City of Nets

by Otto Friedrich

  428 Galileo finally opened: Houseman, Front and Center, p. 237. Cook, Brecht in Exile, p. 180. Lyon, Brecht in America, p. 312.

  429 On September 19: Cook, Brecht in Exile, p. 183. Gordon Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 1. The most detailed account of the Hollywood hearings, but highly partisan.

  429 The process server: Lyon, Brecht in America, p. 315.

  429 Brecht was not much: Lyon, Brecht in America, pp. 317–18. Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood, p. 439. Lester Cole, Hollywood Red, p. 265. No one has ever explained the discrepancies between the obviously leaked lists and the list of those who were actually summoned. Both lists are given in Ceplair and Englund, pp. 439–40.

  430 Although the HUAC: Walter Goodman, The Committee, pp. 42, 172–4.

  430 Once the 1946: New York Times, Nov. 20, 1970. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Dec. 1, 1948.

  431 These local controversies: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 256.

  432 Like the new: Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, p. 224. Murray Kempton, Part of Our Time, p. 208. Arthur Marx, Goldwyn, p. 339.

  432 What, then, was: Goodman, The Committee, p. 196.

  432n The official estimates: Kempton, Part of Our Time, p. 198.

  433 The second least: Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 19, 76.

  434 The Un-American: Goodman, The Committee, pp. 14, 199, 184, 191. Eric Bentley, ed., Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938–1968, pp. 59–73. A highly selective but convenient anthology of the HUAC testimony.

  435 Gerhart Eisler: Ibid., pp. 57, 59, 84–6, 94–6. Goodman, The Committee, p. 191.

  437 J. Parnell Thomas: Goodman, The Committee, p. 203.

  437 Herbert Biberman: Lester Cole, Hollywood Red, p. 266. Nancy Lynn Schwartz, The Hollywood Writers’ Wars, p. 302. Cook, Brecht in Exile, p. 190. Bruce Cook, Dalton Trumbo, p. 149. Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, says ten were Jews (p. 262). Alvah Bessie, who was one of them, says thirteen were Jews (Inquisition in Eden, p. 191). Tom Wood, The Bright Side of Billy Wilder, Primarily, p. 4.

  438 Biberman had invited: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 263. Stefan Kanfer, A Journal of the Plague Years, p. 41.

  438 The lawyers reviewed: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, pp. 264–5.

  439 They finally decided: Ring Lardner, Jr., The Lardners, p. 320. Victor S. Navasky, Naming Names, p. 82 (1981). Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 269.

  439 In retrospect, this: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 270. Cook, Trumbo, p. 187.

  440 There was a: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 265. Cook, Trumbo, p. 186. Edward Dmytryk, It’s a Hell of a Life but Not a Bad Living, p. 95.

  440 The only one: Dalton Trumbo, The Time of the Toad, pp. 137–8. Cook, Trumbo, p. 191.

  440 But the nineteen: Lardner, The Lardners, p. 325. Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 275.

  440n Or so Dmytryk said: Bentley, Thirty Years, p. 394.

  441 The committee gathered: Cole, Hollywood Red, pp. 269–70.

  441 No less important: Bentley, Thirty Years, p. 192. Cole, Hollywood Red, p. 269.

  442 The best technique: John Keats, Howard Hughes, pp. 200ff. Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, Empire, pp. 145ff.

  442 Brewster had reasons: Keats, Howard Hughes, pp. 202–5. Barlett and Steele, Empire, p. 145.

  444 To deal with this: Keats, Howard Hughes, pp. 205–8, 209–13, 216–21.

  446 The Spruce Goose: Barlett and Steele, Empire, p. 158.

  446 When the nineteen: Howard Koch, As Time Goes By, p. 167. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 62.

  446 But the producers: Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 5–6. Kanfer, Journal of the Plague Years, p. 41.

  447 The committee had: Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 6. Goodman, The Committee, p. 207. Hearings Regarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry, p. 1. The basic text.

  447 No sooner had: Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 63. Norman Zierold, The Moguls, p. 235.

  448 There was also: John Huston, An Open Book, p. 147. HUAC Hearings, pp. 10–11.

  449 Splendid, splendid, but: HUAC Hearings, pp. 12, 15–16, 19, 53, 33–5, 38–9, 44. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 17, 23, 53.

