My dog and my best friend who sees and loves me at my best and worst. Together in California, Texas, and New York City. With me when my life was still training killer whales and now that it’s not. You endured all the hotels getting back to New York City during all the Blackfish film festivals and promotion. You were beside me as I wrote every word in this book. I may have saved your life but you saved mine. You are my “greatest gift.”
Bibliography
Chapter 2
Friedersdorf, Connor. “The Fantastical Vision for the Original SeaWorld.” Atlantic. March 21, 2014.
Chapter 6
Garrett, Howard. Email correspondence with authors.
Giles, Deborah. Email correspondence with authors.
Marino, Lori. Email correspondence with authors.
Rose, Naomi. Email correspondence with authors.
Rose, Naomi. “Killer Controversy: Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity.” Animal Welfare Institute, Washington, DC, 2014.
Chapter 8
Robeck, T.R., K. J. Steinman, S. Gearhart, T. R. Reidarson, J. F. McBain and S. L. Monfort. “Reproductive Physiology and Development of Artificial Insemination Technology in Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca).” The Society for the Study of Reproduction. 2004.
Chapter 9
Marino, Lori. Email correspondence with authors.
Marino, Lori, Chet C. Sherwood, Bradley N. Delman, Cheuk Y. Tang, Thomas P. Naidich and Patrick R. Hof. “Neuroanatomy of the Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) from Magnetic Resonance Images.” The Anatomical Record Part A 281 no. 2 (2004): 1256–1263.
Chapter 10
Montero, M. A. “La orca ‘Keto’ sí atacó y causó la muerte de Alexis, el adiestrador del Loro Parque,” October 4, 2010. www.abc.es/20101003/coumunidad-canarias/orca-keto-ataco-causo-20101003.html.
Chapter 11
California Bill AB2140. The Orca Welfare and Safety Act.
Dezember, Ryan, and Michael Wursthorn. “The Blackstone-Blackfish Connection.” Moneybeat. Blogs.wsj.com. Wall Street Journal, December 24, 2013.
Jett, John and Jeffrey Ventre, “Keto and Tilikum Express the Stress of Orca Captivity.” The Orca Project. January 20, 2011.
Jett, John, and Jeffrey Ventre. “Orca (Orcinus) Captivity and Vulnerability to Mosquito-Transmitted Viruses.” Journal of Marine Mammals and Their Ecology 5, no. 2 (2012): 9–16.
Judith Rogers statement. United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. No. 12-1375. SeaWorld of Florida, LLC, Petitioner v. Thomas E. Perez, Secretary, United States Department of Labor, Respondent.
Ken Welsch statement. Secretary of Labor, Complainant, v. SeaWorld of Florida, LLC, Respondent. OSHRC Docket No. 10-1705. United States of America Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.
Chapter 12
Rosen Law Firm. Class Action Cases: SeaWorld Entertainment. www.rosenlegal.com/cases-335.html.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Acton, Doug, 211–12
aggression in dogs, 248–9
aggression in orcas
and change, 171–2
classification criteria, 164
and confinement, 79–81, 116–18, 167–8, 171
and deaths of humans, 98, 182–92, 194–5, 197–201
examples of, 73–5, 99–100, 159, 163–5, 176–7, 185, 188, 208–9
precursors to, 2–4, 78–80, 88, 138, 149, 175, 180, 210
and trainer strategies, 55–6, 67, 97
and vocalization, 78, 116, 163, 176, 178, 192, 205, 208
