by Tim Jeal
z6 Hall, McLynn, Newman.
27 H. M. Stanley's last three substantial biographers have incorrectly explained the reason he chose to lie about Mr and Mrs Stanley's dates of death as being, first, his way of avenging rejection by the man he had hoped would treat him as a son; second, as being an attempt to cover up the supposed fact that their loving relationship had ended as a result of a quarrel; and third, to save himself from the pain of admitting to himself that he had given his love to a man who had rejected him in the end (Bierman 28; McLynn 38; Hall 121).
z8 New Orleans City Directories 1859-61.
29 Catherine B. Dillon `From Wharf Waif to Knighthood' Roosevelt Review Jun 1944; Daily Picayune 28.12.1890.
30 In a New Orleans census taken on i Jun 186o, he is listed as J. Rollings at a house in St Thomas street. He had to have left for Cypress Bends by early Jul in order to be there by zz Aug when he was named in the census taken then (giving a few weeks in which to be adopted and then sent packing!). No census records exist to show John ever stayed at H. H. Stanley's country estate in Tangipahoa Parish north of the city.
31 Roosevelt Review Jun 11944-
3z A. A. Schenk to S 13.04.1891.
33 Auto 93-
34 Census 1186o New Orleans 1 Jun 4th Ward.
3 5 Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. Sir Henry Morton Stanley: Confederate, zooo, 140 (Hughes), quoting CSR 26.07.1861 W. H. Stanley.
36 The `William' had gone by the time S was at Camp Douglas see note zo chapter 3.
37 Auto 124-
38 New Orleans Daily States 16.04.1891.
THREE: A Terrible Freedom
, Auto 151-8.
z Daily States 16.04.1891.
3 A. Schumacher to S 17.07.1892 and to DS same date.
4 Auto 84-
5 Auto 107-11-
6 A. A. Schenck to HMS 13.04.1891; F. McLynn vol i 36.
7 Hotten 51-z.
8 Auto 162-5, information re Dr Goree etc. Hughes 89.
9 Auto 9z, 102-3-
io Auto 165-6; Hughes 89; Hall and Bierman name Margaret Goree.
iii Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes Jr. in Sir Henry Morton Stanley: Confederate, zooo, subjects Stanley's account of his service in the Civil War to exhaustive cross-checking and finds it largely reliable.
1z Auto 172, 176-7.
13 Auto 187-9.
14 Auto zoo.
15 Statistics about Shiloh, see Hughes; Auto 2o3; James Slate to S 28.03.1891; Auto 168.
16 George Levy To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas 1862-65, 1994, 4•
17 Auto zii.
18 Auto 212-13.
1g Levy 5o-i.
zo Enlisted Branch File 3739 - c (EB) 1885, RG 94: Records of the Adjutant- General's Office, NA, USA; also CSR Card No: 46045291 confirming that H. Stanley joined the Irish Brigade, 1st Illinois Light Artillery Battery L. Colonel J. A. Mulligan, had commanded the 23rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry earlier in the war. His volunteer force had also been known as the `Irish Brigade'. It had been forced to surrender by the Confederates at Lexington, Missouri. Then, Mulligan was exchanged for an imprisoned Union officer, and was appointed to command Camp Douglas. A major preoccupation during his first six months there was raising a new brigade. He had completed it by Jun 1862 when he left the camp, as did Private H. Stanley, whose service card states that his artillery regiment was part of the Irish Brigade.
z1 Records of the Adjutant General's office.
zz Ibid. pages headed Musters; Hughes 149 note.
23 Small black leather ledger notebook: section headed `Soldiers at Shiloh'; Auto 78.
24 Auto 167-8.
25 Auto 214-15; S's American Notebook 1895.
z6 Hotten p zoo; Morien's notes Cardiff Public Library.
27 S to DS 18.11.1893, Ter.
z8 Auto 219.
z9 S to DS 18.11.1893, Ter.
30 S to KGR 22.03.1869.
31 Auto z19; S Australian notebook 24.11.1891; Auto zzo.
32 S to KGR 22.03.1869.
33 Auto 2zo; Hall 133-4; McLynn vol i 45; J. C. Smith to Wellcome 3 Nov 1907, RGS, interview with Lewis Noe.
34 Thomas Nisbet to HMS 10.05.1890 (Nisbet gives wrong date - should have been 1863)-
35 Auto zzo; Hall 134; A. A. Schenck to S 13-04-1891-
36 National Archives, USA, Old Military & Civil Records Correspondence between Rebecca A. Livingston and Ella Lonn, also Navy Dept., Bureau of Historical Research 12.02.1940.