  453 The next major: HUAC Hearings, pp. 70–3. Cole, Hollywood Red, p. 272. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 29.

  454 It was clear: HUAC Hearings, pp. 71, 75. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 28, 53.

  455 Mayer was perhaps: New York Times, Feb. 11, 1944. HUAC Hearings, p. 74. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 31.

  456 For a more critical: Bentley, Thirty Years, p. 111. Nora Sayre, Running Time, p. 68.

  458 The rest of: HUAC Hearings, pp. 283, 352–6.

  459 And so on: Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 35–6, 140. Bentley, Thirty Years, pp. 122, 139, 144–9. New York Daily News, Aug. 26, 1985.

  461 This first week: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, pp. 281–2. Alvah Bessie, Inquisition in Eden, p. 222.

  462 Over the bugged: Lauren Bacall, By Myself, p. 159.

  462 Huston was dining: Huston, An Open Book, p. 148.

  462n Congressman Rankin soon: Kanfer, Journal of the Plague Years, p. 73.

  463 The First Amendment: Lauren Bacall, p. 160.

  463 Chairman Thomas: Evelyn Keyes, Scarlett O’Hara’s Younger Sister, p. 121 (1978).

  463 Lawson, newly: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, pp. 87, 307, 233–5. Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, pp. 59, 311, 152, 235.

  464n Mocking the famous: Murray Kempton, Part of Our Time, pp. 193–4.

  465 But now, seated: Bentley, Thirty Years, pp. 153–61.

  469 It was rather: HUAC Hearings, pp. 306, 315, 307–8.

  470 The kind of man: Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, p. 319. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 78–81. Huston, An Open Book, p. 150.

  471 Paul Henreid recalled: Paul Henreid, Ladies’ Man, pp. 184–5. Lauren Bacall, p. 163. Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, p. 281. Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 291.

  472 Others went home: Ronald Reagan and Richard C. Hubler, Where’s the Rest of Me?, p. 229. Doug McClelland, Hollywood on Ronald Reagan, pp. 76, 74.

  472 Ann Sheridan liked: Joe Morella and Edward Z. Epstein, Jane Wyman, p. 71. June Allyson, June Allyson, p. 96.

  473 Back at the: Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, pp. 312, 301, 314, 272. Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, pp. 87, 90, 94, 98, 100.

  475 Edward Dmytryk: Bentley, Thirty Years, pp. 187, 207.

  476 “My name is”: Lyon, Brecht in America, pp. 329, 207. Bentley, Thirty Years, pp. 207–8.

  476 Perhaps he had: Martin Esslin, Brecht, p. 79.

  477 Stripling: “Have you”: Bentley, Thirty Years, pp. 214, 211–12, 217–18, 209, 220. Cole, Hollywood Red, p. 285.

  480 Brecht’s main concern: Lyon, Brecht in America, p. 337. Cook, Brecht in Exile, p. 201.

  480 When J. Parnell Thomas: Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 132. Goodman, The Committee, p. 220.

  480 The leftist witnesses: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, pp. 288, 295. Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, pp. 263, 265.

  481 On the day: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 326. Goodman, The Committee, pp. 218, 222. Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, pp. 278, 167.

  481 The problem, said: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 329. Trumbo, The Time of the Toad, p. 21.

  482 Mayer and a few: Dore Schary, Heyday, pp. 167–8.

  482n Goldwyn and Mayer: Gary Carey, All the Stars in Heaven, p. 276.

  483 “No vote was”: Schary, Heyday, p. 169. Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 329.

  483 Craziness was hardly: Schary, Heyday, p. 365.

  484 So it was done: Cole, Hollywood Red, pp. 265, 301–3. Dalton Trumbo, Additional Dialogue, Letters of Dalton Trumbo, 1942–1962, p. 85. Lardner, The Lardners, pp. 325–6. Axel Madsen, Billy Wilder, p. 285.

