by Ben Hughes
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Wirtenburger, Kathryn. The Jesuits in Jamaica. Loyola University Chicago, 1942.
ONLINE RESOURCES
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Acknowledgments
While researching and writing this book, I received considerable help from others. Bruce H. Franklin, my publisher, offered encouragement and advice throughout, while the work of Noreen O’Connor-Abel, the copyeditor, and Tracy Dungan, the cartographer, have proved invaluable.
I also owe a debt of gratitude to the archivists at the National Archives in Kew, the Somerset Heritage Centre, and the Maritime Museum in Greenwich. Kaitlyn Pettengill, the digital services archivist at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Lisa Caprino, the reference services assistant at the Huntington Library in California, Audene Brooks of the Jamaica National Heritage Trust, and Marianne Martin, the visual resources librarian at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, were extremely helpful, while Kimberly Blackwin of the Jamaica Archives and Records Department went out of her way to suggest previously unanticipated lines of inquiry which considerably furthered my research.
I would also like to thank Anne Westmacott and Jane and David Hughes for reading through various drafts during the writing process, and Vanessa, my wife, and Emily, my daughter, for their patience and support. I dedicate this book to John Tridgell, a dear childhood friend whose untimely death earlier this year left a void in the lives of so many.
Index
Accompong Town, 225
Addison, Thomas, 140-141
Adventure, 13
Advice, 200-201, 209
Africa, positions of authority of rebel leaders and, 121
Akan, 65-67, 69-72, 74-75, 78, 91, 101, 117, 121-122, 125, 211
Akwamu, 66, 70
Albemarle, 18-19
Allada, 74-75, 78, 80
Alligator Pond, 132
Ambrosia Bank, 159
American War of Independence, 217, 219
Amrkes, Richard, 132
Anderson, Jonathon, 136
Andreis, Bernart, 203
Anglican Church, 107, 224
Anglo-Dutch Wars, 31
Ann, 51, 164
Antelope, 11, 13
Antigua, 15, 17, 75, 121, 124, 128, 147, 218
Antilope, 3-4
Anti-Slavery Society, 222
Apostolocall History, 51
Arawaks, 20
Argyll Uprising, 41
Arnold, Richard, 36
Asa-Asa, Louis, 83
The Assembly, xxv, 29, 32, 44, 52, 97-98, 108, 137, 148, 150-157, 166, 169, 197, 201, 206, 213-214, 222
Assistance, 11
Atkins, John, 72
Audiencia, 37, 54
Axim, 63-64
Ayscough, John, 214-215
Bach, Samuel, 42
Bakr, Abu, 74
Ballard, Thomas, 34, 44, 54, 56, 103, 151
Banister, James, 93, 151
Bannister, Thomas, 31
Bantry Bay, 5, 11
Baptist War, 222
Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo, 75, 84
Barbados, 3, 11, 14-20, 24, 26, 28-29, 31, 49, 75, 81, 85, 87, 90-94, 97-99, 108, 128, 138, 143, 147, 198, 218
Barber, Charles, 202
Barbot, John, 80
Barclay, 176
Barrow, Rachael, 199
Barry, Josiah, 99
Barter, Edward, 71
Bayano, 122
Bayley, Frederick, 123
Bay of Biscay, 3, 12
Bay of Boffoe, 60
Beauregard, Charles François Le Vasseur de, 202, 204-205
Beckford, Elizabeth, 189
