A People's History of Scotland

by Chris Bambery

  18 Thomas Johnston, The History of the Working Classes in Scotland, p. 219

  19 Thomas Alfred Jackson, Trials of British Freedom: Being Some Studies in the History of the Fight for Democratic Freedom in Britain, Ayer Publishing, 1940, p. 39

  20 Ibid., pp. 43–45

  21 Thomas Johnston, The History of the Working Classes in Scotland, p. 226

  22 J. M. Bumsted, Lord Selkirk: A Life, University of Manitoba Press, 2008, p. 54; and Edward Royle, Revolutionary Britannia: Reflections on the Threat of Revolution in Britain, 1789–1848, Manchester University Press, 2000, p. 20

  23 Christopher A. Whatley, Scottish Society 1707–1830: Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialisation, Manchester University Press, 2000, p. 289

  24 W. Hamish Fraser, Scottish Popular Politics: From Radicalism to Labour, Edinburgh University Press, 2000, p. 20

  25 Thomas Johnston, The History of the Working Classes in Scotland, p. 230

  26 Ibid.

  27 Alternative Perthshire, ‘Friends of the People and the United Scotsmen’, alternative-perth.co.uk/frdspeople.htm, accessed 24 September, 2012

  28 H. W. Meikle, Scotland and the French Revolution, Frank Cass, 1969, pp. 152–53

  29 Rosalind Mitchison, A History of Scotland, p. 363

  30 David R. Ross, A Passion for Scotland, Luath Press, 2003 p. 123

  31 Gordon Pentland, ‘The French Revolution, Scottish Radicalism and the “People Who Were Called Jacobins”’, in Ulrich Broich, H. T. Dickinson, Eckhart Hellmuth and Martin Schmidt (eds), Reactions to Revolution: The 1790s and Their Aftermath, Lit Verlag, 2007, p. 99

  32 Ibid., p. 100

  33 Ibid., p. 101

  34 Linas Eriksonas, National Heroes and National Identities: Scotland, Norway, and Lithuania, Peter Lang, 2004, p. 141

  35 Dick Gaughan Song Archive, ‘Thomas Muir of Huntershill’, dickgaughan.co.uk/songs/texts/thommuir.html, accessed 1 May 2013

  36 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, Allen Lane, 1999, pp. 222–23

  37 John McGowan, Policing the Metropolis of Scotland: A History of the Police and Systems of Police in Edinburgh & Edinburghshire, 1770–1833, p. 202

  38 Ibid., p. 214

  39 Edinburgh Magazine, 19 September 1837, in The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 5, July–December 1819, Archibald Constable, 1819, p. 276

  40 T. Clarke and T. Dickson, ‘Class and Class Consciousness in Early Industrial Capitalism, Paisley 1770–1850’, in T. Dickson (ed.), Capital and Class in Scotland, John Donald, 1982, p. 38

  41 Linas Eriksonas, National Heroes and National Identities: Scotland, Norway, and Lithuania, p. 142

  42 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 226

  43 Rosalind Mitchison and G. W. S. Barrow, Why Scottish History Matters, Saltire Society, 1997, p. 86

  44 James Brown, From Radicalism to Socialism: Paisley Engineers 1890–1920, Our History, History Group of the Communist Party, 1980, p. 2

  45 Rosalind Mitchison and G. W. S. Barrow, Why Scottish History Matters, p. 86

  46 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 227

  47 Alexander Somerville and John Carswell, The Autobiography of a Working Man, Turnstile Press, 1848, pp. 22–23

  48 Michael Fry, Edinburgh: A History of the City, Pan, 2010, p. 250

  49 Thomas Johnston, The History of the Scottish Working Classes, pp. 244–45

  50 Alternative Perthshire, ‘1832 Reform Act and Associated Agitation in Perth’, alternative-perth.co.uk/1832reformact.htm, accessed 24 September 2012

  51 Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class, University of California Press, 1997, p. 206

  52 Ibid.

  53 Ibid., p. 205

  54 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 276

  55 Tomas Phelan, ‘James McNish and the Glasgow Cotton Spinners Union’, United Scotsman, vol. 2, no. 5, scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Pages/SRSMArticles

  JamesMcNishandtheGlasgowCottonSpinnersUnion.aspx, accessed 2 May 2012

  56 Ibid.

  57 Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution, Wildwood House, 1986, pp. 221–23

  58 W. Hamish Fraser, ‘The Scottish Context of Chartism’, in Terry Brotherstone (editor), Covenant, Charter and Party: Traditions of Revolt and Protest in Press, 1989, p. 67