and whale social dynamics, 79–80, 101, 116, 118, 131, 210
Aibel, Steve, 169–70, 202
Andrews, Jeff, 192–3, 241
Animal Welfare Act, 72
Arquette, Rosanna, 15
artificial insemination of orcas
insemination procedure, 150–2
of Kasatka, 150–2, 170, 237
SeaWorld’s AI program, 152–9, 238
sperm collection, 147–50
of Takara, 155–9
Atchison, Jim, 238–9
Ball, Greg, 231
Barr, Jean-Marc, 15
behavioral psychology, 6, 42, 50–1, 53, 56, 76–7, 146, 170, 175
bridge (time between correct response and reward), 61–2, 152, 176–8, 183, 191
context shift, 172
Least Reinforcing Scenario (LRS), 183–4, 204
and play, 64–5
reinforcements/rewards, 3–5, 8, 49–50, 60–7, 74–5, 80–1, 145, 148, 168–9, 183–4
SeaWorld San Diego’s mastery of, 42
slapping the water, 13, 48–9, 93, 163–4, 184–5, 200
and variety, 67
Berg, Samantha, 243
Besson, Luc, 15
Big Blue, The (film), 15–16, 22
Blackfish (documentary), 7, 154, 187, 192, 220, 225–33, 238, 240
cable release, 223, 229
Hargrove and, 119, 221–3, 227, 243, 245
impact of, 229–33
Sundance Film Festival premiere, 222–3, 232, 245
theatrical release, 223
Blasko, Dan, 17, 21–2
Bloom, Richard, 230–1, 233, 235
Bogden, Tasha, 53
Bowles, Ann, 103
Brancheau, Dawn
aftermath of death, 7, 30, 150, 154, 164, 196–7, 206, 227–8
death of, 187–91, 197–200
and Blackfish, 222
incident report of death of, 195–6
Hargrove’s meeting of, 180–1
relationship with Tilikum, 167, 189
SeaWorld’s account of, 191–3, 201
Brand, Russell, 230
Brown, Dan, 191, 197–8
Burich, Sam, 27
Busch, August, 206
Busch Entertainment Corporation, 232
captive orcas
Freya (female), 1–5, 73–5, 78, 100, 134, 139, 175–6, 179
Gudrun (female), 111
Halyn (female), 123
Kalia (daughter of Kasatka), 150, 159, 245
Kalina (female, original “Baby Shamu”), 86
Kandu (female), 106, 117, 165
Kanduke (male), 86–7, 111, 219
Katina (female), 26, 113, 158, 236
Kayla (female), 202–3
Keanu (female), 165
Keet (male), 26, 60–1, 133, 140, 149–50, 210–12
Keto (male), 113, 182–6, 218, 240
Kim (male), 179
Kohana (daughter of Takara), 102, 113, 132, 155–6, 159
Kotar (male), 37, 111, 130, 148
Kshamenk (male), 156, 237
Kyuquot (“Ky,” male), 132–4, 149, 202–3
Lolita (female), 127, 237
Moby Doll (male), 27–8
Morgan (female), 239–40
Nakai (son of Kasatka), 152
Nalani (daughter of Katina), 113
Namu (male), 27–8, 32–3
Orkid (daughter of Kandu), 58, 90–4, 100–1, 106, 111, 203–4, 225
Orky (male), 105–6
Sakari (daughter of Takara), 135, 137, 241
Shamu (female), 26–30, 33–4
Shouka (female), 171, 176–9
Splash (male), 87–90, 92, 123, 163
Taima (female), 156
Taku (son of Katina), 87, 113, 219
Trua (son of Takara), 132, 155, 196
/> Tuar (male), 132–3
Ulises (male), 26, 37, 100, 149–50, 208, 236
Unna (female), 84, 105, 133
Valentine (“Val,” son of Freya), 73–5, 78, 171, 175–6, 179
See also Corky (female orca); Kasatka (female orca); Takara (“Tiki,” female orca); Tilikum (male orca)
Cher, 230
Connery, Stacy, 209
Corky (female orca), 100–1, 121
age of, 127
born in the wild, 69, 111, 236
confrontations with other whales, 106, 116–17
incident with Hargrove, 204–5, 211, 225
incident with Ken Peters, 162–3
incident with Wendy Ramirez, 164
as “learner” whale, 59–60
naming of, 105
and Orca (film), 16, 26, 59
pregnancies of, 105
size of, 37
