12. Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000, p. 172. Gregory Crouch, “Van Gogh Defendant Confesses to Murder,” International Herald Tribune, July 13, 2005, p. 3.
13. “Open Letter to America,” Hamas, printed in Al-Risala, September 13, 2001, cited by memri.org, Special Dispatch Series No. 268. Al-Sarraj in David Remnick, “A Reporter at Large,” The New Yorker, February 7, 2005, p. 67.
14. See, e.g., Richard Dawkins, “Religion’s Guided Missiles,” Guardian, September 15, 2001.
15. James Carroll, Crusade, Metropolitan Books, New York, 2004, pp. 2, 5.
16. Cited by Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe, W. W. Norton, New York, 1982, p. 18.
17. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1993, p. 22.
18. Rashid Khalidi, Resurrecting Empire, Beacon Press, Boston, 2004, p. 34.
19. Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe, pp. 30–31.
20. Bernard Lewis, The Crisis of Islam, Modern Library, New York, 2003, p. 16.
21. Cited by Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003, p. 97 and footnote.
22. Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East, Schocken Books, New York, 1998, p. 27. Islam in History, Open Court Press, Chicago, 1993, p. 6.
23. “London Bomber Video: Full Statement.” Crouch, “Van Gogh Defendant Confesses to Murder.”
24. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996, p. 209.
25. See, e.g., Kenneth Woodward, “How Should We Think About Islam?” Newsweek, December 31, 2001, p. 102. Malise Ruthven, Fundamentalism, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, p. 47.
26. Sam Harris, The End of Faith, W. W. Norton, New York, 2005, p. 130. Remarks by Steven Weinberg on accepting his award as Humanist of the Year, reprinted in Humanist, September-October 2002. Dawkins, “Religion’s Misguided Missiles.”
27. This point is made by Faisal Devji, Landscapes of the Jihad, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2005, p. 162.
28. Thomas Friedman, Longitudes and Attitudes, Anchor Books, New York, 2003, pp. 57, 78.
29. John Anderson, “Public Floggings Used as Tool Against Reform,” Washington Post, August 16, 2001. Reuters, “Public Floggings Fuel Iran Row,” Gulf News, United Arab Emirates, August 16, 2001.
30. See, e.g., Akbar Ahmed, Islam Today, I. B. Tauris Publishers, New York, 2002, p. 10. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Heart of Islam, HarperSanFrancisco, 2004, p. 22.
31. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islam, HarperSanFrancisco, 2003, p. xxiii.
FOUR
1. “Turkish Delight,” Newsweek, August 29, 2005. Ron Nachmann, “Can’t Stop the Sling Shot: Hip-Hop Arises, in Palestine,” Tikkun 20, no. 3, p. 79. Edward Wong, “On the Air, on Their Own: Iraqi Women Find a Forum,” New York Times, September 4, 2005. Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000, p. 44.
2. “A Year After the Iraq War,” Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C., 2004. Ismail cited by Michael Scheuer, Through Our Enemies’ Eyes, Brassey’s, Washington, D.C., 2003, p. 262.
3. Jim Brunner, “Ad Watch,” Seattle Times, September 4, 2004.
4. This point is corroborated by former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer: “According to his closest Muslim associates and many of the Westerners who have interviewed him, Osama Bin Laden appears to be a genuinely pious Muslim; a devoted family man; a talented, focused and patient insurgent commander; a frank and eloquent speaker; a successful businessman; and an individual of conviction, intellectual honesty, compassion, humility and physical bravery.” Scheuer, Through Our Enemies’ Eyes, p. 3. See also the testimony of bin Laden’s bodyguard cited in Fawaz Gerges, The Far Enemy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, pp. 35–36, 182–83. Carmen bin Laden, the estranged wife of Osama bin Laden’s half-brother Yeslam, wrote an exposé of Saudi male culture and of the bin Laden family but had virtually nothing negative to say about Osama bin Laden. She describes him as reserved yet charismatic, obstinate in his beliefs, and yet popular with his countrymen—“a Saudi hero.” See Carmen bin Laden, Inside the Kingdom, Warner Books, New York, 2004.
5. Hamid Algar, Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Islamic Publications International, Oneonta, New York, 2001, p. 42.
6. “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,” World Islamic Front Statement, February 23, 1998. “Interview: Osama Bin Laden,” conducted by John Miller, PBS Frontline, May 1998. Neil MacFarquhar, “Bin Laden Denounces Muslim Infidels,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 4, 2001, p. A-3. Osama Bin Laden, “Among a Band of Knights,” in Bruce Lawrence, ed., Messages to the World, Verso, New York, 2005, p. 188. Michael Slackman, “Bin Laden Says West Is Waging War Against Islam,” New York Times, April 24, 2006, p. A-8.
