In the Lion's Den
Page 28
Future Party, 108, 155
Gaza, 22, 35, 221
Geneva Summit, 15, 207
Germany, 26, 84, 156, 183, 240
Ghadry, Farid, 141
Ghazaleh, Rustom, 82, 114
Golan Heights, 12, 15, 36, 119, 203, 207, 218, 220–21, 230, 238
Guardian, The, 203
Gulf War, 30, 39
Haaretz, 47, 207
Habash, Mohammed, 131–32, 134–36,
170–71
Hamadeh, Marwan, 83
Hamas, xix, 43, 119, 121, 129, 149, 175, 210–12, 217, 221–22, 227
Hamidi, Ibrahim, 31–32, 37, 100, 112, 130, 169
Hamilton, Lee H., 161
Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, 171
Hariri, Rafik, assassination of, xviii, xx, 79, 81–85, 87, 89–90, 109, 110, 112–15, 119, 125, 127, 140–43, 146, 148, 151, 153, 156, 161–62, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 200, 204, 222, 231, 241
Hariri, Saad, 205, 241
Hassoun, Ahmad Badr al-Din, 133–34, 171–72
Hawatmeh, Nayef, 21
Hawza (Shiite school), 172
Hayat, Al, 31, 100, 112, 130, 144, 169
Haykal, Abdulsalam, 167
Hersh, Seymour, 157–58, 223
Hezbollah, xix, xx, 13, 54, 81, 83, 86–87, 119, 121, 129, 146–50, 152, 155–58, 161–62, 167–68, 171–72, 175, 190–192, 197, 199–200, 205–6, 208, 210–12, 217, 219, 222–23, 227–32, 238, 240–42
Higher Media Council, 104, 106
Hindawi, Nezar, 13
Hobson, David, 174
Hof, Frederic, 221, 223
Hollande, Francois, 208
Hourani, Dr. Fida al-, 209
Hourani, Leila, 3–9, 24, 45, 49, 53–54, 57–60, 64, 86, 88–89, 120–26, 137–38, 147, 160, 171, 182, 184, 220, 223, 233
Husrieh, Abdul Kader I., 26
Hussam, Hussam Taher, 153
Hussein, Saddam, 7–8, 14, 30–31, 39,41–43, 120, 132, 159, 194, 215
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 137
iftar (breaking of the fast), 166
ijtihad, 172
Independent, The, 89
India, 240
Institute of Current World Affairs (ICWA), 62, 89
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), xix, 192, 201, 209, 211, 219–20, 229, 237–38, 241
International Crisis Group, 204, 210, 226
International Economic Emergency Powers Act (IEEPA), 63
International Republican Institute (IRI), 181
Iran
and Israel, 149
and Lebanon, 205–6
and Syria, xix–xx, 7, 119–20, 148,152, 159, 167–71, 173, 184, 198–201, 212, 219, 228–29, 231–32,238, 240–42
and the United States, xvii, 39, 155,158, 161, 165, 174–75, 194, 217,229
Iraq, 129–30, 140, 144, 170–72
and Syria, 40–42, 75, 126–27, 132,135, 141, 175, 177, 189, 195, 209–11, 216–18, 223, 226, 229
and the United States, xvii, 16,39–40, 75, 82, 101, 131–32, 135,143, 145, 151–52, 161, 163–65,173–74, 194, 212, 215–16, 232
WMD program of, 29–30, 201, 203,210
Iraq Study Group, The (ISG), 161, 174, 176
Islam, political, 108–9, 120–22, 124, 129–31, 133–37, 140, 152, 218
Islamic Jihad, 43, 48, 119, 121
Islamic Revolution, 7, 168–69
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corp–Quds Force (IRGC-QF), 235
Islamic Studies Center (Damascus), 170
Ismailis, 5, 234
Israel, 74
and Iran, 149, 200
and Lebanon, 119, 147–50, 152, 155–60, 162, 167–69, 171–72, 190, 204,209, 221, 231–32
