and Cued Speech system, 228–29
underachievement in, 22
See also language acquisition and skills
localization of sound, 199, 300–301, 305
Locke, John, 130
A Loss for Words (Walker), 114–15
low-frequency hearing, 31
magnetic fields, 192
magnetoencephalography (MEG), 191–96, 197
mainstreaming, 227–28
Mandarin Chinese, 274, 291–92
MAPping (Measurable Auditory Percept), 168
Marschark, Marc, 65, 224, 227, 229–32, 234–35, 281
Marshall, Angela, 144, 148–49
Martin, Lois, 149
Martin-Rhee, Michelle, 292
Massieu, Jean, 55, 58, 60
Matlin, Marlee, 116
Mattingly, Ignatius, 269
Mayberry, Rachel, 280
McCandliss, Bruce, 274
McDermott, Hugh, 147–48, 302
meaning of words, 46
MED-EL, 158
Meltzoff, Andrew, 41–42
Ménière’s disease, 97
meningitis, 121, 183–84
Merzenich, Michael
background of, 151–52
on barriers to the market, 156–57
on brain plasticity, 151–52, 153, 155
development of implant, 150–55
on early implant research, 94
on House’s design, 106
and Michelson, 107
on single-channel implants, 153–54
Merzenich, Mike, 247–50, 254
Methodical Signs, 54
Michelson, Robin, 106–7, 150, 151, 153–54
Middle States Commission on Higher Education, 188, 325
milestones in infants, 6–7, 31
Miller, Mary Beth, 112
Millikan, Robert, 70
modulation discrimination, 306
Molfese, Dennis, 275–76
Molfese, Victoria, 275
Molyneux, William, 130
Mondini dysplasia/deformity, 87
morphology, 242, 244–45
motor theory of speech perception, 201
multilingualism, 45–46, 253–54
music, 307–10, 312–16
Myers, Eugene, 107
National Association of the Deaf (NAD)
on American Sign Language, 291
cochlear implants position of,
22–23, 182–83, 319
on “hearing impaired” term, 18
National Deaf-Mute College, 61
National Institute for Deaf-Mutes, 54–55, 60
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 270
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 88
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 106–7, 125, 175, 217
National Reading Panel, 269–70
National Technical Institute for the Deaf, 224, 230, 325
National Theatre of the Deaf, 109–10, 111–12, 321
native language of children, 45–46
A Natural History of the Senses (Ackerman), 25
nature vs. nurture, 41
neuroimaging technology, 190–96
neurological models of hearing,
236–41, 241–46
neurons, 124, 126, 197
neurotransmitters, 124
Neville, Helen
and attention training in children, 255–57, 270, 292
background of, 133–34
and Bellugi’s lab, 288–89
compensatory changes research of, 134–36
on neural pruning, 125
neuroplasticity research of, 249–51
and pediatric research, 174
on simulation vs. deprivation of the brain, 129
Newport, Elissa
and Bellugi’s lab, 288
on mechanics of language acquisition, 36–39, 251–52
neurobiological focus of, 42
neuroplasticity research of, 36, 218–19
on quality of language input, 219
and Supalla, 110, 219, 288
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 24
The New York Times, 227, 292
The New York Times Magazine, 177
Niparko, John, 225
Nobel Prizes, 197
noise, 226, 296–99, 301–6
N1 (first negativity), 194–95, 198, 199, 252, 254, 339
nonsense-word studies, 275
nursery rhymes, 245–46
occipitotemporal lobe, 274
O’Gara, Jessica, 24–25, 28–29, 72,
120, 199
On the Sensations of Tone
(Helmholtz), 63
option schools, 14–15, 79
oralism and oral deaf community
activism of, 18, 191
and Deaf culture, 185–86
in deaf education, 56–58, 61, 64,
66–67, 110, 177, 185, 226, 227, 228
of Matlin, 116
“oral deaf” category, 18
and Parton family, 176
See also speech and spoken language
organ of Corti, 27
orthographic code cracking, 271
oscillographs, 71–72, 80
otoacoustic emission (OAE), 5
oval window, 26
Oxenham, Andrew, 203–4, 299–300, 309
Padden, Carol
and Bellugi’s lab, 288
on children and cochlear implantation, 180
on Deaf culture, 115–16
on Epée, 52
on perception, 19
on perceptions of sign language, 113, 289–90
on trajectory of sign language research, 289–90
Pakulak, Eric, 253–57
Paludneviciene, Raylene, 328
Parisier, Simon
background of, 121