7. “Full Text: Bin Laden’s Letter to America,” translated and reprinted in Observer, November 24, 2002, observer.co.uk. “Interview with Osama Bin Laden,” Nida’ul Islam, October 1996, reprinted in Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002, p. 148. The 9/11 Commission Report, W. W. Norton, New York, 2004, p. 54.
8. Osama Bin Laden, “Depose the Tyrants,” December 16, 2004, cited by Bruce Lawrence, ed., Messages to the World, Verso, New York, 2005, pp. 253, 255.
9. Atwan cited by Peter Bergen, “The Real Bin Laden,” Vanity Fair, January 2006, p. 151. “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders.” Interview with Osama Bin Laden by Al-Jazeera, cited by Gilles Kepel, The War for Muslim Minds, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 114.
10. “Bin Laden’s Statement: The Sword Fell,” New York Times, October 8, 2001, p. B-7. “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders.”
11. “Full Text: Bin Laden’s Letter to America.”
12. Text of al-Zarqawi message, January 24, 2004.
13. “Full Text: Bin Laden’s Letter to America.”
14. “Interview with Osama Bin Laden,” Nida’ul Islam, October 1996, reprinted in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, p. 147.
15. Peter Arnett interview with bin Laden, CNN, March 1997.
16. “Interview: Osama Bin Laden.”
17. Cited by Michael Scheuer, Imperial Hubris, Brassey’s Inc., Washington, D.C., 2004, p. 157, and in Peter Arnett interview with bin Laden, CNN, March 1997.
18. “Interview with Osama Bin Laden,” Nida’ul Islam, October 1996, reprinted in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, p. 147.
19. Victor Davis Hanson, Carnage and Culture, Doubleday, New York, 2001, pp. 97, 347–49.
20. “Full Text: Bin Laden’s Letter to America.” Osama Bin Laden broadcast, October 29, 2004, aljazeera.net.
21. David Bamber, “Bin Laden: Yes, I Did It,” November 11, 2001, telegraph.co.uk. The estimate is by Al Qaeda spokesman Suleiman Abu Gheith, in his article “The Shadow of the Lances,” posted on Islamic Web sites and reprinted in “Killing the Infidels,” January 27, 2004, memri.org.
22. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, serialized in Asharq al-Awsat, December 2001.
23. Arab Human Development Report, United Nations Publications, New York, 2002.
24. Sayyid Qutb, Social Justice in Islam, Islamic Publications International, Oneonta, N.Y., 2000, pp. 35, 69.
25. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1967, pp. 24–25.
26. Qutb, Social Justice in Islam, pp. 175–77.
27. Ayatollah Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, Mizan Press, Berkeley, 1981, pp. 29–30.
28. Qutb, Milestones, Mother Mosque Foundation, Cedar Rapids, 2000, p. 118.
29. Charles Adams, “Mawdudi and the Islamic State,” in John Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983.
30. For an introduction to Shariati’s work, see Ali Shariati, On the Sociology of Islam, Mizan Press, Oneonta, N.Y., 1979.
31. Khomeini, speech at Feyziyeh Theological School, August 24, 1
979. Khomeini, “On the Nature of the Islamic State,” Tehran radio broadcast, September 8, 1979. Both are reprinted in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, pp. 34–35.
32. Susan Sachs, “Shia Clerics’ Ambitions Collide in an Iraqi Slum,” New York Times, May 25, 2003.
33. “Interview with Umar Abd al-Rahman,” in Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, p. 66.
34. Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, pp. 16, 31–32, 39.
35. Cited by Ibrahim Abu-Rabi, Intellectual Origins of Islamic Resurgence in the Modern Arab World, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1996, p. 129. John Esposito, The Islamic Threat, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 1999, p. 136. See also Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt, Al-Saqi Books, London, 1985, p. 41.
36. Qutb, Milestones, p. 93.
37. Ibid., p. 98.
38. Excerpts from Sheikh Fahd Rahman Al-Abyan sermon, Al-Riyadh mosque, memri.org, Special Report No. 10, September 26, 2002. Excerpts from Sheikh Yusuf Qaradawi’s program, Al-Jazeera, November 28, 2004, memri.org, TV Monitor Project, Clip No. 392.
39. Sayyid Qutb, Islam and Universal Peace, American Trust Publications, Indianapolis, 1977, pp. 510–11. Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, p. 195.