Beckford, Peter, 34, 135, 152, 155, 167, 177, 179, 189, 211-212
Beckford, Priscilla, 189
Beeston, William, x, 197-211, 225
Behn, Aphra, 85-86, 89, 91, 122
Benjamin, 137
Bernard, Samuel, 34, 152, 155, 166-168, 177, 179, 183, 195
Bertue, 13
Betty, 136
Bioho, Domingo, 122
Blackleach, John, 52
Blackmore, Francis, 98, 168, 206
Blathwayt, William, 52, 129, 134, 138, 145, 150, 163, 169, 228n11
Blénac, Comte de, 17
Blossom, 56
Bluefield’s Bay, 203
Blue Mountains, 21, 53, 118, 152, 186, 211, 215
Board of Trade, 99, 131, 154, 216
Bogle, Paul, 223-224
Bolos, Juan de, 26
Bonadventure, 164
Boone, Margaret, 35
Booth, Simon, 214
Bosman, Willem, 62-64, 66-67, 69-70, 72-73, 76-77, 82
Bothwell Bridge, battle of, 41
Boucher, Charles, 35-36, 151, 153
Bourden, John, 34, 54, 56
Bowjer, Phineas, 137
Boyle, Margaret, 8
Boylston, John, 70
Bratelier, Peter, 46, 157-158, 162
Brazil, 15, 19, 26, 48, 77, 122, 223
Breadnut Island, 104
Brick Red Church, 153
Bridewell Prison, 37
Bristol, 11, 13, 218
Bromhall, Thomas, 167
Brooks, John, 137, 139-140, 143, 158
Bryan, Phillip, 183
Buckley, Thomas, 42
Bybrook plantation, 123
Cadaqués, 162
Cadiz, 14, 27, 55
Caesar, 171, 176, 193-194
Cagway Point, 217
Cagway Spit, 50
Calapatch, 55, 134
Canary Islands, 130
cane fields
harvesting of, 109-110
rats posing the principal danger to, 108-109
Cane River, 21
Cape Altevel, 172
Cape Apolonia, 63, 68
Cape Coast Castle, 59, 68-72, 74, 79, 86
Cape Cruz, 194
Cape François, 139, 209
Cape Lahoue, 62
Cape Mayo, 142-143
Cape Mount, 59
Cape of Good Hope, 135
Cape Palmas, 59, 62
Cape Saint Nicolas, 143
Cape San Antonio, 142
Cape Tiburon, 141, 172
Cardinal Richelieu, 19
>
Carew, George, 139
Caribs, 20, 158
Carleton, Mary, 40-41
Carlisle Bay, 14, 16, 100, 204-205
Cartagena, xxiv, 10, 31, 47, 94-96, 130, 136, 157, 210
Carter, Febulon, 140
Casas, Bartolomé de las, 24
Castillo, James, 50
Castillo, Santiago, 10-11, 19, 92-95, 98, 135, 143, 148, 167
Castle, Emmanuel, 140
Catalán, Gil Correoso, 209
Cat and Fiddle, 42-43
Catherine of Braganza, 8
Cayman Islands, 50
Chancellor, William, 86
Charles I, 7, 22, 137
Charles II, 2, 7-8, 28, 30, 42, 148, 170
Charlton, 82
Charon, 218
Chesapeake, battle of, 218
Cheyn, David, 62
China, 3, 223
Chocolata Hole, 50-51
Christmas Rebellion (1831–1832), 222
Churchill, Thomas, 10, 35
Church of St. Dorothy, 225
Clarendon Parish, 29, 34, 49, 89, 93, 97-100, 119, 123, 125, 135, 151, 153, 184, 204, 206, 213-214, 225
Clarendon Regiment, 206
Claybourne, Lionel, 206
Coad, John, 42
Coates, James, 4
Cockpit Country, x, 118, 136, 186, 211, 214-215, 225
Coddrington, Christopher, 17-19, 91, 135, 143, 146-147
Columbus, Christopher, 25, 158
Compagnie des Îles de l’Amérique, 19
Compagnie du Sénégal, 80
Conning, Richard, 176, 189, 191
Conssaint, 133
Coobah, 118
Cooper, Thomas, 62
Cophy, 119-120
Cordoso, Moses, 49
Cornwallis, Cubah, 218
Coromantees, 78, 91, 101, 119, 122, 124, 211
Council of Jamaica, 105
Courteen, William, 14
Cow Bay, 21, 202-204
Cow Island, 21, 139-140, 142, 209
Coxe, Susannah, 44
