Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World

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by Maya Jasanoff


  Reid, John G. “Pax Britannica or Pax Indigena? Planter Nova Scotia (1760–1782) and Competing Strategies of Pacification.” Canadian Historical Review 85, no. 4 (2004): 669–92.

  Reid, John G., Maurice Basque, Elizabeth Mancke, Barry Moody, Geoffrey Plank, and William Wicken. The “Conquest” of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.

  Riker, James. “Evacuation Day,” 1783, Its Many Stirring Events: with Recollections of Capt. John Van Arsdale of the Veteran Corps of Artillery. New York: Printed for the Author, 1883.

  Riley, Sandra. Homeward Bound: A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 with a Definitive Study of Abaco in the American Loyalist Plantation Period. Miami: Island Research, 1983.

  Robertson, Marion. King’s Bounty: A History of Early Shelburne, Nova Scotia. Halifax: Nova Scotia Museum, 1983.

  Robinson, St. John. “Southern Loyalists in the Caribbean and Central America.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 93, no. 3–4 (1992): 205–220.

  Ryden, David Beck. West Indian Slavery and British Abolition, 1783–1807. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

  Ryerson, Egerton. The Loyalists of America and Their Times: From 1620 to 1816. 2 vols. Toronto: William Briggs, 1880.

  Sabine, Lorenzo. The American Loyalists, or, Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in the War of Revolution. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847.

  Saroop, Narinder. Gardner of Gardner’s Horse. New Delhi: Palit and Palit, 1983.

  Saunders, Gail. Bahamian Loyalists and Their Slaves. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1983.

  Saunt, Claudio. A New Order of Things: Property, Power and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

  Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution. London: BBC Books, 2005.

  Sheppard, George. Plunder, Profits, and Paroles: A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada. Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1994.

  Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990.

  Siebert, Wilbur. The Legacy of the American Revolution to the British West Indies and Bahamas: A Chapter Out of the History of the American Loyalists. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1913.

  Silver, Peter. Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America. New York: Norton, 2008.

  Skemp, Sheila L. Benjamin and William Franklin: Father and Son, Patriot and Loyalist. Boston: Bedford Books, 1994.

  _____. William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

  Smith, Paul H. “The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength.” William & Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 25, no. 2 (1968): 259–77.

  Statt, Daniel. Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660–1760. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1995.

  Stewart, Gordon and George Rawlyk. A People Highly Favored of God: The Nova Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1972.

  Stone, William L. Life of Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea). 2 vols. Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1865.

  Swinehart, Kirk Davis. “Object Lessons: Indians, Objects, and Revolution.” Common-Place 2, no. 3 (2002), http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/cp/vol-02/no-03/lessons/.

  Taylor, Alan. The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 2006.

  _____. “The Late Loyalists: Northern Reflections of the Early American Republic.”

  Journal of the Early Republic 27, no. 1 (Spring 2007): 1–34.

  Tiedemann, Joseph. Reluctant Revolutionaries: New York City and the Road to Independence, 1763–1776. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997.

  Tiedemann, Joseph S., Eugene R. Fingerhut, and Robert W. Venables, eds. The Other Loyalists: Ordinary People, Royalism, and the Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1763–1787. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009.

  Tiro, Karim M. “The Dilemmas of Alliance: The Oneida Indian Nation in the American Revolution.” In War and Society in the American Revolution: Mobilization and Home Fronts, edited by John Resch and Walter Sargent. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007.

  Travers, Robert. Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British in Bengal. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

  Troxler, Carole Watterson. “Refuge, Resistance, and Reward: The Southern Loyalists’ Claim on East Florida.” Journal of Southern History 55, no. 4 (1989): 563–95.

  Tucker, Robert W., and David C. Hendrickson. Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

  Turner, Frederick Jackson. “English Policy toward America.” American Historical Review 7, no. 4 (1902): 706–35.

  Turner, Mary. Slaves and Missionaries: The Disintegration of Jamaican Slave Society, 1787–1834. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

  Vail, R. W. G. “The Loyalist Declaration of Dependence of November 28, 1776.” New-York Historical Society Quarterly 31, no. 2 (1947): 68–71.

