Blood, Bullets, and Bones
Page 18
Glossary
accused a person formally charged with a crime
acquittal a court decision to declare a defendant not guilty
alibi proof that a suspect couldn’t have committed a crime due to having been seen in a different location
anarchist a person who supports the end of government rule
appeal a formal argument asking a higher court to reverse a decision made by a lower court
arsenic a poisonous element
autopsy the examination of a body to determine the cause of death
AWOL an acronym for “absent without official leave”; fleeing when there is a legal obligation to stay
ballistics the science of how a bullet travels through the gun barrel, air, and target
Bertillonage a historical system of identifying criminals by taking various body measurements; also called the Bertillon system
bite mark analysis the now largely debunked science of matching a bite mark to a suspect’s teeth
blood type the classification of a person’s blood, based on the types of antigens and antibodies present
boardinghouse a residence in which bedrooms are rented and living spaces are shared among renters
bootlegger during Prohibition, a person who mass-produced, transported, distributed, or sold alcohol
cadaver a dead body, usually being held for the purpose of autopsy
caliber the diameter (in hundredths of an inch) of a gun barrel
carbon monoxide a poisonous gas released when fuels such as gas, charcoal, or wood are burned in an unventilated area
clandestine grave a site where a dead body is hidden
CODIS the acronym for “Combined DNA Index System,” the FBI’s database of suspects’ DNA
cold case an unsolved investigation that is put on hold until new leads or resources are available
coroner an official who investigates violent or unexplained deaths
corpse a dead body
corpus delicti literally, “body of the crime”; in legal terms, proof that a crime occurred
criminal profiling an investigation strategy in which a criminal’s thought and behavior patterns are considered
crowner the British official charged with seizing the property of criminals for the crown
cyanide a plant-based poison
defendant in a criminal case, the person charged with the crime
defensive wound an injury suffered in the course of fighting an attacker
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a collection of chemical compounds (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) that, together, form instructions for an organism to build and operate itself
DNA testing a process by which various sequences of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are compiled, creating a DNA profile that can be compared to other profiles
evidence items or information that tell how a crime occurred
exhume to remove a body from its grave
expert witness a person who draws on knowledge of a particular subject to testify at a trial
false confession a suspect’s admission of a crime he or she did not commit
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, the law enforcement agency in America that handles federal crimes and domestic security issues
fingernail scrapings material found under a victim’s or suspect’s fingernails
forensic anthropologist a scientist who studies the skeletal remains of victims as part of criminal investigations
forensic entomologist a scientist who studies insect evidence in criminal investigations
forensic pathologist a scientist who studies the corpses of victims to gather evidence for criminal investigations
forensic science the use of science to solve crimes
gauge in ballistics, a measurement that inversely relates to the barrel size of a shotgun
hit man a person hired to kill someone
homicide the killing of one person by another person
hung jury a jury that is unable to reach a consensus after deliberation
jury a group of laypeople in a legal case who weigh evidence and make a decision
luminol a chemical used to detect the presence of blood
medical examiner a medically trained official who investigates violent or unexplained deaths
Miranda rights the warning police officers are required to give a person taken into custody, basically stating that a suspect has the right to remain silent and be represented by an attorney
mistrial a court trial that ends before a verdict is reached, due to unusual circumstances or a hung jury
mitochondrial DNA DNA inherited from the mother and located outside the cell nucleus
morgue a place where bodies are stored and, in some cases, autopsied
motive a person’s reason for committing a crime
no-body case a murder case in which the victim’s body is not found
philter potion
postmortem after death
Prohibition the Constitutional amendment, enacted in 1920 and repealed in 1933, forbidding the mass production, transportation, and distribution of alcohol
prosecutor an attorney who represents the community in seeking the conviction of a defendant in a criminal case; the prosecutor’s office may be that of the district attorney, the state’s attorney, or the attorney general—different states and communities use varying terminology
racketeering making money through illegal business activities
rape kit a collection of materials used to gather evidence from a victim in a sexual assault crime
recant to formally withdraw a statement or belief
remand in a court case, to send a case to a lower court for further action
rifling the spiral grooves inside the barrel of a firearm
Scotland Yard a metonym for the headquarters of the London Metro Police, and the police force itself
secretor a person whose blood type is expressed in other bodily fluids
serial killer as defined by the FBI, one who murders two or more people, with the incidents happening at separate times
serology the study of blood
staging the alteration of a crime scene in order to confuse investigators
stay of execution an official order to delay the death penalty of a prisoner
strychnine a plant-derived poison
suspect a person believed to be guilty of a crime
Tommy gun a Thompson submachine gun
touch DNA a small sample of DNA, often left behind when a suspect touches something
tour man in the past, the term used to describe the medical examiner who visited the crime scene
toxicology the study of the effects of drugs and poisons on a body
trace evidence small amounts of material transferred from the perpetrator to the crime scene, or vice versa, in the process of a crime
ultimate issue the question upon which a verdict hinges
verdict a decision by a judge or jury in a court case
victim a person hurt in a crime, accident, or other action
victimology the study of factors that put a crime victim at risk
witness a person who testifies during a trial about first-hand or expert knowledge
workhouse in UK history, a building in which the poor worked and lived
Notes
Abbreviated citations have been used for some sources. Full information for these sources can be found in the Bibliography.