and decision to implant, 120–23, 209
on hearing aid, 170–71
on House, 107–8
and injury from fall, 261–62, 264
and protests against cochlear implants, 184–85
referral to, 121
Parton, Caitlin
cochlear implant of, 176–77
meningitis infection of, 173
60 Minutes story on, 181–82
and success rate of implants, 217
success story of, 222
Parton, Steve, 22
pathologizing deafness, 18–19
Patrick, Jim, 146
Pavlov, Ivan, 35
Penn, Arthur, 110
perception, nature of, 200–201
perceptual cues used by children, 46–47
phonemes, 242, 267, 268
phonics, 336
phonology and phonological awareness
and brain physiology, 244–46
and cochlear implants, 281–82
and plasticity of the brain, 251–52
and reading, 266–67, 269–71, 273, 277–80, 281–82
and structure of language, 242
Pinker, Steven, 35, 267
pinna, 301
Pisoni, David, 226–27, 233–34
pitch, 100, 101, 300, 308, 312–13
plasticity of the brain
and attention, 247–51, 254–58
in blind and deaf people, 136–37
compensatory changes of the brain, 134–36
and degraded hearing conditions, 203
in infants, 123–25
and language, 250, 251–54
Merzenich’s research on, 151–52, 153, 155
Neville’s research on, 133–37
and phonological awareness, 251–52
and reading, 273, 282
and simulation vs. deprivation of the brain, 128–29
and speech processing programs, 218–19
and timing of implant, 123
and vision, 250
plosives (speech sounds), 81–82
Poeppel, David
on attention, 254
and Goswami’s research, 276
; on language acquisition, 236–41, 242–45, 251
and neuroimaging technology, 190–96, 197–203
on temporal information, 205–6
poetry, 277
pointing, 47–48
Ponce de León, Pedro, 53–54
P1 (first positivity), 194–95, 198, 199, 339
pop music, 308
positron emission tomography (PET), 197, 241
prediction in language, 201–2
prefrontal cortex, 129
pregnancy, language acquisition during, 39
primary auditory cortex, 199
profoundly deaf, 32, 82, 94
prosody, 243–44, 245–46
Proust and the Squid (Wolf), 268
Psychological Development of Deaf Children (Marschark), 230
Public Law 94-142, 228
Pugh, Ken
on auditory shadowing, 275
on cochlear implants, 281–82
on fluency, 271–72
on phonological awareness, 267, 269–70, 279–80, 281–82
Pyman, Brian, 145
Pythagoras, 68
Raising and Educating a Deaf Child (Marschark), 229, 231
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 197
range of hearing in humans, 28, 73
reading
and Alex’s progress, 339–40
and brain processes, 266–75, 275–78, 278–82
diagnosis of reading problems,
271–72
educator–researcher conflicts, 249
and language acquisition, 278–79
and phonological awareness,
266–67, 269–71, 273, 277–80, 281–82
role of hearing in, 264
Reading in the Brain (Dehaene), 274
receptive language, 214
redundancy, 204
Reluctant Genius (Gray), 64
Remez, Robert, 204
representations in the brain, 201
Revit, Lawrence, 296
rhymes, 275, 277
rhythm, 243–44, 308, 312
Risley, Todd, 39–41
Roni (ASL tutor), 284, 294–95
Rosen, Roslyn, 182–83
Roth, Jackie, 227
Rubin, Philip, 204
Sacks, Oliver, 20, 21, 287, 289
Salk, Jonas, 287
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 287, 288–89
Sanders, George, 62–63
Saunders, Rod, 144–46, 148–49, 150, 174
Schuknecht, Harold, 90
The Scientist in the Crib (Gopnik, Kuhl, and Meltzoff), 41–42
Searle, Peter, 175–76
Seeing Voices (Sacks), 287
Seidenberg, Mark, 275
selective attention, 256
Seligman, Peter, 150
semantic code cracking, 271
semantics, 243, 245, 289
semivowels (speech sounds), 81
Shankweiler, Donald, 267–68, 269
Shannon, Bob, 205
Sharma, Anu, 137–39, 194, 338
Shepard, Alan, 97
Shepherd, Rob, 184
Sicard, Roch-Ambroise Cucurron, 55, 60
Signed Exact English, 228
sign language
appreciation for, 21
baby sign language, 21
changing attitudes toward, 110–12
considered inferior, 58
dictionary of, 113
early efforts in, 65
early proponents of, 53–54, 55, 57–58, 60
and Epée, 52, 65
fluency in, 36, 229
“home signs,” 52
infants’ incorporation of, 47–48
as language, 21, 112–14
neurobiological foundations
of, 288–90
oralism vs., 22, 65–66
