by H. W. Brands
CHAPTER 21
“We have no choice”: New York Times, Aug. 26, 1950.
“For the first time”: Truman radio and television address, Sept. 1, 1950, Public Papers.
“The political objective”: NSC 81, Sept. 1, 1950, Truman Papers.
CHAPTER 22
“A big 250-pound bear”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 501–2.
“Louis began to show”: Truman diary, Sept. 14, 1950, in Ferrell, Off the Record, 191–93.
“Tomorrow I have to break”: Truman to Bess Truman, Sept. 7, 1950, in Ferrell, Dear Bess, 563.
CHAPTER 23
“I was now finally ready”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 346.
“For your information”: Truman to Gordon McDonough, Aug. 29, 1950, published with Truman to Commandant of the Marine Corps League and Commandant of the Marine Corps, Sept. 6, 1950, Public Papers.
“General, I have not been asked”: James, MacArthur, 3:468.
“I could feel the tension”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 349–50.
“It was at this eleventh hour”: Ibid., 351–52.
“A majority of MacArthur’s staff”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 556.
CHAPTER 24
“Our assault”: Higgins, War in Korea, 139–46.
CHAPTER 25
“Today, as on eleven previous landings”: New York Times, Sept. 16, 1950.
“If that can be accomplished”: Ibid.
“As far as we are concerned”: Washington Post, Sept. 30, 1950.
“While mopping-up fighting”: MacArthur communiqué, Sept. 27, 1950, Los Angeles Times, Sept. 27, 1950.
“But at this juncture”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 354–55.
“By the grace of merciful Providence”: New York Times, Sept. 29, 1950.
“ ‘We admire you’ ”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 356.
“Inchon proved to be”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 556–57.
“Accept my personal tribute”: Marshall to MacArthur, Oct. 1, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“Thanks, George”: MacArthur to Marshall, Oct. 1, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“I know that I speak”: Truman to MacArthur, Sept. 29, 1950, Public Papers.
CHAPTER 26
“Mr. President, have you decided”: Truman news conference, Sept. 21, 1950, Public Papers.
“Mr. President, has this government”: Truman news conference, Sept. 28, 1950, Public Papers.
“The early and total defeat”: MacArthur surrender demand, Oct. 1, 1950, Public Papers.
“Your military objective”: Directive to Commander of the United Nations Forces in Korea, attached to Marshall to Truman, Sept. 27, 1950, Truman Papers.
“There is no indication”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Sept. 28, 1950, Truman Papers.
“We want you to feel”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Sept. 29, 1950, Truman Papers.
“Parallel 38”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Sept. 30, 1950, Truman Papers.
CHAPTER 27
“We had never had any personal contacts”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:413–14.
“The President did not wish”: Meeting notes, Oct. 9, 1950, Acheson Papers.
“Japan, Philippines”: Notes on the Wake Conferences, Oct. 13, 1950, Acheson Papers.
“General MacArthur and I”: Truman statement, Oct. 10, 1950, Public Papers.
“political junket”: Sebald diary, Oct. 12, 1950, Sebald Papers.
“In view of the number”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 360–61.
“The idea of the General”: Sebald diary, Oct. 11, 1950, Sebald Papers.
“For heaven’s sake”: Swigart (no first name given) to MacArthur, Oct. 12, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“We urge you”: Mr. and Mrs. George Leary to MacArthur, Oct. 12, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“Do not give in”: Carl S. Carlson to MacArthur, Oct. 13, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“He read me”: Sebald diary, Oct. 12, 1950, Sebald Papers.
“MacArthur sat down”: John Muccio oral history, Truman Library.
“It is an eight-hour flight”: Whitney, MacArthur, 385–86.
“I’ve a whale of a job”: Truman to Nellie Noland, Oct. 13, 1950, in Ferrell, Off the Record, 195–96.
“It was still dark”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:415–16.
“General MacArthur was at the airport”: Truman memo, Nov. 25, 1950, Truman Papers.
“I have been a long time”: Log of trip to Wake Island, Oct. 11–18, 1950, Truman Papers.
“I had been warned”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 361.
“The general seemed”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:416–17.
“The General assured the President”: Truman memo, Nov. 25, 1950, Truman Papers.
“The building where the conference”: Vernice Anderson oral history, Truman Library.
“I believe that formal resistance”: “Substance of Statements Made at Wake Island Conference,” compiled by Omar Bradley, Oct. 15, 1950, Elsey Papers.
“None whatsoever”: Whitney, MacArthur, 389.
“The very complete unanimity”: Truman statement, Oct. 15, 1950, Public Papers.
CHAPTER 28
“I have just returned”: Truman address in San Francisco, Oct. 17, 1950, Public Papers.
“I am glad he went”: New York Times, Oct. 17, 1950.
“Mr. President, are you now”: Truman news conference, Oct. 19, 1950, Public Papers.
“Rarely has the President”: New York Times, Oct. 20, 1950.
