. Simulated changes in northwest U.S. climate in response to Amazon deforestation. Journal of Climatology 26: 9115–9136; Werth, D., Avissar, R. 2005. The local and global effects of African deforestation. Geophysical Research Letters 32: L12704.
7. Prevedello, J. A., Winck, G. R., Weber, M. M., Nichols, E., Sinervo, B. 2019. Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe. PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213368; Malhi, Y. 2010. The carbon balance of tropical forest regions, 1990–2005. Current Opinions in Environmental Sustainability 2: 237–244; Alkama, R., Cescatti, A. 2016. Biophysical climate impacts of recent changes in global forest cover. Science 351: 600–604; Lawrence, D., Vandecar, K. 2015. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Nature Climate Change 5: 27–36.
8. Malhi, Y. 2019. Does the Amazon provide 20% of our oxygen? Yadvinder Malhi (blog). August 24. www.yadvindermalhi.org/blog/does-the-amazon-provide-20-of-our-oxygen; Betts, R., Sanderson, M., Woodward, S. 2008. Effects of large-scale Amazon forest degradation on climate and air quality through fluxes of carbon dioxide, water, energy, mineral dust and isoprene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 363. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.0027; Hoffmann, W. A., Schroeder, W., Jackson, R. B. 2003. Regional feedbacks among fire, climate, and tropical deforestation. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere 108. doi: 10.1029/2003JD
003494; Lamb, K. 2019. Indonesian forest fires spark blame game as smoke closes hundreds of Malaysia schools. Guardian Online. September 12. www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/12/indonesia-forest-fires-spark-blame-game-as-smoke-closes-hundreds-of-malaysia-schools; Barrett, K. S. C., Jaward, F. M., Stuart, A. L. 2019. Forest filter effect for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a tropical watershed. Journal of Environmental Management 248: 109279; Lawrence, D., Vandecar, K. 2015. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Nature Climate Change 5: 27–36.
9. Roberts, P., Petraglia, M. 2015. Pleistocene rainforests: Barriers or attractive environments for early human foragers? World Archaeology 47: 718–739; Doughty, C. E., et al. 2015. Megafauna extinction, tree species range reduction, and carbon storage in Amazonian forests. Ecography 39: 194–203; Davis, M., Faurby, S., Svenning, J.-C. 2018. Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115: 11262–11267; Fairbairn, A. S., Hope, G. S., Summerhayes, G. R. 2006. Pleistocene occupation of New Guinea’s highland and subalpine environments. World Archaeology 38: 371–386; Kershaw, A. P. 1986. Climatic change and Aboriginal burning in north-east Australia during the last two glacial/interglacial cycles. Nature 322: 47–49; Haberle, S. G., et al. 2010. Paleofire in the wet tropics of northeast Queensland, Australia. PAGES 18: 78–80; de Fátima Rossetti, D., de Toledo, P. M., Moraes-Santos, H. M., de Araújo Santos Jr., A. E. 2004. Reconstructing habitats in central Amazonia using megafauna, sedimentology, radiocarbon, and isotope analysis. Quaternary Research 61: 289–300.
10. Ruddiman, W. F. 2003. The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change 61, 261–293; Fuller, D. Q., et al. 2011. The contribution of rice agriculture and livestock pastoralism to prehistoric methane levels. The Holocene 21: 743–759.
11. Athens, J. S., Ward, J. V. 2004. Holocene vegetation, savanna origins and human settlement of Guam. In V. Attenbrow, R. Fullagar (eds.). A Pacific Odyssey: Archaeology and Anthropology in the Western Pacific. Papers in Honour of Jim Specht. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 29. Sydney: Australian Museum. Pp. 15–30; Levis, C., et al. 2018. How people domesticated Amazonian forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5: doi: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00171; Maezumi, S. Y., et al. 2018. The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon. Nature Plants 4: 540–547.
12. Koch, A., Brierley, C., Maslin, M. M., Lewis, S. L. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36; Cook, B. I., et al. 2012. Pre-Columbian deforestation as an amplifier of drought in Mesoamerica. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L16706; Chepstow-Lusty, A. J., et al. 1998. Tracing 4000 years of environmental history in the Cuzco area, Peru, from the pollen record. Mountain Research and Development 18: 159–172; Levis, C., et al. 2018. How people domesticated Amazonian forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5: doi: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00171; Arroyo-Kalin, M. 2010. The Amazonian Formative: Crop domestication and anthropogenic soils. Diversity 2: 473–504.