and spoken language acquisition, 15
stigma associated with, 110
See also American Sign
Language (ASL)
SimCom, 228
Simmons, Blair, 99–102, 107, 140–41, 142, 203
60 Minutes, 181–82
Skinner, B. F., 35
Smith, Scott, 175–76
Smithsonian Institution, 185–86
social cues, 48
social skills, 48–49
socioeconomic status, 39–41, 129, 256
Solomon, Andrew, 18, 177, 227
Song and Dance Man (Ackerman), 310
Sooy, Francis, 150
Sorenson Language and Communication Center, 322
sound, 68–69, 80
Sound and Fury (2000), 16
sound-meaning interface, 240
Sourds en Colère (Angry Deaf), 183
spatial grammar, 288–89
spectral information in sound,
204–8, 220–22
spectrographs, 73
Speech and Hearing (Fletcher), 70
speech and spoken language
anatomy of, 80–82
and assessing hearing, 30
and brain plasticity, 154–55
children’s perception of, 43–45
children’s preference for, 45
and critical bandwidth concept, 154
in deaf education, 56–58, 61, 64, 66–67, 110, 177, 185, 226, 227, 228
difficulty of, 58, 65–66
and ear anatomy, 25–26
and early implant trials, 100
oral education, 66–67
and phonological awareness, 278
and the profoundly deaf, 32, 82
robustness of, as signal, 203
and single-channel implants, 106–8
speech loss, 259–61
speech processing programs, 147, 148, 217, 218–19, 301, 306
speech recognition, 226
speech therapy, 210–11
visual language vs., 22, 65–66
See also oralism and oral deaf community
Spilman, Jane Bassett, 117
Spritzler, David, 286
steroids, 262–63
stirrup (stapes), 26
Stokoe, William, 112, 113–14, 287
Supalla, Sam, 15–16
Supalla, Ted, 110–11, 180, 219, 288
superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), 193
superior olive, 198–99
Svirsky, Mario, 219–22, 224–25,
304–5, 313
Swiller, Josh, 283, 320
Swiller, Sam, 329–30
syllables
and brain physiology, 245
and spoken language, 72
and temporal information, 207–8
synapses, 197
syntax, 228, 243, 273
Tallal, Paula, 20
“Tan” (Monsieur LeBorgne), 237
Tanenhaus, Michael, 275
telephones, 69, 75
temporal fine structure, 301
temporal information, 205–8
temporal lobe, 196, 199
temporal resolution, 191
tesla (measure), 192
Tesla, Nikola, 192
theatre for deaf audiences, 109–12, 321
Théorie des signes (Sicard), 55
This Is Your Brain on Music (Levitin), 29
Through Deaf Eyes (documentary), 311
timbre, 308, 312–13
tonal color, 308
Tong, Jo, 146–47
Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain (Begley), 135
transparent language, 274
tubes, 30
Tucker, Bonnie Poitras, 179, 185
The Unheard (Swiller), 320
universal grammar theory of
Chomsky, 35
University of California, Los Angeles, 125, 126
University of Oregon, 272
Urban, Jack, 102–3, 105, 331
US Census, 290
ventral stream, 239
vestibular aqueducts, 87–88, 262
Vierra, Anthony, 99–100, 140
Visible Speech, 62
vision
artific
ial vision, 220
neurological component of, 131–33
and neuroplasticity, 250
and reading, 273–74
and visible light spectrum, 28
and visual learning, 232
and visual system of the brain, 238
visual cortex, 135
Visual Language Visual Learning laboratory (VL2), 322
Vitulano, Sabrina, 167–69
vocabulary, 213, 241, 270
vocal cords, 80–81
voice coder (vocoder), 154–55
voices. See speech and spoken language
Volta, Alessandro, 91–92
Vouloumanos, Athena, 42–48, 243
vowels, 72, 73, 80–81
Vytlacil, Tracey, 25, 28–29
Walker, Jeff, 193–94, 197–99
Walker, Lou Ann, 114–15
Wallis, John, 56
Waterstreet, Ed, 112
Watson, George, 144–45, 149–50, 174
Weiner, Fred, 322
Weiner, Stephen, 322–27, 329
Werker, Janet, 45, 243, 252, 292–93
Wernicke, Carl, 237
Wernicke’s area, 236–38, 242
West Virginia School of Medicine, 222–23
When the Mind Hears (Lane),
54, 114, 220
whispering, 81, 339
Wiesel, Torsten, 131–33, 134,
153, 248
Wilson, Blake, 95, 217, 301
Wired for Sound (Biderman), 308
Wolf, Maryanne, 268, 271, 277
word onset effect, 252
Wright, David, 54, 57, 66–67
Yang, Charles, 39, 42
Zinser, Elisabeth Ann, 117–18
Zurich Academy, 57
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