28. Coleman, 352. (back to text)
29. “Reports and Correspondence,” 726. (back to text)
30. Chicago Daily Tribune, February 20, 1891. A report made to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by a special agent of the Interior Department finished the section on Godfrey’s actions with this: “This instance proves the intensity with which the common soldier hates the Indian, and is a disgraceful stain which the army has not erased from its shield, though the murderers are known to Gen. Miles and other officers” (“Reports and Correspondence,” 653–54). (back to text)
31. New York Sun, October 10, 1907: “He served at the battle of Wounded Knee and his participation in that engagement nearly cost him his life, and cost him, in the estimation of many of his officers, the rank of Major-General. Certain alleged facts in that engagement, for which President Roosevelt held Gen. Godfrey responsible, made the President his unsparing critic in later years, and he declared on one occasion that Godfrey should never be promoted under the Roosevelt administration. The President relented after much persuasion on the part of Gen. Franklin Bell, the present Chief of the General Staff, and others who were in the Wounded Knee engagement, and promoted Gen. Godfrey from senior Colonel of the Line to Brigadier-General. This promotion was not made, however, until last January. The charge against Gen. Godfrey was similar to that brought against Gen. John J. Pershing, then a Captain, on account of the Moro campaign — that he permitted the killing of women and children unnecessarily in battle. Gen. Godfrey has been vigorously defended against this charge by Gen. Bell and other participants in the engagement.” (back to text)
32. Mills, Harvest of Barren Regrets, 345–58. (back to text)
33. Ibid., 368. (back to text)
34. Louis M. Spaulding to Frederic Van de Water, February 18, 1934, Van de Water Papers; Frank Anders to R. G. Cartwright, May 19, 1950, Cartwright Collection. (back to text)
35. Nichols, In Custer’s Shadow, 347–48. (back to text)
36. In November 1966, a great-nephew, Charles Reno, made an official application for reinstatement, which was granted (after much testimony before the Army Correction Board) in May 1967. Reno’s remains were disinterred and reburied, with full military honors, in the National Cemetery at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument in September 1967. (back to text)
37. The musical comedy was entitled Our Club and credited entirely to Frederick Whittaker (“Music for the Nation: American Sheet Music,” Music Division, Library of Congress). A few of the songs credited to him are “The Crutch and the Empty Sleeve” (with his brother Octave) and, from Our Club, “Now Is the Time for the Baby to Sleep” and “Oh, Dear! What Will My Wife Say?” Ironically, Whittaker claimed that since his previous publishers, Beadle and Smith, had engaged Ned Buntline as a writer in 1886, “their work has steadily deteriorated,” and he denigrated their dime novels as “vicious trash about pirates, detectives, and western desperadoes” (Whittaker to Robert Bonner, April 21, 1886, Bonner Papers). (back to text)
38. New York Times, October 26, 1884; New York Daily Tribune, May 16, 1889. (back to text)
39. New York Daily Tribune, May 14, 1889. (back to text)
40. New York Sun, May 14, 1889. (back to text)
41. Collier’s, January 29, 1927, 41. (back to text)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
More has been written on the Battle of the Little Bighorn, it has often been said, than on the Battle of Gettysburg. This may or may not be true (I tend to think it is); in any case, the literature is voluminous. The following list encompasses books and articles read or consulted that provided both general background and specific knowledge and includes all sources cited in the notes.
BOOKS
Alberts, Don E. Brandy Station to Manila Bay. Austin, TX: Presidial Press, 1980.
Algier, Keith. The Crow and the Eagle. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1993.
Ambrose, Stephen. Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. New York: Doubleday, 1975.
Anders, Frank L. The Custer Trail. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1983.
Anderson, Gary C. Sitting Bull and the Paradox of Lakota Nationhood. New York: Longman, 1996.
Andrist, Ralph K. The Long Death. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1875. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1875.
Bailey, John Wendell. Pacifying the Plains: General Alfred Terry and the Decline of the Sioux. Contributions in Military History 17. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Barnard, Sandy. Digging into Custer’s Last Stand. Terre Haute, IN: AST Press, 1998.
———. I Go with Custer: The Life and Death of Reporter Mark Kellogg. Bismarck, ND: Bismarck Tribune, 1996.