  484 When the RKO: Schary, Heyday, p. 170. Dmytryk, Hell of a Life, p. 103.


  485 Not only were: Kanfer, Journal of the Plague Years, p. 77. Schwartz, Hollywood Writers’ Wars, p. 285. Philip Dunne, Take Two, p. 212.

  485 Scarcely a week: Cole, Hollywood Red, p. 292. Bessie, Inquisition in Eden, p. 226. Kanfer, Journal of the Plague Years, p. 81.

  486 Once Bert Brecht: Lyon, Brecht in America, p. 335.

  486 Everything called him: Cook, Brecht in Exile, pp. 202–7.

  487 I sit by the: Bertolt Brecht, Poems, p. 439 (quoted in Cook, Brecht in Exile, p. 207).

  10 Prejudice (1948).

  489 The first time: Dore Schary, Heyday, p. 118. “Picture” included in Lillian Ross, Reporting, p. 240.

  490 There was just: Budd Schulberg, Moving Pictures, pp. 149, 2–6. Schary, Heyday, pp. 80, 123, 126–8, 131–4.

  492 So Schary walked out: Bosley Crowther, Hollywood Rajah, p. 278. Schary, Heyday, pp. 139, 153.

  493 One of the first: Schary, Heyday, p. 158. Edward Dmytryk, It’s a Hell of a Life but Not a Bad Living, p. 89. Patricia Erens, The Jew in American Cinema, p. 175.

  494 Schary had a: Schary, Heyday, pp. 269, 160, 173. John Keats, Howard Hughes, pp. 228–30.

  494n One surprising critic: Alvah Bessie, Inquisition in Eden, p. 241.

  495 So Schary, who: Schary, Heyday, p. 173. Keats, Howard Hughes, p. 230.

  495 Schary almost immediately: Crowther, Hollywood Rajah, pp. 273–5. Garth Jowett, Film: The Democratic Art, pp. 347–8. Michael Conant, Antitrust in the Motion Picture Industry, pp. 4, 13. Martin Mayer, About Television, p. 26. Schary, Heyday, p. 237.

  497 One thing Schenck: Garson Kanin, Hollywood, pp. 282–3.

  498 Mayer invited Schary: Schary, Heyday, pp. 177–203.

  499 Well, Schary was: Crowther, Hollywood Rajah, pp. 270–2.

  499 “This is a”: Gerold Frank, Judy, pp. 251, 224, 227–8, 230–1, 244–52.

  502 What protected Dore Schary: Schary, Heyday, pp. 208, 230. Crowther, Hollywood Rajah, p. 285.

  503 The controversy dated: Jowett, Film, pp. 201, 276–8.

  504 In 1940, the: New York Times, Feb. 8, 10, 1948.

  505 One of the first: Frank Capra, The Name Above the Title, pp. 412–13, 422, 424, 443.

  506 In the midst: New York Times, May 3, 1948; Oct. 2, 1948; Nov. 2, 9, 10, 1948.

  507 Having recently finished: Robert Craft, “The Poet and the Rake,” in W. H. Auden, A Tribute, ed. Stephen Spender, pp. 149–55.

  507 Auden worried about: Nancy Caldwell Sorel, “First Encounters,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1985.

  508 The two unlikely: Vera Stravinsky and Robert Craft, Stravinsky, p. 397. Igor Stravinsky, Themes and Conclusions, p. 77.

  508 Back in New York: Libretto and notes for CBS recording of The Rake’s Progress, p. 11. Stravinsky, Themes and Conclusions, p. 54.

  508 Stravinsky worked methodically: Stravinsky and Craft, Stravinsky, pp. 361, 398.

  509 “Kike.” Now that: Carey McWilliams, A Mask for Privilege: Anti-Semitism in America, p. 3. McWilliams’s evaluation is primarily economic. For a contemporary psychiatric analysis of the subject, see Anti-Semitism: A Social Disease, ed. Ernst Simmel, which includes contributions by Simmel, Otto Fenichel, Max Horkheimer, T. W. Adorno, and others.

