30 “Side Effects of Maraviroc,” Clinical Information, HIV GOV (Last reviewed on November 18, 2020), www.clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/drugs/maraviroc/patient
Chapter Seven
1 “Frans De Wahl,” “GoodReads,” (Accessed July 16, 2021), www.goodreads.com/quotes/760359-the-enemy-of-science-is-not-religion-the-true
2 “Brainy Quotes – John Maynard Keynes” (Accessed July 16, 2021, www.brainyquote.com/quotes/john_maynard_keynes_385471
3 F.W. Ruscetti, L. Varesio, A. Ochoam and J. Ortaldo, “Pleiotropic Effects of Transforming Growth factor-B on cells of the Immune System,” New York Academy of Sciences 685 (1993): 488-500, www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35911.x, and F. Ruscetti, M. Birchenall-Roberts, J. McPherson and R. Wiltrout, “Transforming Growth Factor-B. In. Cytokines, A. Sluis (Ed), (Academic Press, New York, New York) 1998, 415-432.
4 “HIV and the Blood Supply: An Analysis of Crisis Decision Making,” Institute of Medicine, July 13, 1995, www.drive.google.com/file/d/1jkVLXlrOZTzgx37RcobYgv9GfsG-5sbB/view
5 Robert Pear, “AIDS Blood Test to be Available in 2 to 6 Weeks,” New York Times, March 3, 1985, www.nytimes.com/1985/03/03/us/aids-blood-test-to-be-available-in-2-to-6-weeks.html
6 “How One Test Changed HIV,” Abbott Labs Media, November 27, 2019, www.abbott.com/corpnewsroom/products-and-innovation/how-one-test-changed-HIV.html
7 “The Inadequate Response of the FDA to the Crisis of AIDS in the Blood Supply,” Harvard Library Office of Scholarly Communication (1995), www.dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/8965576
8 Walt Bogdanich and Eric Koll, “2 Paths of Bayer Drug in 80’s: Riskier One Steered Overseas,” New York Times, May 2, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/05/22/business/2-paths-of-bayer-drug-in-80-s-riskier-one-steered-overseas.html
9 Ibid.
10 “HIV and the Blood Supply: An Analysis of Crisis Decision Making,” Institute of Medicine, July 13, 1995, www.drive.google.com/file/d/1jkVLXlrOZTzgx37RcobYgv9GfsG-5sbB/view
11 Ibid.
12 Celia Farber, “AIDS and the AZT Scandal,” Spin Magazine (November 1989), www.spin.com/featured/aids-and-the-azt-scandal-spin-1989-feature-sins-of-omission/
13 Alice Park, “The Story Behind the First AIDS Drug,” TIME, March 19, 2017, www.time.com/4705809/first-aids-drug-azt/
14 “Exhibition – Fight Back, Fight AIDS,” U.S. National Library of Medicine, (Accessed July 16, 2021). www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/survivingandthriving/exhibition-fight-back-fight-aids.html
15 “Women and HIV: A Spotlight on Adolescent Girls and Young Women,” UN AIDS, (2019), www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019_women-and-hiv_en.pdf
16 J.A. Mikovits, Raziuddin, M. Ruta, et al., “Negative Regulation of HIV Replication in Monocytes: Distinctions Between Restricted and Latent Expression in THP-1 Cells,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 171 (May 1, 1990), www.doi.org/10.1084/jen.171.5.1705: Raziuddin, J.A. Mikovits, I Clavert, et al., “Negative Regulation of HIV-1 Expression in Monocytes: Role of the 65+50 kD NF kB Heterodimer,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88 (November 1, 1991): 9426-9430, www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.21.9426, J.A. Mikovits, N. Lohrey, J. Cortless, et al., “Immune Activation of HIV Expression from Latently Infected Monocytes from Asymptomatic Seropositive Patients,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 90 (October 1992); 1486-1491, www.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116016.