and Syria, 6, 7, 12–13, 15, 47–48, 54,86, 147–49, 151–52, 159–60, 175–76, 184, 188, 190–95, 200–204,207–9, 211–13, 218–23, 227–30,232, 234, 236–38, 240–42
and the United States, 7, 12–13,22–23, 50, 143, 149, 162, 218–19,223
Israel-Hezbollah War. See 2006 Lebanon War
Italy, 240
Ja’afari school of Islamic jurisprudence, 171
Jabril, Ahmed, 119
Jamalo, Ali, 103
Jammous, Fateh, 140
Jasmine Revolution, 88, 93
Jazeera, Al, television, 147, 191
jihad; jihadi, xix, 40, 42–43, 48, 74–75, 119, 121, 130–32, 136, 175, 204, 226
Johndroe, Gordon, 175
Johnston, Alan, 211
Jordan, 130
Jordan River, 221
Journey, A: My Political Life (Blair), xvii
Jumblatt, Walid, 144, 205–6
Justice and Development Party (Turkey),136
Jyllands-Posten, 120, 128
Kaddoura, Abdul Kader, 107
Kadima Party, 221
Kanaan, Ghazi, 110
Kandeel, Hamdi, 159
Karami, Omar, 80–81, 87
Kattouf, Theodore, 166
Khaddam, Abdel Halim, 4, 49, 92–93,100–104, 107, 114–15, 134, 141,144–45
Khalil, Hassan, 112
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 172
Khaznawi, Sheikh Muhammad Mashouk, 91
Khiyami, Sami, 203
Kibar, Al, 195, 201, 209, 219–20, 232, 241
Kilo, Michel, 113, 145–46, 178, 204
Ki-moon, Ban, 222
Kirkuk-Banias oil pipeline, 16–17, 26, 31, 42
Kissinger, Henry, 12, 48
Koran, the, 134, 172
Kuftaro, Sheikh Ahmad, 40, 133
Kurdistan, 189
Kurds, 89, 93, 106, 108–9, 118, 141–42,173
Kuwait, 8, 14, 30, 120, 201
Labwani, Kamal, 178
Lahoud, Émile, 81–83, 87, 199–200
Landis, Joshua, 111, 204
Lantos, Tom, 49–50, 174–75
Law 49 of 1980, 90, 93, 129
Lebanese Civil War, 8, 12, 14, 80
Lebanese National Reconciliation Accord, 8, 14. See also Ta’if Accord
Lebanon, xviii–xix, 8, 10, 13, 14, 27, 38–40, 50, 111–14, 129–30, 143,204–6
and Iran, 205–6
and Israel, 119, 147–58, 160, 162,167–69, 182–84, 190, 193, 204,209, 221, 231
and Syria, 12, 14, 30, 54, 79–85, 103,106, 109–10, 127, 143, 146, 154,175, 183–84, 186, 189, 199, 209,211, 217–19, 229–31, 234, 238, 241
and the United States, 22, 161, 200,213, 222, 232
Lewinsky, Monica, 35
Libya, 230
Likud Party, 15–16, 221
“Lion of Damascus.” See Assad, Bashar al-Livni, Tzipi, 221
Los Angeles Times, 96, 98
Macleod, Hugh, 89, 94–96, 98, 111, 113,138–39
Madrid peace conference, 161, 207
Mahmoud, Ali Habib, 235
Majlis al-Aala (consultative council), 133
Makhlouf, Rami, 85, 87, 117, 154, 180, 200–201, 226, 236, 240
Maliki, Nouri al-, 164, 212, 226
Malki, Adnan, 86–87
Malley, Robert, 210
Mamlouk, Ali, 235
Maronite-Christian Lebanese Broadcasting Company (LBC), 80
Marxism, 89. See also communism
Masharqa, Muhammad Zuheir, 107
Mayhoub, Nizar, 154
Mazidih, Badran Turki Hishan al-, 216
Mehlis, Detlev, 109, 111, 113–14, 117, 178,180
Mekdad, Faisal, 200, 226, 233
Meshaal, Khaled, 119, 212
Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI),143, 181
Middle East Times, 15
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Syria), 39, 41,101, 190