  509 There had always: McWilliams, A Mask, pp. 18–19.

  511 Harper’s: Article by Johan Smertenko, quoted in McWilliams, A Mask, pp. 40–1.

  511 Emmanuel Goldenberg: Edward G. Robinson, All My Yesterdays, pp. 1–2.

  512 Julius Garfinkle: Larry Swindell, Body and Soul, p. 111.

  512 Sam Goldwyn: Stephen Birmingham, “The Rest of Us,” p. 259. Hedda Hopper, The Whole Truth and Nothing But, p. 96.

  513 The studio bosses: Arthur Marx, Goldwyn, p. 338. Bessie, Inquisition in Eden, p. 64. Stephen Farber and Marc Green, Hollywood Dynasties, p. 25.

  513 Harry Cohn, as: Norman Zierold, The Moguls, p. 190. Farber and Green, Hollywood Dynasties, p. 24. Michael Freedland, The Warner Brothers, p. 200. Nora Sayre, Running Time, p. 43. Schary, Heyday, pp. 210, 224. Ross, Reporting, p. 385.

  513n Others felt a: Bob Thomas, King Cohn, p. 295.

  514 In all this crudity: Hopper, The Whole Truth, p. 93.

  514 Mayer was certainly: Farber and Green, Hollywood Dynasties, p. 26.

  515 The suave Rabbi: Schulberg, Moving Pictures, pp. 191–2.

  516 One of those: Ben Hecht, A Child of the Century, p. 460. Richard Meryman, Mank, p. 133.

  516 It was true: Hecht, A Child, pp. 476, 485, 488.

  516 While Hecht was: Ibid., pp. 516, 519–21.

  517 This last column: David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, p. 85. An excellent and revealing study of this painful subject.

  517 The Irgun was: Birmingham, “The Rest of Us,” pp. 247, 243.

  518 “I don’t want”: Hecht, A Child, pp. 539–40.

  519 Be it said: Birmingham, “The Rest of Us,” pp. 249–51.

  519 Hecht would not: Hecht, A Child, p. 443. Wyman, Abandonment, pp. 90–2.

  519 There were more: Wyman, Abandonment, pp. 82, 86. Hecht, A Child, p. 587.

  520 Returning to the: Wyman, Abandonment, p. 154.

  521 “Kike.” Representative John: Laura Z. Hobson, Laura Z., pp. 322, 324, 331, 345–9, 351, 363, 365.

  523 There were interruptions: Laura Z. Hobson, Gentleman’s Agreement, pp. 1, 9, 52–3, 55, 63, 109, 138, 96, 154, 188.

  524 It is a little: Simmel, Anti-Semitism, p. xvii. McWilliams, A Mask, pp. 110–11, 134, 136, 144, 254.

  526 It still seems: Hobson, Laura Z., pp. 340, 382, 393, 396, 398, 400.

  526 Zanuck announced: Mel Gussow, Darryl F. Zanuck, p. 149. Sayre, Running Time, p. 40.

  527 Zanuck naturally wanted: Schary, Heyday, p. 159.

  527 Having failed: Gussow, Zanuck, p. 150. Victor S. Navasky, Naming Names, p. 203.

  528 But what was: Jowett, Film, p. 371. Sayre, Running Time, pp. 39–40.

  529 “I cannot remember”: CBS recording of The Music of Arnold Schoenberg, vol. 1, recorded by Robert Craft.

  529 It is a complete: Craft notes to CBS recording of The Music of Arnold Schoenberg. H. H. Stuckenschmidt, Arnold Schoenberg, p. 141.

  530 A far more interesting: Arthur Knight, The Liveliest Art, p. 238.

  530 The lords of Hollywood: Ingrid Bergman and Alan Burgess, My Story, pp. 13–15 (1981). This is, of course, the basic source.

  530 A few months later: Bergman and Burgess, My Story, pp. 16–17, 18–20, 180–1, 186, 190, 206, 108, 200, 202, 207, 213, 215, 226, 20–1, 236. John Russell Taylor, Ingrid Bergman, p. 80. Laurence Leamer, As Time Goes By, pp. 73, 79, 88, 103, 124.

  535 Just as the Holocaust: Time, May 24, 1948.

  536 Out in southern: Ezra Goodman, The Fifty-Year Decline and Fall of Hollywood, p. 186. (Goodman says “civil service,” which is presumably a typographical error.) Gary Carey, All the Stars in Heaven, p. 287.