17 William R. Macon, Shyh-Ching Lo, Bernard J. Poiez, et al., “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Like Illness with Systemic Mycoplasma Fermentans Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Man,” Human Pathology 24 (May 1993): 554-558, www.doi.org/10.1016/0046-8177(93)90169-h.
18 Steven Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge, (Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 1998), www.drive.google.com/file/d/1AG1iFHZwCfGWClZzdni8GegBsWW6tISF/view
Chapter Eight
1 “Wernher Von Braun,” QuoteFancy (Accessed July 16, 2021), www.quotefancy.com/quote/1104994/Wernher-von-Braun-Science-does-not-have-a-moral-dimension-It-is-like-a-knife-If-you-give
2 J.A. Mikovits, Raziuddin, M. Ruta, et al., “Negative Regulation of HIV Replication in Monocytes: Distinctions Between Restricted and Latent Expression in THP-1 Cells,” Journal of Experimental Medicine 171 (May 1, 1990), www.doi.org/10.1084/jen.171.5.1705, J.A. Mikovits, N. Lohrey, J. Cortless, et al., “Immune Activation of HIV Expression from Latently Infected Monocytes from Asymptomatic Seropositive Patients,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 90 (October 1992); 1486-1491, www.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116016.
3 John Crewdson, “Science Fictions: A Scientific Mystery, A Massive Coverup, and the Dark Legacy of Robert Gallo,” Back Bay Books, New York, (2002), p. 539-540.
4 Paul W. Valentine, Researcher Sentenced in NIH Case,” Washington Post, October 17, 1992, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/10/17/researcher-sentenced-in-nih-case/e293929a-6062-445f-a503-7af1c862fd58/
5 “Biologist Accused Over Laboratory Funds,” New Scientist, May 4, 1990, www.newscientist.com/article/mg12617151-400-biologist-accused-over-laboratory-funds/
6 E. Sitnicka, F. Ruscetti, G. Priestly, et al., “Transforming Growth Factor-B Directly and Reversibly Inhibits the Initial Cell Divisions of Long-Term Repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Calls,” Blood 88 (Jly 1, 1996), 82-88.
7 J.A. Mikovits, H. Young, P. Vertino, et. al., “HIV-1 Infection Upregulates DNA Methyltransferase Resulting in De Novo Methylation of the IFN-y Promoter and Subsequent Downregulation of IFN-Production,” Molecular and Cellular Biology 18 (September 18, 1998), www.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.18.9.5166.
8 J.Y. Fang, J.A. Mikovits, R. Bagni, et al., “Infection of Lymphoid Cells by Replication-Defective HIV-1 Increases De Novo Methylation,” Journal of Virology 75 (October 2001): 9753-9761, www.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.20.9753-9761.2001.
Chapter Nine
1 “Carl Sagan Quotes,” GoodReads (Accessed July 16, 2021), www.goodreads.com/quotes/142441-i-worry-that-especially-as-the-millennium-edges-nearer-pseudoscience
2 Syndney Brenner, “Retrospective: Frederick Sanger (1918-2013),” Science 17 (January 17, 2014): 262, www.doi.org/10.1126/science.1249912.
3 K.S. Jones, C. Petrow-Sandowski, Y.K. Huang, et. Al., “Cell-Free HTLV-1 Infects Dendridic Cells Leading to Transmission and Transformation of CD4+T Cells,” Nature Medicine 14 (April 14, 2008), 429-436, www.doi.org/10.1038/nm1745.
4 V.W. Valeri, A. Hryniewicz, V. Anderson, et. Al., “Requirement of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus p12 and p30 Products for Infectivity of Human Dendritic Cells and macaques, But Not Rabbits,” Blood 116 (November 11, 2010) 3809-3817, www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-284141.
5 C. Fenzia, M. Fiocchi, K. Jones, et. Al., “Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type 1 p30, but not p12/p8, Counteracts Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 Signaling in Human monocytes and Dendritic Cells,” Journal of Virology 88 (January 2014), www.doi.org/10.1128JVI.01788-13.