40. “The Islamic Revolution from the Shah to the Spice Girls,” interview with Masoumeh Ebtekar, New Perspectives Quarterly, winter 2002. Anaraki cited by Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden, Forum, Roseville, California, 2001, pp. xiii–xiv. Qutb, Milestones, p. 145. Shariati cited by Esposito, The Islamic Threat, p. 111.
41. Cited by Yvonne Haddad, “Sayyid Qutb: Ideologue of Islamic Revival,” in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 85.
42. Cited by Abu-Rabi, Intellectual Origins of Islamic Resurgence in the Modern Arab World, p. 225.
FIVE
1. Patrick Buchanan, The Death of the West, Thomas Dunne Books, New York, 2002, p. 118.
2. Deepak Lal, In Praise of Empires, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2004, p. xviii.
3. Stephen Asma, “Lessons Taught, and Learned, in Phnom Penh,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 22, 2005, p. B-14.
4. “Views of a Changing World,” Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C., June 2003. Afshin Molavi, Persian Pilgrimages, W. W. Norton, New York, 2002, p. 123.
5. Azar Nafisi, Reading Lolita in Tehran, Random House, New York, 2004, pp. 126–27, 133.
6. Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000, pp. 95–97, 206.
7. See, e.g., Kevin Fagan, “Agents of Terror Leave Their Mark on Sin City,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 4, 2001.
8. See, e.g., Ian Buruma, “Final Cut,” The New Yorker, January 3, 2005.
9. Christopher Hitchens, “The Married State,” March 3, 2004, opinion-journal.com.
10. Cited by Robert Knight, The Age of Consent, Spence Publishing, Dallas, 1998, p. 67.
11. Primetime Thursday, November 13, 2003.
12. Kelefa Sanneh, “A Rapper’s Prison Time as a Resume Booster,” New York Times, March 24, 2005, p. B-1.
13. For a study showing the ideological premises of the current generation of television shows, see Robert Lichter, Linda Lichter, and Stanley Rothman, Prime Time: How TV Portrays American Culture, Regnery, Washington, D.C., 1994.
14. Jami Bernard, “Gore’s the Crime of Passion,” New York Daily News, February 23, 2004. Jami Bernard, Quentin Tarantino, HarperCollins, New York, 1995.
15. Thomas Frank, What’s the Matter With Kansas? Metropolitan Books, New York, 2004, p. 133.
16. Frank Rich, “The Greatest Dirty Joke Ever Told,” New York Times, March 13, 2005; see also Frank Rich, “The Year of Living Indecently,” New York Times, February 6, 2005.
17. Henry Louis Gates, “2 Live Crew Decoded,” New York Times, June 19, 1990, p. A-23.
18. Miriam Horn, “The Mistress Cycle,” New York Times, September 20, 2005. Martha Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” Boston Review, 1994.
19. Bill Dedman, “TV Movie Led to Prostitute’s Disclosures,” Washington Post, August 27, 1989.
20. Pam Belluck, “To Avoid Divorce, Move to Massachusetts,” New York Times, November 14, 2004.
21. Bill Carter, “Many Who Voted for Values Still Like Their Television Sin,” New York Times, November 22, 2004.
22. Sean Mitchell, “With the Secrets Revealed, ‘Housewives’ Turns to New Mysteries,” New York Times, September 24, 2005, p. A-15. Caryn James, “Partners Who Cheat but Tell the Truth,” New York Times, December 8, 2004.
23. Calvin Tomkins, “Unzipped,” The New Yorker, November 22, 2004.
24. Wendy Kaminer, foreword to Nadine Strossen, Defending Pornography, New York University Press, N.Y., 2000, p. xi. “Porn Again,” American Prospect, July 1, 2002.
25. Jack Newfield, “An Interview with Frank Rich,” Tikkun, May-June 1999.
26. Catharine MacKinnon, “Not a Moral Issue,” in Drucilla Cornell, ed., Feminism and Pornography, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 2000, pp. 169, 171.
27. Elizabeth Wilson, Bohemians, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, p. 9.
28. Charles Taylor, The Ethics of Authenticity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1991, p. 27.
29. Press Release, “ACLU Applauds Federal Government’s Decision to Suspend Public Funding of Religion,” August 22, 2005, aclu.org. Wendy Shalit, A Return to Modesty, Touchstone Books, New York, 2000, p. 189.
30. See, e.g., “Human Sexuality: What Children Should Know and When They Should Know It,” plannedparenthood.org.
SIX
1. “Torture and Truth,” interview of Mark Danner by Dave Gilson, Mother Jones, December 7, 2004. Anthony Lewis, “The Road to Abu Ghraib,” American Prospect, October 1, 2004. Seymour Hersh, “The Gray Zone,” The New Yorker, May 24, 2004.