“very angry”: Washington Post, Oct. 20, 1950.
“the establishment of a unified”: UN General Assembly Resolution 377, Oct. 7, 1950.
“I didn’t see any opposition”: James, MacArthur, 3:496.
“The enemy is thoroughly shattered”: MacArthur to U.S. mission to UN, Oct. 20, 1950, Truman Papers.
“The progress the forces”: Truman to MacArthur, Oct. 24, 1950, Truman Papers.
“I left the Wake Island conference”: MacArthur to Truman, Oct. 30, 1950, Truman Papers.
CHAPTER 29
“They may even drop atom bombs”: K. M. Panikkar, In Two Chinas (1955), 108.
“They will not be afraid”: New York Times, Oct. 2, 1950.
“He was emphatic”: Panikkar, In Two Chinas, 110.
“Why didn’t they”: New York Times, Oct. 2, 1950.
“The Chinese Communists undoubtedly fear”: CIA memo, Oct. 12, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 933–34.
“It was obvious”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 452.
“Mr. Panikkar”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:413.
“In light of the possible intervention”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Oct. 8, 1950 (sent Oct. 9), Truman Papers.
“The conference at Wake Island”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 363.
“to drive forward”: MacArthur to Walker et al., Oct. 24, 1950, quoted in James F. Schnabel and Robert J. Watson, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, vol. 3, The Korean War (1979), pt. 1, 274.
“Up to this point”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 578.
“a matter of some concern”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Oct. 24, 1940, in Schnabel and Watson, History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 275.
“as a matter of policy”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Oct. 24, 1950, in ibid., 275–76.
CHAPTER 30
“On 26 October”: Walker to MacArthur, Nov. 6, 1950, in James F. Schnabel, United States Army in the Korean War, vol. 3, Policy and Direction: The First Year (1972), 235.
“Chinese Communist hordes”: New York Times, Nov. 3, 1950.
“Prisoners averaged”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Oct. 31, 1950, Truman Papers.
“Various possibilities exist”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Nov. 4, 1950, Truman Papers.
“We came here”: Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1950.
CHAPTER 31
“The President said”: Memo of conference,
Nov. 6, 1950, Acheson Papers.
“The President recognizes”: Summary of telephone conversation with the President, Nov. 6, 1950, Acheson Papers.
“Men and material”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Nov. 6, 1950, Truman Papers.
“Neither I nor anyone else”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 588.
“General Bradley read me this message”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:428.
“considerably changed”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Nov. 6, 1950, Truman Papers.
CHAPTER 32
“very cheerful” and “The President is taking”: Washington Post, Nov. 9, 1950.
“This new situation”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Nov. 8, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1097–98.
“I cannot agree”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Nov. 9, 1950, in ibid., 1107– 10.
“The forces that had struck”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 465–66.
“By violation of territory”: Schnabel, United States Army in the Korean War, 3:246.
“One of those bomber pilots”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 365–71.
CHAPTER 33
“The United Nations massive compression”: MacArthur communiqué, Nov. 24, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“I hope to keep my promise”: New York Times, Nov. 24, 1950.
“His exact words”: John Muccio oral history, Truman Library.
“The giant U. N. pincer”: MacArthur communiqué, Nov. 24, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“The developments resulting”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Nov. 28, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1237–38.
“No new directive”: Notes of NSC meeting, Nov. 28, 1950, Truman Papers; memo of conversation of NSC meeting, Nov. 28, 1950, Acheson Papers.
CHAPTER 34
“Recent developments”: Truman news conference, Nov. 30, 1950, Public Papers.
“The President wants”: Truman statement, Nov. 30, 1950, Public Papers.
CHAPTER 35
“Undoubtedly General MacArthur”: Minutes of meeting with congressional leaders, Dec. 1, 1950, Truman Papers.
CHAPTER 36
“Outwardly there is a new unity”: New York Times, Nov. 30, 1950.
“Were there any warnings”: Interview with MacArthur, U.S. News & World Report, released by the magazine and published in New York Times, Dec. 1, 1950; “Categorical Replies to Mr. Lawrence’s Questions,” n.d., MacArthur Papers.
CHAPTER 37
“Tell General MacArthur”: LCB (unidentified) to MacArthur, Dec. 2, 1950, MacArthur Papers.
“I should have relieved”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:437.
“The attitude”: CIA memo, Dec. 2, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1308–10.
“The X Corps”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dec. 3, 1950, in ibid., 1320–22.
“Why don’t the chiefs”: David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (2007), 483.
CHAPTER 38
“The snow lashed hard”: Higgins, War in Korea, 181–97.
CHAPTER 39
“The United States has responsibilities”: Minutes of Truman-Acheson meeting, Dec. 4, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1361– 74.
“vacillating and palavering”: New York Times, Dec. 5, 1950.
“another Munich”: New York Times, Dec. 6, 1950.
“They can be Marxists”: Minutes of Truman-Attlee meeting, Dec. 5, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1392–408.