6 A. Bazarbach, Y. Plumelle, J.C. Ramos, et. al., “Meta Analysis on the Use of Zidovudine and Interferon Alfa in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Showing Improved Survival in the Leukemic Subtypes,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 28 (September 28, 20210) 4177-4183, www.doi.org/10.1200?JCO.2010.28.0669.
7 R. Bagni, E. Barsov, B. Ortiz-Conde, et al., “Dendritic Cell-Meidated Infection of primary B Cells with KSHV,” Journal of Infectious Agents and Cancer 4 (June 2009), www.doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-4-S2-P9.
8 J.A. Kovacs, L. Deyton, R. Davey, et al., “Combined Zidovudine and Interferon-Alpha Therapy in Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Annals of Internal Medicine 111 (August 15, 1989), 280-287, www.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-4-280.
9 I. Busnadiego, S. Fernbach, M. Pohl, et al., “Antiviral Activity of Type I, II, and II Interferons Counterbalances ACE2 Inducibility and Restricts SARS0CoV-2,” MBIO 11 (September-October 2020) e)1928-20, www.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01928-20.
10 S. Bartelemez, C. Storey, P. Iversen, and F. Ruscetti, “Transient Inhibition of Endogenous Transforming Growth Factor 0 B1 (tgf-bet
a1) in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Accelerates Engraftment and Enhances Multi-Lineage Repopulating Efficiency,” Journal of Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics I (December 20, 2016) 258-267, www.doi.org/10.15406/jsrt.2016.01.00045.
11 Ibid.
12 A.D. Bhatwadekar, E.P. Guerin, Y.P. Jarajapu, et al., “”Transient Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1 in Human Diabetic CD34+ Cells Enhances Vascular Reparative Functions,” Diabetes 50 (August 2010). www.doi.org/10.2337/db10-0287.
13 F.W. Ruscetti, D.A. Morgan, and R.C. Gallo, “Functional and Morphologic Characterization of Human T Cells Continuously Grown in Vitro,” Journal of Immunology 119 (July 1977) 131-138.
14 V.C. Lombardi, F.W. Ruscetti, J. Das Gupta, et al., “Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Science 326 (October 23, 2009) 585-589, www.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179052.
15 Shyh-Ching Lo, Natalia Pripuzova, Binjie Li, et al., “Detection of MLV-Related Virus Gene Sequences in Blood of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Healthy Blood Donors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (September 7, 2010) 15874-15879, www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006901107.
16 “ANNOUNCEMENT: August 23, 2010 Human Gamma Retrovirus Test Now Available VIP Dx,” http://www.vipdx.com/?forumid=331851.
17 Email from Allison Kanas to Judy Mikovits, December 2, 2011.
18 Email from Harold Varmus to Frank Ruscetti, September 26, 2010.
19 Shy-Ching Lo, Natalie Pripuzova, Bingjie Li, et al., “Retraction for Lo, et al., Detection of MLV-Related Virus Gene Sequences in Blood of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Healthy Blood Donors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (January 3, 2012), 346, www.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119641109.
20 G.Q. Del Prete, M.F. Kearny, J. Spindler, et al., “Restricted Replication of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus in Pigtailed Macaques,” Journal of Virology (December 21, 2011) 3152-3166, www.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06886-11.
21 Email from Maureen Hanson to Frank Ruscetti, September 10, 2013.
22 S. Panelli, L. Lorusso, A. Balestrieri, et al., “XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome is not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable,” Frontiers in Public Health 5 (May 22, 2017), www.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108.
23 John Coffin and Jonathon Stoye, “The Dangers of Xenotransplantation,” Nature, (November 11, 1995, Letter to the Editor, vol.1, 1100.