———. Speaking About Custer: A Collection of Lectures. Terre Haute, IN: AST Press, 1991.
———, ed. Ten Years with Custer. Terre Haute, IN: AST Press, 2001.
Barnett, Louise. Touched by Fire: The Life, Death and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
Bates, Col. Charles Francis. Custer’s Indian Battles. Bronxville, NY: privately printed, 1936.
Beadle, J. H. Western Wilds, and the Men Who Redeem Them. Cincinnati: Jones Brothers, 1881.
Berthrong, Donald. The Cheyenne and Arapaho Ordeal. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975.
Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux, and Josephine Waggoner. With My Own Eyes: A Lakota Woman Tells Her People’s History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
Beyer, W. F., and O. F. Keydel, eds. Deeds of Valor. Vol. 2. Detroit: Perrian-Keydel, 1907.
Bookwalter, Thomas E. Honor Tarnished. West Carrollton, OH: Little Horn Press, 1979.
Bordeaux, William J. Custer’s Conqueror. N.p.: Smith and Company, n.d.
Bourke, John G. On the Border with Crook. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981.
Bowers, Claude G. The Tragic Era. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929.
Boyer, Paul S. The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Boyes, W., ed. The Cheyenne Tribal Historian John Stands-in-Timber’s Account of the Custer Battle. N.p.: Little Big Horn Associates, 1991.
———.Custer’s Black White Man. Washington, DC: South Capitol Press, 1972.
———, ed. Surgeon’s Diary with the Custer Relief Column. Washington, DC: South Capitol Press, 1974.
Bradley, James H. The March of the Montana Column. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
Brady, Cyrus Townsend. Indian Fights and Fighters. New York: McClure, Philips, 1904.
Branch, Edward Douglas. The Hunting of the Buffalo. New York: Appleton, 1929.
Brandon, William. Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.
Bray, Kingsley M. Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
Brill, Charles J. Conquest of the Southern Plains. Oklahoma City: Golden Saga Publishing, 1938.
Brininstool, E. A. Campaigning with Custer. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988.
———. Troopers with Custer. Reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.
Brown, Jesse, and A. M. Willard. The Black Hills Trails. Rapid City, SD: Rapid City Journal Company, 1924.
Brown, Mark H. The Plainsmen of the Yellowstone. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961.
Brown, Mark H., and W. E. Felton. The Frontier Years: L. A. Huffman, Photographer of the Plains. New York: Henry Holt, 1955.
Bryant, Charles S., and Able B. Murch. A History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Indians, in Minnesota. Cincinnati: R. W. Carroll, 1868.
Buecker, Thomas R., and Eli Paul, eds. The Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger. Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society, 1994.
Buell, Thomas B. The Warrior Generals. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1997.
Burdick, Usher L. The Army Life of Charles “Chip” Creighton. Paris, MD: National Reform Associates, 1937.
<
br /> ———, ed. David F. Barry’s Notes on “The Custer Battle.” Baltimore: Wirth Brothers, 1949.
———. The Last Battle of the Sioux Nation. Fargo, ND: Worzalla Publishing, 1929.
———. Tales from Buffalo Land. Baltimore: Wirth Brothers, 1940.
———. Tragedy in the Great Sioux Camp. Baltimore: Proof Press, 1936.
Burgum, Jessamine Slaughter. Zezula; or, Pioneer Days in the Smoky Water Country. Valley City, ND: Getchell and Nielsen, 1937.
Burkey, Blaine. Custer, Come at Once! Hays, KS: Society of Friends of Historic Fort Hays, 1991.
Burt, Struthers. Powder River: Let ’Er Buck. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.
Byrne, P. E. Soldiers of the Plains. New York: Minton, Balch, 1926.
Canton, Frank M. Frontier Trails. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930.
Capps, Benjamin. The Indians. New York: Time-Life Books, 1973.
Carrington, Col. Henry B. Ab-sa-ra-ka: Land of Massacre. 5th ed. of his wife Margaret’s narrative. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879.
Carroll, John M., ed. Camp Talk. Mattituck, NY: J. M. Carroll, 1983.
———, ed. The Court-Martial of Thomas M. French. Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1979.