Ministry of Information (Syria), 7, 26–27,31, 38, 59–60, 74, 89, 94–95, 101, 105,109, 154, 168, 193
Mitchell, George, 221, 223, 227
Moallem, Walid al-, 155–56, 177, 190,222
Modernizing and Activating Women’s
Role in Economic Development
(MAWRED), 45, 49, 52–58, 60, 63–69,181, 201
Monaghan, Alf, 17–20
Moratinos, M
iguel Ángel, 156
Mottaki, Manouchehr, 119, 198–99
Moubayed, Sami, 110, 142, 167, 210–13, 217, 219, 224
Moustapha, Imad, 25, 167, 174, 202, 204, 217, 221
Mubarak, Hosni, 137, 208, 232–33
Mughniyeh, Imad, xx, 13, 197–200
mukhabarat, 59, 65, 67, 109, 123, 132
Munazama Jund al-Sham l’wahda wa
jihad (the Soldiers of Damascus
Organization for Unity and Jihad),130, 135
Muslim Brotherhood, 7–8, 18–19, 25, 42,49, 89–91, 93, 109, 113, 124, 129–30,133–36, 142–44, 152, 204, 231, 234
Mustaqbal, Al- (Future), television, 80,86, 205
Najib, Atif, 235
Najjar, Mostafa Mohammad, 120
Nashar, Samir, 90–91, 109, 140–41,143–44
Nasrallah, Hassan, 119–20, 149–50, 153,
168, 212, 219, 228, 241
Nasser, Gamal Abder, 150, 160
National Democratic Institute (NDI), 181
National Democratic Rally, 91, 144
National Prayer Breakfast, 132
National Progressive Front (NPF), 98, 125
National Salvation Front, 144
National Union of Syrian Students
(NUSS), 134
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 15, 221
Netherlands, the, 240
New Yorker, The, 157, 223
New York Times, 99, 104, 109, 155, 175, 184, 236
1956 Suez Crisis, 150
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), xviii, 32, 37–38, 45, 47, 50–58, 61, 67–68, 70–71, 88, 114, 181
North Korea, 192, 201–2, 238
Norwegian embassy burning, 127
Nour, Ayman Abdel, 26
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 237
Obama, Barack Hussein, administration of, xxi, 173, 217–18, 220, 227–29, 232,235, 238–42
old guard, the, 4, 49, 66–67, 69, 92, 107–8,234, 237
Olmert, Ehud, 147, 149, 175–76, 191,207–8, 222
Operation Desert Fox, 16
Operation Orchard, 192
opposition politics, xx, 89–93, 98, 108–9,113, 118–19, 134, 138, 140–46, 152,155, 181, 201, 204, 209, 231
Orient Center for International Studies,203
Otari, Muhammad Naji al-, 188
Ottoman caliphate, 171
Oxford Business Group (OBG), 3, 9,17, 20, 26–27, 29, 31–32, 34, 37–40,44–45, 52–53
Pahlavi, Shah Mohammad Reza, 169
Palestine Branch of Military Intelligence, 198, 203–4
Palestine; Palestinians, 5, 15, 22, 43, 48, 54, 62, 82–83, 129, 131, 136, 141, 146, 149, 190, 198, 217–18, 221
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 13, 21
Party of God, 232
Pelosi, Nancy, 174–77
Peres, Shimon, 221
Petraeus, General David, 194
Petrofac Oil Company, 26
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine–General Command (PFLP-GC), 43, 119
Powell, Colin, 17, 29–30, 38–39, 41–45, 48, 203, 211
Putin, Vladimir, 148
Qaddafi, Muammar el-, 230
Qaddah, Suleiman, 107
Qatar, 208
Qawz Qaza, 57
Qubaisi, Munira al-, 125
Qubaisiaat, 125
Qudsiya, Abdul Fatah, 235
