22. Clark, Rock, Roll and Remember, 112–13.
23. Melvin Maddocks, “Television,” Christian Science Monitor, May 29, 1958.
24. “American Bandstand: Review,” TV Guide, October 19, 1957, 3; John Jackson, American Bandstand: Dick Clark and the Making of a Rock ’n’ Roll Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), . 69
25. On the construction of women as the ideal consumers in the 1950s, see Haralovich, “Sit-Coms and Suburbs: Positioning the 1950s Homemaker,” in Private Screenings: Television and the Female Consumer, ed. Lynn Spigel and Denise Mann (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 111–41.
26. “American Bandstand: Review,” 22–23.
27. Arlene Sullivan, interviewed by author, July 7, 2006.
28. Pat Molittieri, “My Farewell to Bandstand,” Teen, June 1959. For other American Bandstand coverage, see Teen Magazine Presents—My Bandstand Buddies, 1959; Teen Magazine Presents—My Bandstand Blast! 1960; Teen magazine, August 1958, November 1958, February 1959, June 1959, October 1959, December 1960.
29. “Meet ‘Bandstand’s Dance Queen,” ‘Teen, June 1959.
30. American Bandstand Yearbook, 1958
31. Ray Smith, interviewed by author, August 10, 2006. In a documentary about the dance the Twist, Jimmy Peatross and Joan Buck tell a related story about learning how to do the Strand from black teenagers. Twist, dir. Ron Mann (Sphinx Productions, 1992).
32. Gary Mullinax, “Radio Guided DJ to Stars,” The News Journal Papers (Wilmington, DE), January 26, 1986.
33. “Black Philadelphia Memories,” dir. Trudi Brown (WHYY-TV12, 1999).
34. On the black dance cultures out of which dances like the Stroll emerged, see Katrina Hazzard-Gordon, Jookin’: The Rise of Social Dance Formations in African-American Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); Lynne Fauley Emery, Black Dance from 1619 to Today, 2nd rev. ed. (Hight-stown, NJ: Princeton Book Company, 1988); Barbara Glass, African American Dance (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2006). On teen dances like the Stroll, see Tim Wall, “Rocking around the Clock: Teenage Dance Fads from 1955 to 1965” in Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and Popular Dance Reader, ed. Julie Malnig (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009).
35. Quoted in Jackson, American Bandstand, 211. Clark also discusses the Stroll in his autobiography, see Clark and Robinson, Rock, Roll, and Remember, 133–36.
36. American Bandstand, December 17, 1957.
37. Mullinax, “Radio Guided DJ to Stars.”
38. On ethnicity in early and mid-1950s network television, see George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 39–75.
39. Arlene Sullivan interview.
40. Frank Spagnuola, interviewed by author, July 27, 2006.
41. Shore and Clark, The History of American Bandstand, 39.
42. Francis Ianni, “The Italo-American Teen-Ager,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 338 (November 1961): 78.
43. Thomas Guglielmo, White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 6–13.
44. Thomas Guglielmo, “‘No Color Barrier’: Italians, Race, and Power, in the United States,” in Are Italians White? How Race Is Made in America, ed. Jennifer Guglielmo and Salvatore Salerno (New York: Routledge, 2003), 41.
45. Jordan Stanger-Ross, Staying Italian: Urban Change and Ethnic Life in Postwar Toronto and Philadelphia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Stefano Luconi, From Paesani to White Ethnics: The Italian Experience in Philadelphia (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001); Carmen Teresa Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia: Puerto Rican Workers and Postwar Economies (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001); Matthew Countryman, Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
46. Anita Messina, interviewed by author, June 29, 2006.
47. Carmella Gullon (Mulloy), interviewed by author, July 24, 2006.
48. Christopher Small, Musicking: The Meanings of Performance and Listening (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1998), 13.
49. Darlina Burkhart (McCormick), interviewed by author, June 14, 2006.
50. Anita Messina interview.
51. Ray Smith interview; Anita Messina interview; Carmella Gullon (Mulloy) interview; Dick Clark and Fred Bronson, Dick Clark’s American Bandstand (New York: Collins Publishers, 1997), 27; Francis Burke, “Stonehurst Priest’s Social Center Marks 3 Years of Success in Youth Guidance,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, December 6, 1959.
52. Carmella Gullon (Mulloy) interview.
CHAPTER 7
1. My approach to the study of historical memory is influenced by Renee Romano and Leigh Raiford, eds., The Civil Rights Movement in American Memory (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006).
2. Joan Cannady (Countryman), interviewed by author, February 27, 2006.
3. Iona Stroman (Billups), interviewed by author, July 16, 2007.
4. Weldon McDougal, interviewed by author, March 27, 2006.
5. Julian Bond, “The Media and the Movement,” in Media, Culture, and the Modern African American Freedom Struggle, ed. Brian Ward (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001), 27.