“The objectives of our two nations”: Joint statement by Truman and Attlee, Dec. 8, 1950, Public Papers.
CHAPTER 40
“Probable Soviet Moves to Exploit the Present Situation”: Summary of CIA report, Dec. 13, 1950, Elsey Papers.
“I am talking to you tonight”: Truman address, Dec. 15, 1950, Public Papers.
“His manner was brisk”: New York Times, Dec. 17, 1950.
“Here is your opposition”: Washington Post, Dec. 18, 1950.
“If there is an emergency”: Chicago Tribune, Dec. 17, 1950.
“It is completely obvious”: New York Times, Dec. 16, 1950.
“This meeting in Brussels”: Truman statement, Dec. 17, 1950, Public Papers.
“You are undertaking”: Truman to Eisenhower, Dec. 19, 1950, Public Papers.
“I will take it real slowly”: Truman news conference, Dec. 19, 1950, Public Papers.
CHAPTER 41
“My own feeling”: Matthew B. Ridgway, The Korean War (1967), 142.
“Matt, I’m sorry”: Matthew B. Ridgway, Soldier (1956), 195–201.
“I was again deeply impressed”: Ridgway, Korean War, 81–83.
“inflicting such damage”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Dec. 29, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1625.
“utter dismay”: Whitney, MacArthur, 430–31.
“It is quite clear now”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dec. 30, 1950, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1950), vol. 7, Korea, 1631.
CHAPTER 42
“He alarmed us”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 617.
“On my orders”: Ridgway, Soldier, 203–14.
CHAPTER 43
“The following must be accepted”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, Jan. 9, 1951, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1951), vol. 7, Korea and China, pt. 1, 41–42.
“All one could do”: Whitney, MacArthur, 435.
“Request clarification”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Jan. 10, 1951, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1951), vol. 7, Korea and China, pt. 1, 55–56.
“Here was a posterity paper”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 515.
“Senior officers decrying”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 619.
“When a general complains”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 515.
“I was deeply disturbed”: Truman, Memoirs, 2:492.
“He was unwilling”: Memo of conversation, Jan. 12, 1951, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1951), vol. 7, Korea and China, pt. 1, 68–70.
“I want you to know”: Truman to MacArthur, Jan. 13, 1951, Truman Papers.
“It was an imaginatively kind”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 516.
CHAPTER 44
“We shall do our best”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, Jan. 14, 1951, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1951), vol. 7, Korea and China, pt. 1, 79n.
“I toured the front”: J. Lawton Collins, War in Peacetime (1969), 253–55.
“We began to think”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 622.
“General Ridgway alone”: Collins, War in Peacetime, 255.
CHAPTER 45
“In very recent days”: New York Times, Jan. 6, 1951.
CHAPTER 46
“I had planned”: Ridgway, Korean War, 108–10.
“I now began”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 384.
“Today, after ninety years”: Martin press release of speech, Feb. 12, 1951, Truman Papers.
“In the current discussions”: Martin to MacArthur, March 8, 1951, in MacArthur, Reminiscences, 385–86.
“I have always felt”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 386.
“Dear Congressman Martin”: MacArthur to Martin, March 20, 1951, MacArthur Papers.
CHAPTER 47
“I attached little importance”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 386.
“State planning”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, March 20, 1951, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1951), vol. 7, Korea and China, pt. 1, 251.
“Recommend that no further military restrictions”: MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, March 21, 1951, in ibid., 255–56.
“I do not know what went on”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 626–27.
“We have now substantially cleared”: MacArthur press release, March 24, 1951, MacArthur Papers.
> CHAPTER 48
“pronunciamento”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 518–19.
“The first related”: Memo of telephone conversation, March 24, 1951, Acheson Papers.
“The President, although perfectly calm”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 519.
“The President has directed”: Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, March 24, 1951, Truman Papers.
“The argument was made”: MacArthur, Reminiscences, 388–89.
“Far from MacArthur’s ken”: Whitney, MacArthur, 467–68.
CHAPTER 49
“We had recently received”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 629–30.
“If the USSR”: Bradley to Marshall, April 5, 1951, in Foreign Relations of the United States (1951), vol. 7, Korea and China, pt. 1, 295–96.
“The Joint Chiefs of Staff”: Bradley to Marshall, April 6, 1951, in ibid., 309.
“Ordinarily we would have sent”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 630.
“I have no comment”: Truman news conference, April 5, 1951, Public Papers.
“Rank insubordination”: Truman diary, April 6, 1951, Truman Papers.
“Their attachment”: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 521–22; Truman, Memoirs, 2:507–8; W. Averell Harriman, “Mr. Truman’s Way with Crises,” in The Korean War: A 25-Year Perspective, ed. Francis P. Heller (1977), 235; Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 631–33.
“Marshall and I”: Bradley and Blair, General’s Life, 633–35; Collins, War in Peacetime, 283–84.