  59 John Charlton, The Chartists: The First National Workers Movement, Pluto Press, 1992, p. 17

  60 Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution, p. 223

  61 Robert Duncan, ‘Chartism in Aberdeen: Radical Politics and Culture 1838–1848’, in Terry Brotherstone (ed.), Covenant, Charter and Party: Traditions of Revolt and Protest in Modern Scottish History, p. 87

  62 Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution, pp. 284–85

  63 Alexander Wilson, The Chartist Movement in Scotland, Manchester University Press, 1970, pp. 192–94

  64 Robert Duncan, The Mineworkers, Birlinn, 2005, pp. 134–36

  65 W. W. Knox, An Industrial Nation: Work, Culture and Society in Scotland, 1800–Present, Edinburgh University Press, 1999, p. 68

  66 Thomas Johnston, The History of the Scottish Working Classes, p. 276

  67 Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution, p. 320

  68 Alexander Wilson, The Chartist Movement in Scotland, p. 218

  69 Ibid., pp. 217–21

  70 Ibid., p. 226

  71 Thomas Johnston, The History of the Scottish Working Classes, pp. 254–55

  72 Malcolm Chase, Chartism: A New History, Manchester University Press, 2007, p. 316

  73 Alexander Wilson, The Chartist Movement in Scotland, p. 222

  74 Ibid., pp. 235–39

  75 Louise Yeoman, ‘Helen McFarlane – the radical feminist admired by Karl Marx’, BBC Radio Scotland, 26 November 2012

  7. The Highland Clearances and Resistance

  1 Murray Pittock, The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present, Taylor and Francis, 1991, pp. 107–8

  2 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 187

  3 J. M. Bumsted, The People’s Clearance: Highland Emigration to British North America 1770–1815, University of Manitoba Press, 1982, pp. 44–45

  4 Eric Richards, A History of the Highland Clearances: Emigration, Protest, Reasons, Taylor and Francis, 1985, p. 306

  5 Alexander Mackenzie, The History of the Highland Clearances, P. J. O’Callaghan, 1883, pp. 17–18

  6 Eric Richards, A History of the Highland Clearances: Emigration, Protest, Reasons, p. 53

  7 Laurence Gourievidis, The Dynamics of Heritage: History, Memory and the Highland Clearances, Ashgate, 2012, p. 22

  8 Robert Knox, The Races of Men, Henry Renshaw, 1850, p. 378

  9 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 65

  10 Alexander Mackenzie, The History of the Highland Clearances, p. viii

  11 Neil Davidson, The Origins of Scottish Nationhood, p. 148

  12 ‘Farming and Clearance’, Ross and Cromarty Roots, rosscromartyroots.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=54211, accessed 9 May 2013

  13 ‘Western Isles History – The Bernera Riot’, Virtual Hebrides, virtualheb.co.uk/bernera-riot-western-isles.html, accessed 8 May 2013

  14 Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, Manchester University Press, 1987, p. 66

  15 Ibid.

  16 Murray Pittock, The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scottish Identity, 1638 to the Present, p. 109

  17 Alastair MacIntosh Gray and William Moffat, A History of Scotland: Modern Times, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 28

  18 Ibid.

  19 Eric Richards, A History of the Highland Clearances: Emigration, Protest, Reasons, p. 342

  20 Florence S. Boos (ed.), Working-Class Women Poets in Victorian Britain: An Anthology, Broadview Press, 2008, p. 173

  21 Sorley MacLe
an, ‘Maírí Mhor nan Oran’, Calgacus, Winter 1975

  22 Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, p. 66

  23 Ian Murdoch MacLeod MacPhail, The Crofters War, Acair, 1989, p. 100

  8. Scotland in the Nineteenth Century

  1 Gordon T. Stewart, Jute and Empire: The Calcutta Jute Wallahs and the Landscapes of Empire, Manchester University Press, 1998, pp. 171–73

  2 Christopher Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707–1977, p. 74

  3 Ray Burnett, ‘Scotland and Antonio Gramsci’, Scottish International 9, November 1972

  4 Michael Lynch, Scotland – A New History, Pimlico, 1992, p. 358

  5 Tom Nairn, ‘The Three Dreams of Scottish Nationalism’, New Left Review 49, May-June 1968, p. 7

  6 Neil Davidson, ‘In Perspective – Tom Nairn’, Socialist Review, March 1999

  7 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 287

  8 Christopher Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707–1977, pp. 33–34

  9 Ibid, pp. 107–8

  10 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 41

  11 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 258

  12 William Knox, Industrial Nation: Work, Culture and Society in Scotland 1800–Present, p. 132

  13 J. J. Smyth, Labour in Glasgow 1896–1936: Socialism, Suffrage, Sectarianism, Tuckwell Press, 2000, pp. 19–21

  14 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, pp. 8–9

  15 Richard Rodger, The Transformation of Edinburgh: Land, Property and Trust in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 18