6. On the coverage of American Bandstand in the black press, see “Dick Clark ‘Bandstand’ Spotlights Sepia Aces,” Chicago Defender, August 8, 1959; “TV Guide,” New York Amsterdam News, February 28, 1959; “Television Program,” Atlanta Daily World, November 21, 1957; “Tonight’s Pix-Viewing,” Chicago Daily Defender, May 12, 1959; “Dick Clark Spotlight James Brown’s Flames,” Chicago Defender, October 29, 1960; “Dick Clark TV Guests ‘Names,’” Chicago Defender, January 14, 1961; “TV Guide,” New York Amsterdam News, February 18, 1961; “Bobby Bland Set for ‘American Bandstand,’” Chicago Daily Defender, March 15, 1961; “TV Guide,” New York Amsterdam News, March 25, 1961; “TV Tapes,” Chicago Daily Defender, August 7, 1961; “What’s on TV?” New York Amsterdam News, December 9, 1961; “TV Hi-Lites,” Philadelphia Tribune, March 13, 1962; “TV Hi-Lites,” Philadelphia Tribune, March 17, 1962; “TV Hi-Lites,” Philadelphia Tribune, June 28, 1962.
7. Walter Palmer, interviewed by author, June 29, 2007.
8. Ibid.; CHR, “Present Status of Current ‘C’ Cases,” May 4, 1954, CHR collection, Box A-2860, folder 148.2 “Minutes 1953–1957,” PCA; CHR, “Intergroup Tensions in Recreation Facilities,” March 7, 1955, NAACP collection, URB 6, box 4, folder 104, TUUA. On these efforts to integrate Bandstand in the early 1950s, see chapter one.
9. Art Peters, “No Negroes on Bandstand Show, TV Boss Says They’re Welcome,” Philadelphia Tribune, September 22, 1956.
10. Ibid.
11. Danielle Allen, Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 4.
12. Stroman (Billups) interview.
13. On the controversy of interracial dancing on Alan Freed’s show, see John A. Jackson, Big Beat Heat: Alan Freed and the Early Years of Rock and Roll (New York: Schirmer Books, 1991), 168–69. On the related concerns over interracial themes in film, see Susan Courtney, Hollywood Fantasies of Miscegenation: Spectacular Narratives of Gender and Race, 1903–1967 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
14. Gael Greene, “Dick Clark,” New York Post, September 24, 1958.
15. “Mr. Clark and Colored Payola,” New York Age, December 5, 1959, 6.
16. Johnny Otis, “Johnny Otis Says Let’s Talk,” Los Angeles Sentinel, January 28, 1960; Masco Young, “They’re Talking About,” Philadelphia Tribune, February 20, 1960.
17. Arlene Sullivan, interviewed by author, July 6, 2006.
18. Joe Fusco, interviewed by author, August 8, 2006.
19. Ray Smith, interviewed by author, August 10, 2006.
20. “Teen Agers Claim Discrimination on Clark’s Band Stand,” Philadelphia
Tribune, September 8, 1959; “Girl, 14, Says She, Friends Were Barred from Dick Clark TV Show,” Philadelphia Tribune, October 21, 1961.
21. Dorthy Anderson, “Strictly Politics,” Philadelphia Tribune, December 23, 1958; “Readers Say: ‘All the Uncle Toms Have Moved up North,’” Philadelphia Tribune, July 12, 1960; “Teenagers Talented,” Philadelphia Tribune, April 2, 1963; E. Washington Rhodes, “Where Are the Parents of ‘Bandstand’s’ Youth?” Philadelphia Tribune, January 14, 1958; “Tribune Readers Say: Stop Imitating Others’ Errors,” Philadelphia Tribune, February 4, 1958; “Tribune’s Open Forum,” Philadelphia Tribune, January 2, 1960; “Readers Say: Protests Same Old White Faces on Dick Clark TV Show,” Philadelphia Tribune, June 17, 1961.
22. Henry Gordon, interviewed by author, June 6, 2006.
23. “dick clark media archives,” http://www.dickclarklicensing.com (accessed October 15, 2010).
24. The list of available clips from American Bandstand in this era include “American Bandstand,” December 2, 1957 (video recording), Acc T86:0317, Museum of Television and Radio (MTR); “American Bandstand,” December 17, 1957 (video recording), Acc T86:0318, MTR; “American Bandstand: 25th Anniversary,” February 4, 1977 (video recording), Acc T79:0274, MTR; “American Bandstand: 40th Anniversary,” May 13, 1992 (video recording), Acc B:25885, MTR; “American Bandstand: 50th Anniversary,” May 3, 2002 (video recording), Acc B71426, MTR; Twist, dir. Ron Mann (Sphinx Productions, 1992); Bandstand Days (Teleduction, 1997); American Dreams, dir. Jonathan Prince (Universal Studios, 2004; DVD, 7 discs). The “Bandstand Moments” DVD included with the 50th Anniversary boxed set only includes footage from the period after the show moved to Los Angeles.