Chapter 1: A Whiff of Garlic: The First Poison Tests
1. Heinzelman and Wiseman, eds., Representing Women, 317.
2. Ibid.
3. Heslop, Murderous Women, 61.
4. Ibid., 60.
5. Livingston, Arsenic and Clam Chowder: Murder in Gilded Age New York, 5.
6. Ibid., 6.
7. Ibid., 7.
8. Fowler, Deaths on Pleasant Street, 39.
9. “More Swopes Died by Being Poisoned,” Oregonian (Portland, OR), February 13, 1910, http://oregonnews.
uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1910-02-13/ed-1/seq-6/.
10. “Swope Poison Case Must Be Retried,” New York Times, April 12, 1911, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9403EFDE1031E233A25751C1A9629C946096D6CF.
11. Ibid.
12. Benedetta Faedi Duramy, “Women and Poisons in 17th Century France,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 87:2 (April 2012): 353, http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3837&context=cklawreview.
Chapter 2: Bodies of Evidence: Autopsies and the Rise of Medical Examiners
1. Stratmoen, Murder, Mayhem, and Mystery, 51.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 168.
4. David Leafe, “Solved: How the Brides in the Bath Died at the Hands of Their Ruthless Womanising Husband,” Daily Mail (London), April 22, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1267913/Solved-How-brides-bath-died-hands-ruthless-womaniser.html.
5. Kate Colquhoun, review of The Magnificent Spilsbury and the Case of the Brides in the Bath, by Jane Robins, Telegraph (London), June 7, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/7801091/The-Magnificent-Spilsbury-and-the-Case-of-the-Brides-in-the-Bath-by-Jane-Robins-review.html.
6. Burney and Pemberton, “Bruised Witness,” under “Spillsbury’s Spell and Thorne’s Martyrdom.”
7. Ibid., under “Introduction.”
8. Ibid.
9. Marten, The Doctor Looks at Murder, 274.
10. “Six Deaths Result from Arsenic Pie,” New York Times, August 2, 1922, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=940DEFD71239EF3ABC4A53DFBE668389639EDE.
11. Ibid.
12. Marten, The Doctor Looks at Murder, 176.
13. Ibid., 177.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
Chapter 3: Elementary, My Dear Watson: The First Detectives
1. Vidocq, Memoirs of Vidocq, 31.
2. “Scotland Yard to Use Women Sleuths,” Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun, (AP), August 18, 1933, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19330818&id=CM0gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2WoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3932,3334279.
3. Doyle, A Study in Scarlet, 6.
4. Ibid., 10.
5. Ibid., 20.
6. Ibid., 25.
7. Liebow, Dr. Joe Bell, 4.
Chapter 4: Not without a Trace: The Introduction of Crime Scene Evidence
1. Gross, Criminal Investigation, 2–3.
2. Dunphy and Cummins, Remarkable Trials of All Countries, 404.
3. Bell, Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, 234.
4. Thorwald, Crime and Science, 254.
5. Ibid., 255.
6. Ibid., 268.
7. David J. Krajicek, “Snagged by a Cord in Killing of Novelist,” New York Daily News, October 31, 2009, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/snagged-cord-killing-novelist-article-1.418391.
Chapter 5: Fingerprints Are Forever: Early Fingerprint Evidence
1. Henry Faulds, “On the Skin-Furrows of the Hand.” Nature 22, 605-605 (28 October 1880) | www.nature.com/nature/journal/v22/n574/abs/022605a0.html
2. H. O. Thompson, “Schwartz, Slayer, Suicide, Led Double Life; To Women He Was Harold Warren, War Hero,” Independent (St. Petersburg, FL), August 11, 1925, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19250811&id=fOFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid= h1QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1594,6864764&hl=en.
3. Associated Press, “Man Who Faked Death Caught; Ends His Life,” Southeast Missourian, August 10, 1925, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19250810&id=KXdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=N8cMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4904,952091&hl=en.
4. Nickell and Fischer, Crime Science, 136.
Chapter 6: Bang! Bang! You’re Dead: The Birth of Firearm Analysis
1. Jim Fisher, “The Stielow Firearms Identification Case,” January 7, 2008, http://jimfisher.edinboro.edu/forensics/stielow.html.