  Van Buskirk, Judith L. Generous Enemies: Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

  Van Tyne, Claude Halstead. The Loyalists in the American Revolution. New York: Macmillan, 1902.

  Von Erffa, Helmut, and Alan Staley, eds. The Paintings of Benjamin West. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.

  Wahrman, Dror. “The English Problem of Identity in the American Revolution.” American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (October 2001): 1236–62.

  Walker, James W. St. G. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870. London: Longman, 1976.

  _____. “Myth, History and Revisionism: The Black Loyalists Revised.” Acadiensis 29, no. 1 (Autumn 1999): 88–105.

  Wells, Robert V. “Population and Family in Early America.” In A Companion to the American Revolution, edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.

  White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

  Whitfield, Harvey Amani. “The American Background of Loyalist Slaves.” Left History 14, no. 1 (2009): 58–87.

  _____. “Black Loyalists and Black Slaves in Maritime Canada.” History Compass 5, no. 6 (October 2007): 1980–97.

  _____. Blacks on the Border: The Black Refugees in British North America, 1815–1860.

  Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2006.

  Williams, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

  Wilson, David A. Paine and Cobbett: The Transatlantic Connection. Kingston, Ont.: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1988.

  Wilson, Ellen Gibson. The Loyal Blacks. New York: Capricorn, 1976.

  Wilson, Kathleen. The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture, and Imperialism in England, 1715–1785. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

  Winks, Robin W. The Blacks in Canada: A History. Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1997.

  _____. The Relevance of Canadian History: U.S. and Imperial Perspectives. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1979.

  Wise, S. F. God’s Peculiar Peoples: Essays on Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century Canada. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1993.

  Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1991.

  Wright, Esmond, ed. Red, White, and True Blue: The Loyalists in the Revolution. New York: AMS Press, 1976.

  Wright, Esther Clark. The Loyalists of New Brunswick. Fredericton, N.B., 1955.

  Wright, J. Leitch. “Dunmore’s Loyalist Asylum in the Floridas.” Florida Historic
al Quarterly 49, no. 4 (April 1971): 370–79.

  _____. William Augustus Bowles: Director General of the Creek Nation. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967.

  Unpublished Secondary Works

  Brannon, Rebecca Nathan. “Reconciling the Revolution: Resolving Conflict and Rebuilding Community in the Wake of Civil War in South Carolina, 1775–1860.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 2007.

  Chopra, Ruma. “New Yorkers’ Vision of Reunion with the British Empire: ‘Quicken Others by Our Example.’ ” Working Paper 08–02, International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World: Harvard University, 2008.

  Coleman, Aaron Nathan. “Loyalists in War, Americans in Peace: The Reintegration of the Loyalists, 1775–1800.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2008.

  David, James Corbett. “Dunmore’s New World: Political Culture in the British Empire, 1745–1796.” Ph.D. dissertation, College of William and Mary, 2010.

  _____. “A Refugee’s Revolution: Lord Dunmore and the Floating Town, 1775–1776.” Working Paper 08–04, International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World: Harvard University, 2008.

  Dierksheide, Christa Breault. “The Amelioration of Slavery in the Anglo-American Imagination, 1770–1840.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 2009.

  Liveley, Susan Lindsey. “Going Home: Americans in Britain, 1740–1776.” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1996.

  Maas, David Edward. “The Return of the Massachusetts Loyalists.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1972.

  MacDonald, Michelle Craig. “From Cultivation to Cup: Caribbean Coffee and the North American Economy, 1765–1805.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 2005.

  O’Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. “Lord North and Conciliation with America.” Unpublished manuscript.

  Prokopow, Michael John. “ ‘To the Torrid Zones’: The Fortunes and Misfortunes of American Loyalists in the Anglo-Caribbean Basin, 1774–1801.” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1996.

  Scott, Julius Sherrard. “The Common Wind: Currents of Afro-American Communication in the Era of the Haitian Revolution.” Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1986.

  Swinehart, Kirk Davis. “This Wild Place: Sir William Johnson Among the Mohawks, 1715–1783.” Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 2002.

  ILLUSTRATIONS CREDITS

  1.1 Beverley Robinson House. Widener Library, Harvard College Library, US 13.5 (V.4, 1880).

  1.2 Portrait of Joseph Brant by George Romney. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada/The Bridgeman Art Library.