25. One of the pictures appears in both of Dick Clark’s histories of the show, see Michael Shore and Dick Clark, The History of American Bandstand: It’s Got a Great Beat and You Can Dance to It (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985), 46; Dick Clark and Fred Bronson, Dick Clark’s American Bandstand (New York: Collins Publishers, 1997), 56–57. The second picture is in the 50th Anniversary boxed set booklet; see Bronson, Dick Clark’s American Bandstand 50th Anniversary, 40.
26. Richard Robinson and Dick Clark, Dick Clark 20 Years of Rock ’n’ Roll Yearbook (New York: Buddah Records, Inc., 1973).
27. Clark, Rock, Roll, and Remember, 110–12.
28. Lawrence Redd, Rock Is Rhythm and Blues: The Impact of Mass Media (Lansing: Michigan State University, 1974); Peter Guralnick, Feel Like Going Home: Portraits in Blues and Rock ’n’ Roll (New York: Vintage Book, 1971); Steve Chapple and Reebee Garofalo, Rock ’n’ Roll Is Here to Pay: The History and Politics of the Music Industry (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977), 231–69; Stephen Walsh, “Black-Oriented Radio and the Civil Rights Movement,” in Media, Culture, and the Modern African American Freedom Struggle, ed. Brian Ward, 67–81; Brian Ward, Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 339–450.
29. Ben Fong-Torres, “‘Soul Train’ vs. Dick Clark; Battle of the Bandstands,” Rolling Stone, June 7, 1973, 10.
30. Stanley Williford, “Don Cornelius, Dick Clark Feud Ends,” Los Angeles Sentinel, June 7, 1993. On the competition between American Bandstand and Soul Train, see Christopher Lehman, A Critical History of Soul Train on Television (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2008); John Jackson, American Bandstand: Dick Clark and the Making of a Rock ’n’ Roll Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 255–80; Christine Acham, Revolution Televised: Prime Time and the Struggle for Black Power (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 54–84.
31. Dick Clark with Allen Daniel Goldblatt, Dick Clark Remembers 25 Years of Rock ’n’ Roll, Happy Days, and American Bandstand (Hopkins, MN: Imperial House, 1979), 11.
32. Henry Schipper, “Dick Clark,” Rolling Stone, April 19, 1990, 126
33. Jackson, American Bandstand, 140–41.
34. Clark and Bronson, Dick Clark’s American Bandstand, 19, 21. Clark’s coauthor, Fred Bronson, repeats parts of this quotation in Dick Clark’s American Bandstand 50th Anniversary (2007).
35. Dick Clark, “Behind the Scenes at Bandstand” in American Bandstand the Rock ’n’ Roll Years: 1956–1962 (New York: AMI Specials, Inc., 2003).
36. Andrew Goodman, “Dick Clark, Still the Oldest Living Teenager,” New York Times, March 25, 2011.
37. Clark and Bronson, Dick Clark’s American Bandstand, 10.
38. Ibid., 10–24.
39. Matthew Countryman, Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
40. On the racial discrimination in housing and neighborhood housing fights, see CHR, “A Report on the Housing of Negro Philadelphians,” 1953, CHR collection, box A-620, folder 148.4, PCA; ACA; “To Residents of This Section of West Phila.,” March 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA; ACA, “Help!! Help!!” May 19, 1955, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 34, TUUA.
41. On the racial discrimination in youth recreation, see “Investigation of Skating Rink: Interim Report,” 1952, NAACP collection, URB 6, box 20, folder 383, TUUA; Spence Coxe, letter to Joseph Barnes, December 12, 1952, NAACP collection, URB 6, box 20, folder 383, TUUA; CHR, “Recommendation for Closing Case: Concord Skating Rink,” January 11, 1955, CHR collection, Box A-2860, folder 148.2 “Minutes 1953–1957,” PCA; Commission of Human Relations, Meeting Minutes, September 21, 1953, CHR collection, Box A-2860, folder 148.2 “Minutes 1953–1957,” PCA; “NAACP Radio Report on WCAM,” September 27, 1953, NAACP collection, URB 6, box 21, folder 421, TUUA; West Philadelphia Fellowship Council, Minutes, October 27, 1953, FC collection, Acc 626, box 61, folder 36, TUUA; CHR, “Minutes of Meeting on Skating Rink Project,” March 30, 1954, NAACP collection, URB 6, box 21, folder 421, TUUA; CHR, “Minutes of Meeting on Skating Rink Project,” March 30, 1954, NAACP collection, URB 6, box 20, folder 383, TUUA; CHR, “Recommendation for Closing Case: Crystal Palace Roller Skating Rink,” January 19, 1955, CHR collection, Box A-2860, folder 148.2 “Minutes 1953–1957,” PCA; “Recommendation for Closing Case: Concord Skating Rink;” CHR, Annual Report, 1954, CHR collection, Box A-620, folder 148.1, PCA.