———, ed. Custer: From the Civil War to the Little Big Horn. Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1981.
———, ed. Custer and His Times. Book Two. Fort Worth, TX: Little Big Horn Associates, 1984.
———, ed. A Custer Chrestomathy. Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1981.
———, ed. Custer’s Chief of Scouts. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
———. The Eleanor Hinman Interviews on the Life and Death of Crazy Horse. New Brunswick, NJ: Garry Owen Press, 1976.
———. 4 on Custer by Carroll. N.p.: Guidon Press, 1976.
———, ed. The Frank L. Anders and R. G. Cartwright Correspondence. 3 vols. Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1982.
———, ed. The Fred Dustin and Earl K. Brigham Letters. Vols. 1 and 2. Bryan, TX: privately printed, n.d.
———. General Custer and the Battle of the Little Big Horn: The Federal View. Mattituck, NY: J. M. Carroll, 1986.
———. General Custer and the Battle of the Washita: The Federal View. Bryan, TX: Guidon Press, 1978.
———, ed. I, Varnum. Mattituck, NY: J. M. Carroll, 1982.
———, ed. The Lieutenant E. A. Garlington Narrative, Part I. Bryan, TX: privately printed, n.d.
———. Roll Call on the Little Bighorn. Fort Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1974.
———. The Seventh Cavalry Scrapbook. Nos. 1–13. Bryan, TX: J. M. Carroll, 1978–1980.
———, ed. The Sunshine Magazine Articles by John P. Everett. Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1979.
———. Thomas J. McDougall Was Just a Wild and Crazy Guy! N.p.: privately printed, n.d.
———. To Set the Record Straight! The Real Story of Wounded Knee. N.p.: privately printed, n.d.
———, ed. The Two Battles of the Little Big Horn. Bryan, TX: J. M. Carroll, 1974.
———, ed. A Very Real Salmagundi; or, Look What I Found This Summer. Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1980.
———, ed. Who Was This Man Ricker and What Are His Tablets That Everyone Is Talking About? Bryan, TX: privately printed, 1979.
Chandler, Lt. Col. Melbourne C. Of Garryowen in Glory. Annandale, PA: Turnpike Press, 1960.
Clark, George M. Scalp Dance: The Edgerly Papers. Oswego, NY: Heritage Press, 1985.
Clarke, Joseph I. C. My Life and Memories. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925.
Clary, David A. Adopted Son. New York: Bantam, 2006.
Coffeen, Herbert. The Teepee Book, Parts I and II. New York: Sol Lewis, 1974.
Coffman, Edward M. The Old Army. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Coleman, William S. E. Voices of Wounded Knee. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
Cook, John R. The Border and the Buffalo. Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons, 1938.
Coppee, Henry. Field Manual for Courts-Martial. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1863.
Cortissoz, Royal. The Life of Whitelaw Reid, Volume One. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921.
Coughlan, Col. T. M. Varnum: The Last of Custer’s Lieutenants. Bryan, TX: J. M. Carroll, 1980.
Cox, John E. Five Years in the United States Army. Reprint, New York: Sol Lewis, 1973.
Cozzens, Peter Gould, ed. Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865–1890. Vol. 3, Conquering the Southern Plains. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2003.
———, ed. Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865–1890. Vol. 4, The Long War for the Northern Plains. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2004.
———, ed. Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865–1890. Vol. 5, The Army and the Indian. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2005.
Crary, Catherine S. Dear Belle: Letters from a Cadet and Officer to His Sweetheart, 1858–1865. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1965.
Crawford, Lewis F. Rekindling Camp Fires. Bismarck, ND: Capital Book, 1926.
Custer, Elizabeth B. Boots and Saddles. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1885.
Custer, George Armstrong. My Life on the Plains. Reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962.
Darling, Roger. Benteen’s Scout-to-the-Left. El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1987.
———. General Custer’s Final Hours: Correcting a Century of Misconceived Mystery. Vienna, VA: Potomac-Western Press, 1992.
———. A Sad and Terrible Blunder. Vienna, VA: Potomac-Western Press, 1990.
David, Robert Beebe. Finn Burnett, Frontiersman. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark, 1937.