Cowperthwaite, Gabriela, 119, 220–3
deaths of orcas, 21–2, 33, 105, 126
Halyn, 123
from infections, 86, 123
Kalina, 86
Kandu, 106, 117
Kanduke, 86–7, 219
Moby Doll, 27–8
from mosquito bites, 86, 219
from perforated ulcer, 87
from placental hemorrhaging, 156
from pyometra (hormonal imbalance), 34
Shamu, 26, 34
Splash, 87–8
Taima, 156
Taku, 87, 219
in the wild, 112, 114–15
deaths of trainers and park guests
Alexis Martinez (trainer), 182–7, 194–5
Daniel Dukes (park guest), 98, 187
Dawn Brancheau (trainer), 187– 92, 197–201
See also Brancheau, Dawn; Martinez, Alexis
Decker, Dan, 187–8
Dezember, Ryan, 233
dogs, 247–9
dolphins, 12–15, 21, 28, 35, 108–9, 114, 124, 185, 209
Dukes, Daniel, 98, 187
elephants, 118
Endangered Species Act, 126
Flaherty-Clark, Kelly, 191, 197–9, 241
Flipper (television series), 28
Free Morgan Foundation, 239–40
Friedersdorf, Conor, 29
Garrett, Howard, 29, 116, 126, 169
Giles, Deborah, 117, 231
Griffin, Ted, 27–8, 32–3
Hargrove, John
assigned to Shamu Stadium, 34–7
and Blackfish, 119, 221–3, 227, 243, 245
early years, 11–22
final show at SeaWorld San Diego, 101–2
hired as apprentice at SeaWorld San Antonio, 5, 23–26
hired as Supervisor of Killer Whale Training at Marineland (Antibes, France), 5, 100, 170
hired as trainer at SeaWorld San Diego, 5, 42
incident with Corky, 204–5, 211, 225
incident with Takara, 140–2, 212
incidents with Freya, 1–5, 175–6
incidents with Keet, 60–1, 211–12
incidents with Shouka, 176–9
injuries, 60–1, 211–17, 225–6
painkiller addiction, 212–14
Real Time with Bill Maher interview, 243
resignation from SeaWorld, 216–20
return to SeaWorld San Antonio, 5, 137, 215
training style of, 66–7
Houston, Texas, 20–1
Hugueley, Lisa, 44, 96
International Marine Animal Trainers’ Association, 41
Jett, John, 87, 218–19, 243
Kapsch, Joseph, 223
Kasatka (female orca), 26, 64
artificial insemination of, 143–7, 150–2, 170, 237
ban on waterwork with, 103
born in the wild, 100, 111, 130, 175, 236
confrontation with other whales, 116
dominance of, 90, 93–5, 106, 130–1
Hargrove and, 98–100, 119, 134, 137, 205, 217, 225, 247
incident with Sharon Veitz, 207
incidents with Ken Peters, 95–7, 99–100, 177, 206, 228
naming of, 105
physicality of, 94
preference for male trainers, 139
separation from Takara (first calf), 102–3, 132, 155, 158–9
teeth of, 86, 94
unforgiving nature of, 58
killer whale, use of the name, 107–8
killer whales. See orcas (Orcinus orca, killer whales)
Lee, Tommy, 147–8
Lehman, Curtis, 44
Lenihan, Anita, 19–20
Loro Parque (Canary Islands), 155–6, 182, 185–6, 201, 239–40
Mairot, Jenny, 198
Marine Mammal Stranding Network, 21
marine parks, history of, 28–9
Marineland (Antibes, France), 16, 73, 170, 173–8, 181, 247
Marineland (Ontario, Canada), 237
Marino, Lori, 109, 166–8
Martinez, Alexis, 182–7, 194–5, 201, 206, 210, 216, 220, 240
McHugh, Mark, 20, 23, 36, 226
Melville, Herman: Moby Dick, 107
Miami Seaquarium, 127, 237
mother orcas
birth, 135–6, 152, 156, 245
nursing, 22, 135–7, 145
pregnancy, 105, 124, 130, 132–5, 154–8
rejection of calves, 113, 156
separation from offspring, 102–3, 131–2, 154–6, 158–9, 223, 231
stillbirths and miscarriages, 126, 135, 157
See also artificial insemination of orcas
Mundo Marino (Argentina), 237
Nelson, Willie, 230