42. Matthew Frye Jacobson, “‘Richie’ Allen, Whitey’s Ways, and Me: A Political Education in the 1960s,” in In the Game: Race, Identity, and Sports in the Twentieth Century, ed. Amy Bass (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 19–46; William Kashatus, September Swoon: Richie Allen, the ‘64 Phillies, and Racial Integration (University Park: Penn State University Press, 2004).
43. On school segregation in Philadelphia, see Philadelphia Board of Education, Division of Research, “A Ten-Year Summary of the Distribution of Negro Pupils in the Philadelphia Public Schools, 1957–1966,” December 23, 1966, FL collection, Acc 469, box 23, folder 6, TUUA; “Number of Negro Teachers and Percentage of Negro Students in Philadelphia Senior High Schools, 1956–1957” [n.d.], FL collection, Acc 469, box 14, folder 10, TUUA.
44. James Baughman, Same Time, Same Station: Creating American Television, 1948–1961 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), xiii.
45. Jackson, Big Beat Heat, 168–69.
46. Miscegenation laws remained in place in seventeen southern states until they were overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Loving v. Virginia (1967). Additionally, a number of other states repealed their laws before Loving, but after American Bandstand started broadcasting nationally: California (1959), Nevada (1959), Idaho (1959), Arizona (1962), Nebraska (1963), Utah (1963), Indiana (1965), and Wyoming (1965).
47. On miscegenation laws, see Peggy Pascoe, What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); Fay Botham, Almighty God Created the Races: Christianity, Interracial Marriage, and American Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Jane Dailey, “Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred after Brown,” Journal of American History 91 (June 2004), 119–44.
48. Dailey, “Sex, Segrega
tion, and the Sacred after Brown,” 125.
49. New York deejay Clay Cole suggests that his locally broadcast Clay Cole Show (1959–68) was racially integrated, but he does not indicate when this integration began, and I was unable to verify his memory with other sources. See Clay Cole, Sh-Boom: The Explosion of Rock ’n’ Roll, 1953–1968 (New York: Morgan James, 2009), 55, 186.
50. Otis, “Johnny Otis Says Let’s Talk.”
51. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” Journal of American History 91 (March 2005): 1235.
CHAPTER 8
1. Dick Clark’s American Bandstand 50th Anniversary (12 compact discs; Time Life; 2007); “Dick Clark’s American Bandstand 50th Anniversary,” http://www.timelife.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplayPcatalogId=10001&storeId=1001&langId=-i&productId=10506 (accessed January 10, 2008).
2. On the fiftieth anniversary coverage of American Bandstand, see Ken Emerson, “The Spin on ‘Bandstand,’” Los Angeles Times, August 5, 2007, M9; David Hinckley, “50 Years Ago, Show Put Rock Squarely in the Mainstream,” New York Daily News, August 4, 2007, 67.
3. David Lieberman, “Dan Snyder Buys Dick Clark’s TV, Music Company,” USA Today, June 19, 2007, 2B.
4. Thomas Heath and Howard Schneider, “Snyder Adds a TV Icon to His Empire,” Washington Post, June 20, 2007, D01.
5. Rick Kissell, “Peacock ‘Dreams’ up Powerful Sunday Perf,” Daily Variety, October 8, 2002, 4; Stephen Battaglio, “CBS Pulls out a Narrow Nielsen Victory: NBC Still Leads Youth Market,” New York Daily News, November 6, 2002, 99; Gail Shister, “Competition May Kill ‘Dreams,’ Despite Critics’ Acclaim,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 7, 2004, C5.
6. Hairspray box office data, http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2007/HAIRS.php (accessed October 15, 2010); Pamela McClintock, “‘Hairspray’ Sings Its Way to Top 5 Overseas,” Variety, September 30, 2007, 16; John Dempsey, “‘Hairspray’ Gets USA All Lathered Up,” Daily Variety, October 5, 2007, 5; Susan King, “If You Want Some More ‘Hairspray,’” Los Angeles Times, November 5, 2007, E2; Cristoph Mark, “‘Hairspray’ Cast Gels in New Production,” The Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo), October 19, 2007, 14; Ong Sor Fern, “Hairspray Has Heart,” The Straits Times (Singapore), August 22, 2007; Karen Price, “Major New Role for Ball as Broadway Smash ‘Hairspray’ Prepares to Hit London’s West End,” The Western Mail (London), June 23, 2007, 3; “Bit of Bounce,” The Irish Times, July 13, 2007, 10; Fiona Byrne, “Hairspray Premiere—South Yarra,” Sunday Herald Sun (Australia), 177.
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