Davis, Karen, and Elden Davis. That Fatal Day: Eight More with Custer. Howell, MI: Powder River Press, 1992.
———. The Reno Court of Inquiry: The Pioneer Press, St. Paul and Minnesota, 1878–79. Howell, MI: Powder River Press, 1992.
Day, Carl. Tom Custer: Ride to Glory. Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark, 2002.
DeBarthe, Frank. The Life and Adventures of Frank Grouard. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.
Deland, C. E. The Sioux Wars. 2 vols. Pierre, SD: South Dakota Historical Collections, 1930, 1934.
DeMallie, Raymond J. The Sixth Grandfather. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
DeMontravel, Peter R. A Hero to His Fighting Men. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998.
De Trobriand, Regis. Military Life in Dakota. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Diedrich, Mark S. Famous Chiefs of the Eastern Sioux. Minneapolis: Coyote Books, 1987.
———. The Odyssey of Chief Standing Buffalo. Minneapolis: Coyote Books, 1988.
Diehl, Charles S. The Staff Correspondent. San Antonio: Clegg, 1931.
Dixon, Dr. Joseph K. The Vanishing Race. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1913.
Downey, Fairfax. Indian-Fighting Army. Rev. ed. New York: Bantam, 1957.
Du Bois, Charles G. Kick the Dead Lion. El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1987.
Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Dunn, J. P. Massacres of the Mountains. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1886.
Dustin, Fred. The Custer Tragedy. Reprint, El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1987.
Eastman, Charles. Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains. Boston: Little, Brown, 1918.
Ege, Robert J. Curse Not His Curls. Fort Collins, CO: Old Army Press, 1974.
———. Settling the Dust. Chinook, MT: Chinook Opinion, 1968.
Ellis, Edward S. The History of Our Country from the Discovery of America to the Present Time. Indianapolis: J. H. Wooling, 1910.
Evans, David C. Custer’s Last Fight: The Story of the Battle of the Little Big Horn. El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1999.
Fay, George E. Military Engagements Between United States Troops and Plains Indians, Part IV, 1872–1890. Greeley: University of Northern Colorado, 1973.
Finerty, John G. Warpath and Bivouac. Chicago: Chica
go Times, 1890.
Fiske, Frank B. The Taming of the Sioux. Bismarck, ND: Bismarck Tribune, 1917.
Flood, Renee Sansom. Lost Bird of Wounded Knee. New York: Scribner, 1995.
Folwell, William W. A History of Minnesota. 4 vols. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1924.
Forrest, Earle R. Witnesses at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Monroe, MI: Monroe County Library System, 1986.
Fougera, Katherine Gibson. With Custer’s Cavalry. Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1940.
Fox, Richard A. Archaeology, History, and Custer’s Last Battle. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Frost, Lawrence. Custer Legends. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1981.
———. General Custer’s Libbie. Hesperia, CA: Superior Publishing, 1976.
Gibbon, John. Gibbon on the Sioux Campaign of 1876. Bellevue, NE: Old Army Press, 1970.
Godfrey, Edward. Custer’s Last Battle. 1892. Reprint, Olympic Valley, CA: Outbooks, 1976.
———. The Field Diary of Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey. Portland, OR: Champoeg Press, 1957.
Goldin, Theodore. With the Seventh Cavalry in 1876. N.p.: privately printed, 1980.
Goodsell, James. History of the Great Chicago Fire. Chicago: J. H. and C. M. Goodsell, 1871.
Graham, Col. William T. The Custer Myth: A Sourcebook of Custeriana. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1953.
———. Major Reno Vindicated. Hollywood, CA: privately printed (E. A. Brininstool), 1935.
———. The Official Record of a Court of Inquiry Convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the Request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry to Investigate His Conduct at the Little Big Horn, June 25–26, 1876. Pacific Palisades, CA: privately printed, 1951.
———. The Reno Court of Inquiry: Abstract. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1954.
———. The Story of the Little Big Horn. New York: Century, 1926.
Gray, John S. Arikara Scouts with Custer. Brooklyn: Arrow and Trooper, n.d.
———. Centennial Campaign: The Sioux War of 1876. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988.
———. Custer’s Last Campaign. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991.
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