24 Andrew Kolodny, “How FDA Failures Contributed to the Opioid Crisis,” AMA Journal of Ethics, August 2020, www.journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-fda-failures-contributed-opioid-crisis/2020-08
25 Jan Hoffman and Mary Williams Walsh, “Purdue Pharma Offers Plan to End Sackler Control and Mounting Lawsuits,” New York Times, March 16, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/health/purdue-sacklers-bankruptcy-opioids.html
26 Kelly Brownell and Kenneth Warner, “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar is Big Food?” Millibank Quaterly 87 (March 2009), 259-294, www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00555x.
27 “Women and HIV: A Spotlight on Adolescent Girls and Young Women,” UN AIDS, (2019), www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019_women-and-hiv_en.pdf
28 M. Rowbotham, W. Nothaft, R. Duan, et al., “Oral and Cutaneous Thermosensory profile of Selective TRPV1 Inhibition by ABT-102 in a Randomized Healthy Volunteer Trial,” Clinical Trial 152 (May 2011) 1192-1200. www.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.051.
PART TWO
Prologue
1 CBS, Senior Member, “Suzanne Vernon: Agency Heads are Scared to Death … If XMRV Works Out,” Phoenix Rising, February 23, 2011, www.forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/suzanne-vernon-agency-heads-are-scared-to-death-if-xmrv-works-out.8863/.
2 “Suzanne Vernon,” Encyclopedia of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, (Accessed June 28, 2021), www.me-pedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Vernon.
3 Hillary Johnson, “Chasing the Shadow Virus,” Discover Magazine, July 19, 2013, www.discovermagazine.com/health/chasing-the-shadow-virus-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-and-xmrv.
4 Shyh-Ching Lo, Natalia Pripuzova, Bingjie Li, et al, “Detection of MLV-Related Virus Gene Seqences of Blood in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Healthy Blood Donors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 23, 2010, doi:10.1073/pnas.100691107.
5 Ben Berkout, “Of Mice and Men: On the Origins of XMRV,” Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol, 1, Article 147, (January 17, 2011), 4-5.
6 Email from Judy Mikovits to Simone Glynn and Frank Ruscetti, August 31, 2011, 8:24 PM, PDT.
7 Judy Mikovits Presentation at the New York Academy of Sciences, March 29, 2011, www.nyas.org/ebriefings/pathogens-in-the-blood-supply/.
8 Tara Haelle, “The INTERCEPT Blood System Rids Blood Donations of All Pathogens,” July 1, 2015, Scientific American, www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-intercept-blood-system-rids-blood-donations-of-all-pathogens/
9 Jon Cohen, “The Waning Conflict Over XMRV and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Science, September 30, 2011, Vol. 333, Issue 6051, p. 1810, doi: 10.1126/science
10 Jeff German, “Harvey Whittemore Ordered to Surrender to Federal Prison Authorities,” Las Vegas Review, June 5, 2014.
11 Jon Cohen, “Controversial CFS Researcher Arrested and Jailed,” Science Magazine, November 19, 2011, www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/11/controversial-cfs-researcher-arrested-and-jailed.
12 Jon Cohen, “Embattled Institute Retains Major Grant to Study Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Science Magazine, February 8, 2012, www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/02/embattled-institute-retains-major-grant-study-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.
13 Martha Bellisle, “Wit and Work Made lobbyist Harvey Whittemore, ‘”An Institution,’” Reno Gazette Journal, February 12, 2012.
14 Jon Cohen, “In a Rare Move, Science Without Authors’ Consent Retracts paper that Tied Mouse Virus to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Science Magazine, December 22, 2011, www.sciencemag.org/news/2011/12/updated-rare-move-science-without-authors-consent-retracts-paper-tied-mouse-virus.
15 Carl Zimmer, “A Man From Whom Viruses Can’t Hide,” November 22, 2010, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/science/23prof.html.
16 Ian Lipkin, Press Conference on Multi-Center Study at Columbia University, September 18, 2012.
17 Ian Lipkin, Public Conference Call with the Centers for Disease Control, September 10, 2013. Transcript by ME/CFS Forums.com/wiki/Lipkin.