37 Frank Hird H. M. Stanley: The Authorized Life, 193 5, 44; Auto 220; HMS to KGR 22.03.1869.
38 Smith to Wellcome 27.10.1907 RGS; Bennett 241; SD Turkish journey Jul 1866.
39 McLynn - vol i 54, 65 - claims relationship was homosexual.
4o Norman R. Bennett ed Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald 1871-2, 1970, 406.
41 Photo in Arab garb Christie's catalogue Sep 2ooz, Plate 7; Bennett 432; Noe to ed of The NY Sun 16.08.1872.
42 Sun 16.o8.187z; L. Stegman to S 20.04.1865, 30.11.1886.
43 J. C. Smith to Wellcome 3.11.1907 RGS.
FOUR: An Accident-prone Apprenticeship
, J. C. Smith interviews with L. Noe 23.10 and 2.11.1907, RGS; W. H. Cook t/s sent to DS 05.05.1910; McLynn i 49 note 6 quoting Richard Hall article; also James A. Hart A History of the Missouri Globe-Democrat, 1961, 97 etc.
2 T/s by W. H. Cook for DS; E. R. Sheak to H. H. Cook brother of WHC May 1910.
3 Sheak; t/s for DS.
4 Bennett 432.
5 Cook t/s to DS; Cook to DS 31-5-1910-
6 Bennett 408.
7 SD 1866; Bennett 413-
8 Hall 142; Bennett 410.
9 Levant Herald ' 7 Oct 18 66.
1o Bennett 413-14•
11 Bennett 442; Bennett 409.
iz Receipt dated 28.11.1866; SD z5.1o.1866. His bitterness over this probably explains his claim that he had only signed the receipt because he had been threatened by S. Lewis's hatred would continue because, even six years later, he still had not been paid his share of the Turkish Government's $i,zoo compensation. He had still received nothing as late as 1886. S never forgave the discreditable things Noe told the newspapers about him in 1872, and never pressed Cook to pay him. (Copy of letter from Noe to Cook 24.10.1872, enclosed letter from Cook to DS 12.04.1910; Major James Pond to Noe 6.12.1886.)
FIVE: War Correspondent
i Bennett 442-
z Christie's Catalogue Sep zooz p zo no 7, S in naval US uniform. References to naval uniform photographs: card dated 18 Feb 1889 stating that S's cousin Henry Parry had naval photo Box 5 ref 15/16 RGS; Hotten 70; Shrewsbury Chronicle z April 1886 mentions J. Laing taking picture of S at 38 Castle St. A photo of him in uniform was published by Edwin Balch in Geographical Review vol v Jan Jun, 1918.
3 Bennett 442-
4 Reproduced in Hall 148. In Christie's catalogue: S's entry in Denbigh Bowling Green's visitors' book is in the form of a card on which he copied his earlier words during a later visit to Denbigh.
5 Hall 147-
6 Morien's notes 4.
7 Letters to KGR for details about Catherine Parry, 3, 15 May 1869; Census 1871 for Catherine's age; S describes her unflatteringly, but this was after the twenty-five-year-old Henry had been `cast off' by the teenager. She later married his half-brother, Robert Jones, who was eighteen in 1866 and therefore much closer to his cousin in age. RGS 16/4 for dates of letters to Noe.
8 S to Noe z5.iz.i866 Bodelwyddan Village, nr St Asaph.
9 SWDN 12.05.1904 by `Morien'.
1o Typed page SD 16-23.10.1868 shows that Emma and Mrs Jones stayed at the Castle & Falcon Hotel, London, 18-zz.io.i868, and that on 23 Oct Stanley left for Alexandria. The reference in Hotten (p 105) about S visiting Denbigh just after his return from Abyssinia is incorrect. Mrs Jones confused 1868 with 1869, when he did come to Denbigh. All previous biographers have suggested that Stanley had waited to tell his mother he had been adopted until October 1868, after his return from Abyssinia. This is very unlikely. Elizabeth made a point of
telling Morien that she had learned about the new name while her son had been at the Cross Foxes, and in October 1868 she met him in a London hotel.
ii S WDN 12.05.1904 by `Morien'.
12, This lie was first told in Dec 1866 and committed to writing 22.03.1869, S to KGR.