Norris, Ken, 29–30
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 7, 164–5, 192–3, 196–7, 206, 227–9, 233, 241
Orange, Texas, 12–14, 20
Orca (film), 15–16, 26, 59
Orca Network, 29, 116, 126, 169, 220
Orca Project, 218
Orca Welfare and Safety Act (AB 2140), 230–1, 233, 235
orcas (Orcinus orca, killer whales)
breaching, 31, 61, 122, 124
boredom, 72, 81–2, 84–5, 87, 153, 168, 200
born in captivity, 111, 117–18, 130, 155, 176, 178, 236, 245
born in the wild, 69, 100, 111, 121, 126, 130, 158, 175, 236, 239
brains of, 166–9
breaching, 31, 61, 122, 124, 165
coloration, 109–10, 148
dorsal fins, 37–8, 72–3, 94, 106, 109–10, 120–2, 125, 132, 141–2, 219, 232
echolocation, 89, 141, 205
ecotypes, 110–11
and epilepsy, 87, 90
evolution of, 108–9
feeding, 38–42, 75–6, 78, 117, 121–2, 132, 179, 200, 236
food as reward, 1, 3, 49, 59–60, 63–5, 75–7, 161–2
food regurgitation, 84–5, 91
genitals, 145–8
hypersocial nature of, 134, 166–7
interior life, 59–60, 73, 166–7
life spans, 125–7
and matriarchal society, 73, 112–21, 131, 169
memory of, 138–9
and mosquito bites, 86–7, 219
and motionlessness, 136
naming of, 105–7
and paint peeling/eating, 83–4, 88
and pulpotomies, 85, 236
raking, 80, 86, 94, 116–17, 131, 133–4, 168, 203
respiration, 38, 120–2, 135, 144–5
sleep behaviors, 69–71, 120–1
teeth, 80, 84–6, 88, 94, 114–17, 201, 203, 206, 236
transients and residents, 114–16, 123
transporting, 131–2
weights, 37
See also aggression in orcas; captive orcas; deaths of orcas; mother orcas; training and trainers; waterwork; wild, orcas in the
Otjen, Dawn, 53
otters, 13, 44
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 147–8
Peters, Ken “Petey,” 44, 95–103, 205, 211
incident with Corky, 162–3
incident with Kasatka, 95–7, 99–100, 177, 206, 228
pools
depths, 22, 40
med pools, 71–2
sea pen, 237–8
sizes, 71
water quality, 173, 226–7
water visibility, 210
Ramirez, Wendy, 101, 181, 188, 218–20, 224–6
Dine with Shamu incident with Corky, 164
move to Shamu Stadium, 55
ultrasound procedure incident with Orkid, 203–4
Ray, Carol, 220, 243
Robeck, Todd, 147, 151–2, 157
Rogers, Judith, 229
Rokeach, Brian, 184–6
Rose, Naomi, 111, 114–26, 136, 155, 168, 231
Rubincam, Lindsay, 171–6, 179–81, 189, 196
Scarpuzzi, Mike, 170–1, 182, 185–6, 195, 204, 208, 228
sea lions, 13, 20, 44, 115, 226–7
Hercules, 53–4
orcas compared with, 55
size of, 51–2
seagulls, 57, 91–2
SeaWorld
Behavioral Review Committee (BRC), 52, 66
comparison of locations (Orlando, San Antonio, San Diego), 41–2, 44, 63–4, 70–1, 209–10
Dine with Shamu (pool-viewing restaurant), 72, 83, 90, 92, 153, 164, 189–91, 194, 198
Dolphin Stadium, 22–3, 34, 36, 54–5, 80, 101, 171, 197, 208–9
founding of, 25
Hargrove’s childhood visit to Orlando, 11–13
IPO, 232–3, 239–40
and legal action, 34, 164–5, 197, 209, 240
and legislation, 230–3, 235
mission of, 38
Orlando opening, 29–30
owners, 232–3
San Diego opening, 13
Sea Lion Stadium, 34, 52–5
trainer compensation, 205–7
See also captive orcas; Shamu Stadium; training and trainers; waterwork
Shamu (female orca), 26–30, 33–4
Shamu Stadium
apprentices at, 50–2
comparisons across SeaWorld parks, 44
Hargrove’s assignment to, 34–7
Beneath the Surface: Killer Whales, SeaWorld, and the Truth Beyond Blackfish Page 25