18 Corvela Staff, “What Did We Find in the MMRV (Priorix Tetra) Vaccine?” Corvela, April 21, 2019, www.corvelva.it/en/speciale-corvelva/vaccinegate-en/what-did-we-find-in-the-mmrv-priorix-tetra-vaccine.html
19 Meera Murgai, James Thomas, Olga Cherepanova, et al., “Xenotropic MLV Envelope Proteins Induce Tumor Cells to Secrete Factors that Promote the Formation of Immature Blood Vessels,” Retrovirology, March 27, 2013, doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-34, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23537062/.
20 Meera Murgai, James Thomas, Olga Cherepanova, et al., “Xenotropic MLV Envelope Proteins Induce Tumor Cells to Secrete Factors that Promote the Formation of Immature Blood Vessels,” Retrovirology, March 27, 2013, doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-34, www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23537062/.
Chapter One
1 Letter from Dr. Joseph Gates for General Distribution, January 13, 1999.
2 Email from Stephen B. Baylin, February 9, 2001.
Chapter Two
1 “Interferon: The IF Drug for Cancer,” Time magazine, March 31, 1980.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Val Hutchison and J.M. Cummins, “Low Dose Interferon in Patient with AIDS,” The Lancet, Vol. 330, Issue 8574, pp 1530-1531 (December 26, 1987: doi: doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92671-7.
6 Davy Koech, Arthur Obel, & Jun Minowada, et al., “Low-Dose Oral Alpha Interferon Therapy for Patients Seropositive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1),” Molecular Biothera
py, Vol. 2, June 1990, pp. 91-95.
7 Ibid.
8 Gina Kolata, “Ignored AIDS Drug Shows Promise in Small Tests,” New York Times, August 15, 1989.
9 Ibid.
10 Emily Mantlo, Natalya Bukreyeva, Junki Maruyama, et al., “Antiviral Activities of Type I Interferons to SARS-CoV-2 Infection,” Journal of Antiviral Resistance, Vol. 178, 104811 (April 29, 2020): doi: 101016/j.antiviral.2020.104811.
11 Ivan Fan Hung, Kwok-Cheung Lung, et al., “Triple Combination of Interferon Beta 1b, Lopanavir-Ritonavir, and Ribavirin in the Treatment of Patients Admitted to hospital with COVID-19: An Open-Label, Randomized Phase 2 Trial,” The Lancet, Vol. 395: 1695-1704: doi: 1016/S0140-6736(20)31042-4.
Chapter Three
1 Phillip Hilts, “Federal Inquiry Finds Misconduct by a Discoverer of the AIDS Virus,” the New York Times, December 31, 1992.
2 Ibid.
3 “About Dr. Gallo,” Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, www.ihv.org/about/About-Dr-Robert-C-Gallo/. (Accessed December 4, 2020).
4 Phillip Hilts, “Federal Inquiry Finds Misconduct by a Discoverer of the AIDS Virus,” the New York Times, December 31, 1992.
5 Ibid.
6 Douglas Kneeland, “The Gallo Case: A Three-Year Odyssey in Search of the Truth,” Chicago Tribune, December 6, 1992.
7 “Coronavirus Man-Made in Wuhan Lab, says Nobel Laureate,” The Week, April 19, 2020, www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/04/19/coronavirus-man-made-in-wuhan-lab-says-nobel-laureate.html.
8 Ibid.
9 John M. Coffin and Jonathon Stoye, “A New Virus for Old Diseases?” Science, Vol. 326, issue 5952, pp 530-531, (October 23, 2009), doi: 10.1126/science.1181349, www.science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/530.full.
10 National Cancer Institute – HIV Drug Resistance Program – John M. Coffin, Ph.D., Accessed September 13, 2013 www.home.ncifcr.gov/hivdrp/Coffin.html.
11 “Public Health Implications of XMRV Infection,” Center for Cancer Research & Center of Excellence in HIV/AIDS and Cancer Virology – Workshop, July 22, 2009.
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