Rabin, Yitzhak, 15, 203, 212
Rahall, Nick, 174
Rai, Al, 201
Ramadan, 166
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 120
Reagan, Ronald, 14
Red Lines Agreement of 1976, 12
red lines in Syrian media, 26, 44, 58, 89, 113, 132, 138, 204
Reform Party of Syria, 112, 141
Reid, Harry, 173
Renaissance Party. See Baath Party
Reuters, 99, 104, 144, 191, 224
Rice, Condoleezza, 83–84, 150, 155, 177,206
Roed-Larsen, Terje, 112
Rogers, Mary Brett, 9, 12, 17
Rubinstein, Daniel, 12, 14–15, 17, 26
Rumsfeld, Donald, 41, 161
Saadi, Bashir Ishaq, 108, 141
Saban Center for Middle East Policy, 210
Sadat, Anwar el-, 22
Sadiq, Imam Ja’afar as-, 172
Safar, Adel, 235
Safir, As-, 40
Sahara, Othaina, 95, 100–102, 105,138–39, 154, 170–73, 186, 189, 191,193
Salafists, 42, 172
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 199–200, 207–8
Saudi Arabia, 7–8, 206, 241
Sayyed, Jamil al-, 112
Sayyida Zaynab (Damascus shrine), 172
Schröder, Gerhard, 84
Scobey, Margaret, 82, 148
Sea of Galilee, 15, 221
Search for Common Ground, 209
Seche, Stephen, 148–49, 155, 165
Seif, Riad, 108, 142
Seifan, Samir, 26, 210
September 11 attacks, 21–25, 49, 135, 194, 197, 219
Sezer, Ahmet Necdet, 94
Shaaban, Bouthaina, 39, 41, 100–106
Shaar, Mohammad Ibrahim al-, 235
Shafi’i school of Islamic jurisprudence, 171
Shalit, Gilad, 149
Shapiro, Daniel, 222
Shara, Farouk al-, 30, 38, 40, 47, 72, 101,102–3, 108, 112–14, 235
Shara, Nouar al-, 38, 47
Sharon, Ariel, 16
Sharq al-Awsat, Al-, 93
Shawkat, Assef, 110–12, 117
Shebaa Farms, 146, 208
Shiite Muslims, 5, 13, 125, 129, 152, 161,164, 170–73, 200, 233
Shiitization, 170–72
Shuqeir, Wafiq, 205
Siniora, Fouad, 85, 158, 161–62, 200, 206
Sinjar documents, the, 195
Sistani, Ayatollah Ali al-, 172
Six-Day War of 1967, 151
Slaughter, Louise, 174
Soviet Union, and Syria, xviii, 6, 43–44
Spain, 15–16, 71, 73, 112–13, 156, 168
Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), 241
“State Sponsors of Terrorism” (US list of terrorist nations), xix, 10, 13, 16
Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 159
Stethem, Robert, 197
Suez Crisis, 150
Suleiman, Bahjat, 108, 112
Suleiman, Michel, 199–200, 206–8, 213
Sunni Muslims, xx, 5–6, 21, 24–25, 35–36,85–86, 91, 126–27, 130, 140–41, 152,170–71, 173, 179, 215, 219, 231, 234,236, 239
Swedish embassy attack, 122
Sykes-Picot agreement, 150
Syria
economic downturn in, 223–25
and Iran, xix–xx, 7, 119–20, 148, 152,159, 167–71, 173, 184, 198–201,212, 219, 228–29, 231–32, 238,240–42
and Iraq, 40–42, 75, 126–27, 132,135, 141, 175, 177, 189, 195, 209–11, 216–18, 223, 226, 229
and Israel, 6, 15, 47–48, 54, 86,147–48, 151–52, 159–60, 175–76,184, 190–94, 200–204, 206–9,212, 218, 220–22, 227–30, 232,236–38, 240–42
and Lebanon, 79–85, 103, 127, 143,146, 154, 175, 183–84, 189, 199,210, 212, 217–18, 229–31, 237, 241
nuclear program of, xix, 201–4,219–20, 241
oil production of, xix, 6, 16–17,19, 31, 61, 63, 126–27, 223–25,239–40