2. Schlesinger cited by Mark Danner, “Abu Ghraib: The Hidden Story,” New York Review of Books, October 7, 2004. Bernard Goldberg, 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, HarperCollins, New York, 2005, p. 5. Remark by Limbaugh on his May 6, 2002 radio program. Tammy Bruce, “Why Abu Ghraib Matters,” May 24, 2004, frontpagemagazine.com.
3. Kate Zernike, “Behind Failed Abu Ghraib Plea, a Tale of Breakups and Betrayal,” New York Times, May 10, 2005. James Polk, “Testimony: Abu Ghraib Photos Just for Fun,” August 4, 2002, cnn.com.
4. Anouar Abdel Malek, “After Abu Ghraib,” Al-Ahram, June 3–June 9, 2004.
5. Interview with Osama Bin Laden, Al Jazeera television, December 1998, reprinted in Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, eds., Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 2002, p. 156. “Iranian Leader Khamenei: Iran’s Enemies Want to Destroy It with Miniskirts,” memri.org, January 6, 2005, Clip No. 468. Al-Abyan cited by memri.org, Special Report No. 10, September 26, 2002.
6. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, Mother Mosque Foundation, Cedar Rapids, 2000, pp. 28–29, 97.
7. Tariq Ramadan, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, Oxford University Press, N.Y., 2004, p. 142.
8. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Heart of Islam, HarperSanFrancisco, 2004, pp. 289–90. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islam, HarperSanFrancisco, 2003, p. 30.
9. Nicholas Kristof, “In India, One Woman’s Stand Says Enough,” New York Times, January 15, 2006. Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Rising Tide, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003, p. 9. Ellen Willis, “Bringing the Holy War Home,” Nation, December 17, 2001.
10. As the chair of President Clinton’s Interagency Council on Women, Hillary Clinton sought to redefine the term “sex trafficking” to outlaw only involuntary prostitution. The council sought to have consensual prostitution listed as a right with the same protections as other occupations. See Catherine Edwards, “Hillary Supports Sex Trafficking,” the Gale Group, February 14, 2000.
11. Human Rights Watch, “Crime or Custom? Violence Against Women in Pakistan,” October 1, 1999.
12. Inglehart and Norris, Rising Tide, pp. 42, 62. See also Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, “The True Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Polic
y, March-April 2003.
13. Khalid Baig, “Beijing Plus 5,” January 20, 2006, albalagh.net.
14. Cited by memri.org, Inquiry and Analysis Series No. 88, March 6, 2002.
15. Steven Weisman, “Saudi Women Depart from the Script,” New York Times, September 28, 2005. Glenn Kessler, “Hughes Raises Driving Ban with Saudis,” Washington Post, September 28, 2005.
16. Nasr, Islam, pp. 68, 102.
17. Strictly speaking, we are discussing polygyny, which is the term for one man taking multiple wives. Polygamy covers both polygyny and polyandry, which is the term for one woman taking multiple husbands. Polyandry is very rare historically and is not permitted in Islam.
18. “The Islamic Revolution: From the Shah to the Spice Girls,” interview of Masoumeh Ebtekar by Nathan Gardels, New Perspectives Quarterly, spring 1998, p. 38. Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000, pp. 111–12. Turabi cited in Le Figaro, April 15, 1995.
19. Camelia Fard, “Unveiled Threats,” Village Voice, March 28–April 3, 2001; see also Elaine Sciolino, “Love Finds a Way in Iran: Temporary Marriage,” New York Times, October 4, 2000.
20. “Honor Killing From an Islamic Perspective,” June 17, islamonline.net.
21. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, adopted by General Assembly Resolution 217 (A) on December 10, 1948.
22. Cited by Carrie Wickham, “The Problem with Coercive Democratization,” Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, 2004.
23. Stephanie Coontz, “The New Fragility of Marriage, for Better or Worse,” Chronicle Review, May 6, 2005.
24. Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Divorce Culture, Vintage, New York, 1996, p. 67.
25. Kenji Yoshino, “The Pressure to Cover,” New York Times Magazine, January 15, 2006, p. 37.
26. Gertrude Himmelfarb, One Nation, Two Cultures, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1999, p. 10. See Elizabeth Wilson, Bohemians, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, p. 105.
27. Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, William Morrow, New York, 1961, pp. 83, 104–8.
28. See, e.g., Derek Freeman, Margaret Mead and Samoa, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1983. Freeman calls Mead’s work “the worst case of self-deception in the history of the behavioral sciences.” A. O. Scott, “Where Many Were in Darkness, He Shone a Light,” New York Times, November 12, 2004.
The Enemy At Home Page 35