  16 T. C. Smout, ‘Scotland 1850–1950’, in Francis Michael Longsteth Thompson, The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950, Cambridge University press, 1993, p. 217

  17 Ian R. Mitchell, ‘The Garngad: Heaven and Hell’, glasgowwestend.co.uk/whatson/thegarngadheavenandhell.php, accessed 8 May 2013

  18 Ibid.

  19 Ibid.

  20 Ibid.

  21 Michael Fry, Edinburgh: A History of the City, Pan, 2010, pp. 242–43

  22 Robert Duncan, The Mineworkers, p. 74

  23 Harry McShane, Glasgow District Trades Council Centenary Brochure 1958–1958: A Hundred Years of Progress, Civic Press, 1958, p. 7

  24 Lanarkshire Communities, 12 April 2012

  25 Bla’an’tir’s Ain Website, ‘The Ejection of the Blantyre Widows’, blantyrebiz/The-Ejection-of-the-Blantyre-Windows.html, accessed 12 April 2013

  26 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 33

  27 Seán Damer, ‘State Class and Housing: Glasgow 1885–1919’, in Joseph Melling (ed.), Housing, Social Policy and the State, Taylor and Francis, 1980, p. 85

  28 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 103

  29 Ibid., p. 35

  30 Ibid., p. 150

  31 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, pp. 263–64

  32 Tom Gallagher, Edinburgh Divided: John Cormack and No Popery in the 1930s, Polygon, 1987, pp. 10–11

  33 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 240

  34 Ibid., p. 242

  35 Christopher Harvie, ‘Before the Breakthrough, 1886–1922’, in Ian Donnachie, Christopher Harvie and Ian S. Wood (eds), Forward! Labour Politics in Scotland 1888–1988, Polygon, 1989, p. 12; and Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, p. 71

  36 Bernard Aspinwall and John McAffret, ‘A Comparative View of the Irish in Edinburgh in the Nineteenth Century’, in Roger Smith (ed.), The Irish in the Victorian City, Taylor and Francis, 1985, p. 132

  37 Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, p. 7

  38 Elaine McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th Century Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, 1990, p. 49

  39 Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, p. 29

  40 J. E. Handley, The Irish in Modern Scotland, Cork University Press, 1947, p. 44

  41 Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, p. 32

  42 Elaine McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th Century Scotland, p. 66

  43 Tom Gallagher, Glasgow, the Uneasy Peace, p. 29

  44 Ibid., p. 14

  45 Ibid., pp. 26–27

  46 Elaine McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th Century Scotland, pp. 143–44 and 186

  47 Ibid., p. 145

  48 Ibid., pp. 148–49

  49 Ibid., pp. 166–67

  50 Ibid., pp. 192–93

  51 ‘The Jewish Community in Scotland’, Education Scotland, educationscotland.gov.uk/higherscottishistory/migrationandempire/experienceofimmigrants/jewish.asp, accessed 1 October 2012

  52 Nathan Abrams, ‘Jute, Journalism, Jam and Jews: The Anomalous Survival of the Dundee Hebrew Congregation’, bangor.ac.uk/creative_industries/documents/JUTE,JOURNALISM,JAMANDJEWS.pdf, accessed 1 October 2012

  53 Andrew Nash, Kailyard and Scottish Literature, Rodopi B.V, 2007, p. 183

  54 Richard Zumkhawala-Cook, Scotland as We Know it: Representations of National Identity in Literature, Film and Popular Culture, McFarland, 2008, p. 29

  55 James Veitch, George Douglas Brown, H. Jenkins, 1952, pp. 153 and 156

  56 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, pp. 260–61

  57 Eleanor Gordon, Women and the Labour Movement in Scotland 1850–1914, Clarendon, 1991, p. 141

  58 William M. Walker, Juteopolis: Dundee and Its Textile Workers 1885–1923, Scottish Academic Press, 1979, pp. 86–87

  59 Lynne Abrams, The Making of Modern Women: 1789–1918, Pearson, 2002, p. 112

  60 Eleanor Gordon, Women and the Labour Movement in Scotland 1850–1914, p. 192

  61 Robert Duncan, The Mineworkers, p. 142

  62 Ibid.

  63 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 106

  64 Christopher Harvie, ‘Before the Breakthrough, 1886–1922’, in Ian Donnachie, Christopher Harvie and Ian S. Wood (eds), Forward! Labour Politics in Scotland 1888–1988, p. 9

  65 James J. Smyth, ‘The ILP in Glasgow: The Struggle for Identity’, in Alan McKinlay and R. J. Morris (eds), The ILP on Clydeside 1893–1932: From Foundation to Disintegration, Manchester University Press, 1991, p. 26