Craddock, Thomas, 51
Cransborough, Oliver, 98-99
creoles, 39, 95
Crispe, Thomas, 69
Cromwell, Oliver, 2, 7, 23-24, 26, 28, 101, 170
Crop Over Festival, 112, 123
Cuba, 10, 26-27, 47, 131, 142-143, 157, 194, 219, 223
Cudjoe, x, 78-79, 122-123, 125-126, 136, 211-212, 214-217, 225
Cupid, 39, 45
Curaçao, 10, 46-49, 51, 93, 135, 143, 200
Custom House Quay, 1, 3-4, 59
Dampier, William, 106
Daniel, Edward, 205
Danvers, Charles, 58-64, 67-72, 75-76, 78-80, 87
Dawkins, William, 206
Demerara, 222
Denkyria, 66, 70
Derry, siege of, 5
d’Estaing, Charles-Hector Comte, 218
Diamond, 99
Diggins, William, 160
Diligence, 51, 158, 163, 171
Dirks, Robert, 123
Discourse of the State of Health in the island of Jamaica (Trapham), 44
diving bells, 161-162
Dominica, 20
Dragon, 158
Drake, 131-134, 171
Drax, William, 98
Dublin Philosophical Society, 9
du Casse, Jean-Baptiste, 17-18, 141, 144, 200, 202-203, 207, 210
Duck, Edmund, ix, 119
Duke of Albemarle, 10
Duke of Bolton’s Regiment, 11, 13, 18
Duke of Portland, 214
Duke of Schomberg, 5
Duke of Shrewsbury, 197
Duke of Tyrconnell, 5
Duncan, John, 79
Dundalk, siege of, 5
Dutch India Company, 10
Dutton, Richard, 99
Earle, Walter, 136
Earl of Carlisle, 14
Earl of Clare, 18
Earl of Shrewsbury, 1
earthquake
aftermath of, 188, 191
aftershocks and, 186
death of Thomas Norris and, 180
destruction of Thames Street and, 179
effect on ships in harbor and, 182-183
eyewitness account of, 181
first onset of, 178
London broadsheet and, 185
resurgence in religious devotion and, 195
Spanish Town death toll and, 184-185
East India Company, 2-3, 78, 170
East India Merchant, 164, 171
Edict of Nantes, 45, 157
Elizabeth, 158
Elleston, Roger, 37, 55-56
Elliot, Stephen, 200-201
Elmina, 66, 69, 71
English Channel, 6
English Royal Adventurers, 10
Envieux, 200, 207
Equiano, Olaudah, 58, 80-81, 83, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 221
Equiano, Ouladiah, 58, 80-81
Essex, Cornelius, 51
Ewing, John, 41
Execution Dock, 4
Faerie Queen (Spenser), 51
Falcon, 200-201, 204
Feathers Tavern, 35
Fetu, 66, 69-71
Finch, John, 163
First Maroon War, 215
Flemming, Sarah, 132
flogging, 6, 115, 118, 222
Fort Augusta, 218
Fort Carlisle, 22, 33, 36, 168, 179-180
Fort Charles, 33, 36, 50, 131, 141, 168, 177, 180-181, 186, 198, 201, 204, 218, 225
Fort Cromwell, 28
Fort James, 16, 22, 33, 36, 168, 179-180
Fort Morgan, 168
Fort Rupert, xxiii, 22, 168, 180, 198
Fort St. Anthony, 64
Fort Walker, 22, 33, 168, 180, 195
Fort William, 201, 204
Fort Willoughby, 16
Freeman, Modyford, 154
Freeman, Thomas, 34, 44, 54, 56
French Revolution, 219, 221
Frigg, Nathaniell, 36
Fuller, Catherine, 56
Fuller, Charles, 55
Fuller, Thomas, 55, 103, 225
Funchal Bay, 13
Gaines, Hugh, 158, 160, 163, 171, 173, 177
Galdy, Lewis, xxiv, 45-46, 182
Galina Point, 193
Gallows Point, 31, 193
Gambia River, 59, 64, 91
Ganga Zumba, 121
Gavell, Mary, 132
Gay, John, 154
Gee, Thomas, 18
George, 3-4, 13
George’s Adventure, 51
Ghana, 65-66, 74, 122
Gibbons, Christopher, 41
Glorious Revolution, x, xxiv-xxv, 11, 32, 45, 139, 170-171, 228n11