  536 “You must write”: Willi Frischauer, Behind the Scenes of Otto Preminger, pp. 179–80.

  537 Ten years after: Otto Preminger, Preminger, pp. 196–9.

  11 Expulsions (1949).

  539 The Naked and the Dead: Hilary Mills, Mailer, p. 117.

  539 “The living room”: Peter Manso, Mailer: His Life and Times, pp. 138, 146–7.

  542 To celebrate: Patricia Bosworth, Montgomery Clift, p. 188 (1979).

  542 It was worse: Manso, Mailer, p. 149.

  543 Mixed feelings is: Mills, Mailer, p. 119.

  543 The blacklist grew: Dore Schary, Heyday, p. 365.

  544 The age of: Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood, p. 362. Stefan Kanfer, A Journal of the Plague Years, pp. 94–5.

  544n Mrs. Hopper had: Schary, Heyday, p. 206.

  545 On this matter: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, pp. 368–9.

  545 Protestations of loyalty: Village Voice, Aug. 7, 1984.

  545 “Forty-nine”: Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, pp. 363–4.

  546 The blacklist didn’t: John Cogley, Report on Blacklisting, vol. 1, pp. 97, 125, 133,
82. Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 359.

  546 Under Reagan’s leadership: Ronald Reagan and Richard C. Hubler, Where’s the Rest of Me?, p. 182. Cogley, Blacklisting, p. 163, and Ceplair and Englund, The Inquisition, p. 367.

  547 One of the oddities: Edward G. Robinson, All My Yesterdays, pp. 212, 243–5, 322, 250, 261, 263.

  549 John Garfield faced: Larry Swindell, Body and Soul, pp. 238, 223, 227–9.

  550 He returned to: Kanfer, Journal of the Plague Years, pp. 156–7.

  550 Garfield tried: Swindell, Body and Soul, pp. 229–40, 243–52, 255–64. Kanfer, Journal of the Plague Years, pp. 179–80.

  553 Hildegard Knef: Hildegard Knef, The Gift Horse, pp. 266–7 (1972).

  554 The process of: Charles Higham, Orson Welles, p. 247.

  555 The HUAC investigators: Barbara Leaming, Orson Welles, p. 326. Ted Morgan, FDR, p. 621.

  556 Welles did not: Higham, Orson Welles, p. 219. Leaming, Orson Welles, p. 348.

  556 So although Welles: Higham, Orson Welles, pp. 247–8.

  557 Then to Welles’s: Leaming, Orson Welles, p. 369.

  557 Welles returned to Rome: Higham, Orson Welles, p. 250.

  558 Welles was by now: Charles Higham, The Films of Orson Welles, p. 136.

  558 If Welles’s improvisations: Higham, Orson Welles, pp. 136, 260, 263, 270–3. Leaming, Orson Welles, pp. 370–1.

  561 In his later years: People, Feb. 14, 1983.

  561 It was a thought: Time, Feb. 21, 1949.

  562 Marijuana was such: Time, Sept. 13, 1948. Kenneth Anger, Hollywood Babylon, pp. 20–4.

  562 Time’s account: Time, Sept. 13, 1948.

  563 Once again, as: Jerry Giesler, The Jerry Giesler Story, p. 246.

  563 That was how: Time, Oct. 11, 1948.

  564 Mitchum, who was: Time, April 11, 1949.

  564 Despite the ordeal: Charles Chaplin, My Autobiography, p. 493.

  564 Chaplin began writing: David Robinson, Chaplin, p. 550.

  565 The aging Calvero: Ibid., p. 559.

  566 Having worked three: Claire Bloom, Limelight and After, p. 88 (1983).

  566 That sounds like: Robinson, Chaplin, pp. 750, 752, 754.

  567 So Chaplin went on: Ibid., p. 564. Bloom, Limelight, pp. 89–90.

  567 When Chaplin had: Chaplin, My Autobiography, pp. 496–7. Robinson, Chaplin, p. 548. Chaplin and his authorized biographer differ on many details of Chaplin’s legal difficulties.