and the Soviet Union, xviii, 6, 43–44
and the United States, xvii, 6–7,62–63, 82–84, 130, 141, 143,145–46, 148–49, 156, 161, 164,166, 174, 177, 184, 188–90,194–95, 202–4, 209–12, 215–18,222–27, 229, 237–40
US sanctions against, 13, 16, 53, 61,62–64, 72, 84, 127, 176–77, 184,187–89, 200, 212, 218, 223–27, 229, 238–40, 242
WMD program of, 43–44, 192
Syria Accountability and Lebanese
Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003 (SAA), 49–50, 54, 62, 66, 130, 218,224–25, 231
Syrian Air, 74, 188, 225
Syrian Arab Airlines, 23, 62, 188
Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA), 31, 47,
99, 134, 191, 199
&nbs
p; Syrian Central Bank, 37
Syrian Democratic Assembly of Canada, 141
Syrian Democratic People’s Party, 144
Syrian Elector, 181
Syrian-European Business Center (SEBC), 17, 19–20, 24, 32, 44, 48, 55
Syrian Free National Party, 140
Syrian-Israeli peace treaty, xx
Syrian National Council, 141
Syrian Public Relations Association, 154
Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party (SSNP), 86, 88
Syrian Young Entrepreneurs Association (SYEA), 57
“Syriana,” xviii
Syria Times, 89, 95
Syria Today, xviii, xx, 45–46, 49, 53, 55,60–61, 63, 88–90, 95–96, 98, 100,112–13, 119, 137–39, 154, 163, 167,172, 174, 182, 184–87, 189–90, 198,203–5, 209, 217
Tahrir Square (Cairo), 233
Ta’if Accord, 8, 14. See also Lebanese National Reconciliation Accord
takfiri cells, 130, 135, 152, 236
Taliban, the, 23
Tammo, Meshal, 155
Taqi, Samir al-, 203, 210–12
Tarek, 125–27
terrorist cells/groups, 24, 30, 41, 48, 54, 129–30, 222, 227–28
Tharwa project, 52, 181, 201
Thawra, Al-, 217
Time, 84, 168
Tlass, Mustafa, 107
Tora River, 10
Total Oil and Gas Company, 16, 19
Tourkmani, Hassan, 134
Tunisia, 232
Turk, Riad al-, 144, 155
Turkey, 10, 20, 44, 71, 136, 191, 195, 218,223, 226, 236–37, 239
2006 Lebanon War, xx, 147–50, 152–58,160, 165, 167–69, 171, 173–74, 182,184, 190, 193, 204, 209, 231
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 157
United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission (UNIIIC),85, 114
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 59–60, 66
United Nations Security Council, 25, 29,39, 83–84, 112, 114, 146, 156, 177, 203,211, 241
United States, the and Iran, xvii, 155, 158, 161, 165,174–75, 194, 217, 229
and Iraq, xvii, 16, 39–43, 75, 82, 120,126–27, 130–32, 136, 143, 145–46,151–52, 161, 163–65, 173–74, 194,203, 211–12, 215–16, 232
and Israel, 22–23, 50, 143, 149
and Lebanon, 162, 222
and Syria, xvii, 6, 63, 82–84, 127,141, 143, 145–46, 148–49, 156,161, 164, 166, 174, 177, 184,188–90, 194–95, 202–4, 209–12,215–18, 222–27, 229, 237–40
US Agency for International Development (USAID), 20
US embassies, 9–11, 13, 15–17, 26, 39–40, 50, 86, 132, 148, 166, 197, 216
US-Syria Working Group, 210, 212, 216–17
USA PATRIOT ACT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism),63, 225