Glover, Robert, 158
Goffe, John, 198
The Golden Fleece (Spenser), 51
gold, xxiv, 20, 25, 34, 36, 42-43, 47, 49-50, 63-71, 85, 101, 133, 157, 162, 168, 188, 192
Gonsales, Isaac, 189
Goodwin Sands, 7
Gozden, Peter, 140
Graff, Laurens Cornelis Boudewijn de, 130, 202, 204-205, 209
Gramont, Michel de, 130
Grand Court of Judicature, 54
Granville, Bevil, 216
Gras, Avernes de, 170
Grayhound, 163-164, 171-172
Great Fire of 1666, 1
Great Gang, 102, 109
Green, Mary, 173
Griffin, John, 39, 171, 176, 193-194
The Groans of the Plantations (Littleton), 109
Gros Frederic’sburg, 64
Grubbing, Nathaniel, 171-172, 199
Guadeloupe, 16, 20, 146
Guernsey, 11, 14, 138-146, 148, 163-164, 172-173, 176, 184, 193-194, 198, 200, 210
Guiana, 75, 117, 222
Guinea Coast, 10, 31, 61, 71
Gulf of Florida, 131
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 106
Gunn, Thomas, 39, 45
Gusman, Buck, 51
Guthrie, John, 216
Guy, Charles, 188
Guy, Mary, 152
Guy, Richard, 98, 152
Guzman, Petronilla de, 130
Haitian Revolution, 220
Halfway Tree, 196
Halley, Edmund, 152, 162
Hall, Francis, 48
Hall, Lucretia, 37
Hall, William, 48
Hampshire, 11, 13
Hanging Judge Jeffries, 4
Hannah, 57-64, 66-69, 71-72, 74-77, 79-82, 84, 87-92, 96-97, 122
Hannibal, 86, 91
Hanson, Francis, 47
Harle, Jonathan, 4
Harlow, James, 9, 18, 153
Harman, William, 209
Harris, John, 171, 183
Harrison, Edward, 152-155
Harrison, John, 135
Hasardeux, 200
Hawley, Henry, 14
Heath, Emmanuel, 165, 177-179, 181-183, 186-188, 190
Helyar, John, 123, 125, 145
Herbert, Elizabeth, 8, 164
Hermitage, 44
Hewetson, Thomas, 18-19, 93, 135, 143, 158
Heywood, Peter, 34, 51, 56, 155, 167, 225
Hillyard, John, 93
Hillyard, Thomas, 45, 48, 177, 180
Hispaniola, xxv, 21, 23-24, 26-28, 30, 32, 129, 131, 133, 139, 143-144, 159, 164, 168, 170-171, 176, 208-209, 218, 220
History of Jamaica (Long), 150
The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland (Wodrow), 107
Hodge, Andrew, 140, 145, 183, 198
Hodge, Jonathon, 140, 145, 183, 198
Hodgewere, Andrew, 6
Hodgewere, Jonathan, 6
Honduras, 47, 50, 103
Hope River, 21
House of Commons, 29, 150, 221, 223
House of Lords, 29, 222
Howard, Robert, 42
How, John, 133
How, Robert, 95
Hueda, 74
Huguenots, 45
Hunter, 18-19
Hunter, Robert, 214-216
Hunt’s Bay, 49, 225
Ibos, 91
Ikem, 124
Ile de Vache, 21
Inchiquin, 172-173
India, 3
Indian Ocean, 99
Indians, 24, 39, 45, 62, 71, 87, 95, 103, 120
Inquisition, 48
An Interesting Narrative (Equiano), 58, 80, 221
Irish Rebellion, 7, 17
Isle of Ash, 139, 146
ivory, 62-63, 68
Ivy, George, 93
Jamaica
alcoholism and, 52
The Assembly and, xxv, 29, 32, 44, 52, 97-98, 108, 137, 148, 150-157, 166, 169, 197, 201, 206, 213-214, 222
black population and, 223
casualties from the Swan and, 95
Cromwell’s immigration plan and, 26
defeating French privateers and, 193
English invasion of, 23
Henry Morgan and, 29-30, 32, 37
High Court of the Admiralty and, 167
hub of the Caribbean reexport trade and, 47
Jewish population of, 168-169
maroon communities and, 118
Monmouth Rebels and, 42