  66 Ibid., p. 22

  67 Christopher Harvie, ‘Before the Breakthrough, 1886–1922’, p. 10

  68 W. Hamish Fraser and Clive Lee, Aberdeen 1800–2000: A New History, Dundurn, 2000, p. 192

  69 Ibid., p. 194

  70 David Howell, British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906, Manchester University Press, 1984, p. 170

  71 James Connolly, James Connolly: Selected Writings, Pluto Press, 1998, p. 32

  72 C. Desmond Greaves, The Life and Times of James Connolly, Lawrence and Wishart, 1976, pp. 30–31

  73 Kieran Allen, The Politics of James Connolly, Pluto Press, 1990, p. 6

  74 C. Desmond Greaves, The Life and Times of James Connolly, p. 48

  75 Kieran Allen, The Politics of James Connolly, p. 10

  9. The Clyde Runs Red

  1 T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, p. 309

  2 T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950, p. 267

  3 Christopher Harvie, ‘Before the Breakthrough, 1886–1922’, p. 21

  4 ‘Compulsory Military Service, Should the Working Class Support it?’, Socialist Labour Press, 1918, p. 15.

  5 William Kenefick, Red Scotland! The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, 1872 to 1932, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, p. 134

  6 Gordon Brown, Maxton, Collins Fontana, 1988, pp. 58–59

  7 Iain McLean, The Legend of the Red Clydeside, John Donald, 1983, pp. 21–22

  8 Rob Duncan, ‘Independent Working Class Education and the Formation of the Labour College Movement in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, 1915–1922’, in Robert Duncan and Arthur McIvor (eds), Militant Workers: Labour and Class Conflict on the Clyde 1900–1950, Essays in Honour of Harry McShane 1891–1988, John Do
nald, 1992, p. 107

  9 Ann and Vincent Flynn, ‘We Shall Not Be Removed’, in Laurie Flynn (ed.), We Shall Be All, Bookmarks, 1978, p. 22

  10 Seán Damer, ‘State Class and Housing: Glasgow 1885–1919’, in Joseph Melling (ed.), Housing, Social Policy and the State, Taylor and Francis, 1980, p. 104

  11 Trish Caird, ‘Women and the Left: Mary Barbour’, http://internationalsocialist.org.uk/index.php/2013/03/women-on-the-left-mary-barbour/, accessed 24 March 2013

  12 William Gallacher, Revolt on the Clyde, Lawrence & Wishart, 1990, p. 51

  13 John McHugh, ‘The Clyde Rent Strike, 1915’, Scottish Labour History Society 12 (1978) p. 58

  14 Ann and Vincent Flynn, ‘We Shall Not Be Removed’, p. 24

  15 William Gallacher, Revolt on the Clyde, p. 52

  16 Glasgow Herald, 29 October 1915

  17 William Gallacher, Revolt on the Clyde, p. 53

  18 Trish Caird, ‘Women and the Left: Mary Barbour’

  19 Seán Damer, ‘State Class and Housing: Glasgow 1885–1919’, p. 94

  20 Tom Bell, Pioneering Days, Lawrence and Wishart, 1941, p. 110

  21 Forward, 27 November 1915

  22 William Gallacher, Revolt on the Clyde, p. 57

  23 Ann and Vincent Flynn, ‘We Shall Not Be Removed’, p. 28

  24 Seán Damer, ‘State Class and Housing: Glasgow 1885–1919’, p. 98

  25 Iain McLean, The Legend of Red Clydeside, John Donald, 1983, p. 41

  26 James Hinton, The First Shop Stewards’ Movement, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1973, p. 296

  27 Ibid.

  28 Iain McLean, The Legend of Red Clydeside, p. 10

  29 Tony Cliff and Donny Gluckstein, Marxism and Trade Union Struggle: The General Strike of 1926, Bookmarks, 1986, p. 67

  30 James Hinton, The First Shop Stewards Movement, p. 138

  31 Ibid., p. 140

  32 Gordon Brown, Maxton, p. 61

  33 Ibid., pp. 61–62

  34 James Hinton, The First Shop Stewards Movement, p. 140

  35 Iain McLean, The Legend of Red Clydeside, p. 63

  36 James Hinton, The First Shop Stewards Movement, p. 145

  37 Ibid.

  38 Christopher Harvie, ‘Before the Breakthrough, 1886–1922’, p. 23

  39 Rob Duncan, ‘Independent Working Class Education and the Formation of the Labour College Movement in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, 1915–1922’, p. 115

  40 James Hinton, The First Shop Stewards Movement, p. 257