2. Nickell and Fischer, Crime Science, 103.
3. Frankfurter, “The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti.”
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Doug Linder, “Sacco-Vanzetti.”
9. Ibid.
10. Jim Fisher, “The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in the History of Forensic Ballistics,” Jim Fisher True Crime (blog), February 14, 2015, http://jimfishertruecrime.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-st-valentines-day-massacre-in.html.
11. Marten, The Doctor Looks at Murder, 198.
12. “Crowley Indicted Quickly for Murder; Girl Aids the State,” New York Times, May 9, 1931.
13. “Police Slayer Captured in Gun and Tear Gas Siege; 10,000 Watch in W. 90th St.,” New York Times, May 8, 1931.
14. Ibid.
15. “Crowley Dies Blaming Girl for Execution,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, January 2, 1932, http://bklyn.newspapers.com/newspage/57286602/.
16. Kate Wells, “New Chapter in Bizarre Detroit Murder Case,” Here & Now (WBUR Boston), radio transcript, August 13, 2013, http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2013/08/13/detroit-murder-case.
17. Marten, The Doctor Looks at Murder, 266.
18. Ibid., 267.
Chapter 7: Blood Is Thicker: The First Blood Pattern Cases
1. Thorwald, Crime and Science, 130.
2. Ibid., 130–131.
3. Ibid., 131.
4. Linder, “Dr. Sam Sheppard Trials.”
5. Ibid.
6. “Why Isn’t Sam Sheppard in Jail?” The Cleveland Press.
7. State v. Sheppard, 6269–70.
8. Ibid., 6272–73.
9. Linder, “Dr. Sam Sheppard Trials.”
10. Ibid.
11. McCrary and Ramsland, The Unknown Darkness, 275.
12. Ragle, Crime Scene, 211.
13. Associated Press, “Ex-Dancer Booked in Mansion Slaying,” Tuscaloosa (AL) News, January 6, 1964, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19640106&id=nSUeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_ZoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6155,613664&hl=en
14. Thorwald, Crime and Science, 226.
15. Ibid., 228.
16. Ibid., 229.
Chapter 8: Grave Matters: Hidden Bodies
1. Zugibe and Carroll, Dissecting Death, 19.
Chapter 10: To Catch a Killer: Criminal Profilers
1. Evans and Skinner, Ultimate Jack the Ripper Companion, 98.
2. Ibid., 184.
3. Ibid., 192.
4. Ibid., 187–188.
5. Ibid., 360.
6. Ibid., 361.
7. Ibid., 361–362.
8. “The Silence of the Lambs,” The Real Story, Smithsonian Channel, May 2, 2010.
9. Ibid.
10. McCrary and Ramsland, Unknown Darkness, 137.
11. William Hermann, “Temple Massacre Has Had Lasting Impact.” Arizona Republic, August 14, 2011, http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/20110814buddhist-temple-murders-west-valley-impact.html.
Chapter 11: One in a Trillion: The Dawn of DNA Evidence
1. Chris Harvey, in discussion with the author, November 2014.
2. Ibid.
3. Hilary Hurd Anyaso, “Savory Files Court Documents as Proof of Innocence,” Northwestern University News, January 22, 2015, www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2015/01/savory-files-court-documents-as-proof-of-innocence.html.
4. People of the State of New York v. Roy A. Brown, 4.
5. Ibid.
6. “National Academy of Sciences Urges Comprehensive Reform of U.S. Forensic Sciences,” Innocence Project, January 18, 2009, www.innocenceproject.org/news-events-exonerations/press-releases/national-academy-of-sciences-urges-comprehensive-reform-of-u-s-forensic-sciences.
7. People of the State of New York v. Roy A. Brown, 7.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Adams, Charles F. Murder by the Bay: Historic Homicide in and about the City of San Francisco. Sanger, CA: Quill Driver Books, 2005.
Associated Press. “Man Who Faked Death Caught; Ends His Life.” Southeast Missourian, August 10, 1925. www.news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19250810&id=KXdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid= N8cMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4904,952091&hl=en.
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Brooklyn Daily Eagle. “Crowley Dies Blaming Girl for Execution.” January 2, 1932. www.bklyn.newspapers.com/newspage/57286602.
Chicago Daily Tribune. “Suicide Reveals Killing and Hoax to Grab $100,000.” August 10, 1925. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1925/08/10/page/3/article/suicide-reveals-killing-and-hoax-to-grab-100-000.
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Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet. San Diego: Canterbury Classics, 2011.
Dunphy, Thomas, and Thomas J. Cummins. Remarkable Trials of All Countries: Particularly of the United States, Great Britain, Ireland and France; with Notes and Speeches of Counsel Containing Thrilling Narratives of Fact from the Court Room, also Historical Reminiscences of Wonderful Events. New York: Diossy & Company, 1870.
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