13. Penny, D., Hall, T., Evans, D., Polkinghorne, M. 2018. Geoarchaeological evidence from Angkor, Cambodia, reveals a gradual decline rather than a catastrophic 15th-century collapse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116: 4871–4876; Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J., et al. 2017. Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene—HYDE 3.2. Earth System Science Data 9: 927–953.
14. Koch, A., Brierley, C., Maslin, M. M., Lewis, S. L. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36.
15. Quotation: Lewis, S. L., Maslin, M. A. 2015. Defining the Anthropocene. Nature 519: 171–180.
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17. Moore, J. W. 2017. The Capitalocene, Part I: On the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. Journal of Peasant Studies 44: 594–630. Pp. 24; Wolfe, A. P., et al. 2013. Stratigraphic expressions of the Holocene-Anthropocene transitions revealed in sediments from remote lakes. Earth Science Reviews 116: 17–34; Steffen, W., Grinevald, J., Crutzen, P., McNeill, J. 2011. The Anthropocene: Conceptual and historical perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0327.
18. Davis, J., Moulton, A. A., Van Sant, L., Williams, B. 2019. Anthropocene, Capitalocene,… Platationocene? A manifesto for ecological justice in an age of global crises. Geography Compass 13(5): e12438. doi: 10.1111/gec3.12438.
19. Davis, J., Moulton, A. A., Van Sant, L., Williams, B. 2019. Anthropocene, Capitalocene,… Platationocene? A manifesto for ecological justice in an age of global crises. Geography Compass 13(5): e12438. doi: 10.1111/gec3.12438; Haraway, D. 2015. Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making kin. Environmental Humanities 6: 159–165; Yusoff, K. 2018. A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
20. Moore, J. W. 2017. The Capitalocene, Part I: On the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. Journal of Peasant Studies 44: 594–630. P. 24.
21. Edgeworth, M., et al. 2015. Diachronous beginnings of the Anthropocene: The lower bounding surface of anthropogenic deposits. Anthropocene Review 2: 33–58.
22. Edgeworth, M., et al. 2015. Diachronous beginnings of the Anthropocene: The lower bounding surface of anthropogenic deposits. Anthropocene Review 2: 33–58.
23. Craig, O. E., et al. 2013. Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496: 351–354.
24. Deckard, S. 2016. World-ecology and Ireland: The neoliberal ecological regime. Journal of World-Systems Research 22: 145–176; Moore, J. W. 2007. Silver, ecology, and the origins of the modern world, 1450–1640. In A. Hornborg, J. R. McNeill, J. Martinez-Alier (eds.). Rethinking Environmental History: World-System History and Global Environmental Change. Plymouth: AltaMira Press. Pp. 123–142; Woolford, A., Benvenuto, J., Hinton, A. L. (eds.). 2014. Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Durham: Duke University Press; Hinkson, M., Vincent, E. (eds.). Shifting Indigenous Australian Realities: Dispersal, Damage, and Resurgence. Special issue. Oceania 88; Dooling, W. 2007. Slavery, Emancipation and Colonial Rule in South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.
CHAPTER 13: HOUSES ON FIRE
1. Thunberg, G. 2019. “Our house is on fire”: Greta Thunberg, 16, urges leaders to act on climate. Guardian Online. January 25. www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/our-house-is-on-fire-greta-thunberg16-urges-leaders-to-act-on-climate; Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Carmenta, R., Franća, F. 2019. Clarifying Amazonia’s burning crisis. Global Change Biology 26: 319–321; World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2019. Australia suffers devastating fires after hottest, driest year on record. WMO. January 7. https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/australia-suffers-devastating-fires-after-hottest-driest-year-record; Reuters in Brasîlia. 2020. Brazil’s Amazon rainforest suffers worst fires in a decade. Guardian Online. October 1. www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/01/brazil-amazon-rainforest-worst-fires-in-decade.
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rests: An intercontinental comparison. Conservation Biology 16: 232–237; Gibbs, D., Harris, N., Seymour, F. 2018. By the numbers: The value of tropical forests in the climate change equation. World Resources Institute. October 4. www.wri.org/blog/2018/10/numbers-value-tropical-forests-climate-change-equation.
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