  1.3 Portrait of Elizabeth Lichtenstein Johnston. Widener Library, Harvard College Library, US 4503.72.

  1.4 Dunmore Proclamation. Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division.

  1.5 Portrait of Sir Guy Carleton. Library and Archives Canada/Credit: Mabel B. Messer/Mabel Messer collection/C-002833.

  1.6 Black Loyalist Certificate/NSARM. Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management.

  1.7 William Booth, A Black Wood Cutter at Shelburne, 1788. Library and Archives Canada/Credit: W. Booth/W. H. Coverdale collection of Canadiana, Manoir Richelieu collection/C-040162.

  1.8 William Booth, Part of the Town of Shelburne in Nova Scotia, 1789. Library and Archives Canada/Credit: William Booth/William Booth collection/ C-010548.

  1.9 James Peachey, Encampment of the Loyalists at Johnstown, 1784. Library and Archives Canada/Credit: James Peachey/James Peachey collection/C-002001.

  1.10 Elizabeth Simcoe, Mohawk Village on the Grand River, ca. 1793. Mohawk Village on the Grand River [ca. 1793], Archives of Ontario, F 47-11-1-0-109.

  1.11 Mohawk Chapel, Brantford. Author photograph.

  1.12 Portrait of William Augustus Bowles by Thomas Hardy. © NTPL/Angelo Hornak.

  1.13 Rodney Memorial, Spanish Town. Author photograph.

  1.14 Sierra Leone Company Handbill. Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management.

  1.15 Sketch of Freetown. Widener Library, Harvard College Library, Afr 6143.16.2A.

  1.16 Gardner Family Tomb. Author photograph.

  1.17 Benjamin West, “The Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain.” Widener Library, Harvard College Library, US 4503.22.1.

  MAPS

  1.1 After Thomas Pownall, A General Map of the Middle British Colonies, in America, 1776, and Bernard Romans, A General Map of the Southern British Colonies in America, 1776. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.

  1.2 Plan of York Town and Gloucester in Virginia, Shewing the Works Constructed for the Defence of Those Posts by the Rt. Honble: Lieut. General Earl Cornwallis, with the Attacks of the Combined Army of French and Rebels, 1781. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.

  1.3 William Faden, A Map of South Carolina and a Part of Georgia, 1780. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.

  1.4 William Faden, The United States of North America with the British and Spanish Territories According to the Treaty, 1783. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.

  1.5 Thomas Kitchin, A Compleat Map of the British Isles, 1788. David Rumsey Map Collection, www.davidrumsey.com.

  1.6 Jedidiah Morse, A New Map of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Cape Breton, 1794. David Rumsey Map Collection, www.davidrumsey.com.

  1.7 Captain Holland, Plan of Port Roseway Harbor, 1798. Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management.

  1.8 Robert Campbell, A Map of the Great River St. John & Waters, 1788. Library and Archives Canada/Credit: Robert Campbell, Surveyor/n0000254.

  1.9 G. H. Van Keulen, A New and Correct Chart of the Coast of East Florida, 1784. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University.

  1.10 Thomas Jefferys, Jamaica, from the Latest Surveys, 1775. David Rumsey Map Collection, www.davidrumsey.com.

  1.11 William Dawes, Plan of the River Sierra Leone, 1803. Widener Library, Harvard College Library, Afr 6143.16.

  1.12 Samuel Lewis, A Correct Map of the Seat of War, 1815. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.

  1.13 James Rennell, A Map of Bengal, Bahar, Oude, & Allahabad, 1786. David Rumsey Map Collection, www.davidrumsey.com.

  A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Maya Jasanoff was educated at Harvard, Cambridge, and Yale, and is currently an associate professor of history at Harvard University. Her first book, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750–1850, was awarded the 2005 Duff Cooper Prize and was a Book of the Year selection in numerous publications including The Economist, The Observer, and The Sunday Times. She has recently been a fellow of the New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, and the American Council of Learned Societies, and has contributed essays to the London Review of Books, the New York Times Magazine, and the New York Review of Books.

 

 

 


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