13 Jephson to Lady Middleton 14.12.1890 Mi4Fz Nottingham University Special Colls.
14 Hotten 75-
15 G. T. Miller to Ed Denbighshire Free Press 21.05.1904.
16 Bierman 44-5•
17 SD z.oi.i868.
18 Bennett 415, Lewis Noe to Ed of New York Sun 16.08.1872.
s9 Bennett 51.
zo Viz Times 17 Dec 1866.
z1 Report for NYHerald 28.08.1872; Jeal 338 for DL's movements, also Times index; Finley Anderson to S 3.01.1867; Hall 148.
zz SD 27 Mar-iApr 1867-
23 Bulletin of the Missouri Hist Soc (BMHS) vol xvii no 3 April 1961.
24 My Early Travels in America and Asia z vols, 1895, i 13, 129 (ET).
z5 BMHS 277-8.
z6 Hall 153.
27 ET i 240, 282.
z8 ETi155-6.
z9 Auto zzi-z; Annie Ward to S 1.07.67, 14.08.67; S to DS re Annie being married and there being a rival 8.o1.1886; Bennett xvii, 451-z; RGS 16/23 Box 5 press cutting; Omaha press cutting, inventory 5 3 5 6, Ter; W. Fayel to S 11.09.1874•
30 W. P. Webb quoting E J. Turner The Frontier and the 400 Year Boom, 1956 88.
31 ET i xv-xvi.
32 Fayel to S 19.08.1872.
33 Chicago Republican to S 12.12.1867; BMHS 269; Auto 227-
34 Don C Seitz The James Gordon Bennetts, 1928, 220, 222-3-
35 Auto zz8.
36 SD 28.01.1868.
37 SD 3,1o Mar 1868; Hall 162.
38 SD Mar various and 8 Jul 1868.
39 Herald 3.06.1868, McLynn i 69; SD 28.o6.1868.
six: How are we to be Married?
1 R. Foskett ed The Zambesi Doctors, 1964, i9; Times zz Nov, 1o Dec 1867-
z Auto 230ff.
3 Ibid.
4 BL Add Ms 37448-37471, 37461-37463-
5 S to HBey 14.09.1868 BL Add ms 37463 f 407.
6 Ibid. f 410.
7 SD 113.09.11868; RGS 16/23, Box 5.
8 Ambellas to S 114.06.11869.
9 McLynn, i 75, argues that S (the repressed homosexual) engineered situations in which women were sure to reject him. But Bierman (70) suggests that S was keener on Virginia than she and her family were on him.
11o Auto 237-8.
1111 Times 8.11 o.118 68 .
iz Even if Noe's claim - that S had been obsessed with finding Livingstone since 11866 - is ignored, it still seems implausible that Gordon Bennett dreamed up the Livingstone story, given his remarks to S in Dec 1867 about Americans not being interested in Africa. I believe S told Anderson about his desire to `find' Livingstone in Jan 1867, or in London exactly a year later, before leaving for Abyssinia. (SD 4.011.11868). Otherwise, knowing all Bennett's prejudices, Anderson would hardly have picked an expensive African story solely on the unsupported evidence of a single letter in The Times. There are other reasons for ruling out Bennett as the originator of the Livingstone search. John Hotten, the London publisher, whose life of Stanley was published in 1872, and who interviewed Stanley's relations in that year, was sure that S had had the Livingstone idea. What Hotten wrote on the subject has not been quoted by previous biographers: `Among other articles left by Mr Stanley with his mother ... was a kind of pocket cash-book ... [now missing TJ]' which, said Hotten, pre-dated S's commission to find Livingstone, and contained a page of calculations of `Expenses re Livingstone Expedition'. Hotten also mentioned `a friend who carried on a correspondence with Mr Stanley for several years, who states that he [Stanley] "often said it was the height of his ambition to find Dr Livingstone"' (Hotten 115o-i). Gordon Bennett's biographer attributes the originating role to Colonel Anderson, offering no facts to support the assertion (Seitz 303). All the actual evidence suggests that credit for the famous journalistic event should be S's alone.
13 SD 115-117.110.68.
14 E Anderson to S 20.110.68.
15 T/s version of SD Oct 2868.
116 S Appointment Diary 117-22.110.11868; Mary E. Grimsley to Winifred Coombe Tennant 117.08.1193 5 and attached note in Winifred's hand saying that Mrs G wrote S's mother's letters for her since she and her daughter were illiterate. Tennant papers, West Glamorgan Archives.
17 SD 117.1111.11868.
118 Ibid. Nov 23 (S notes that he writes to E R. Webb).
119 SD oz.1869 (hears from Webb); E R. Webb to S 26.112.11868.
zo SD 7-01.1869.
211 Ibid. New Year's Day 1869; SD 9.02.11869.
zz Ibid. 16, 23 Feb 1869.
23 RGS Box 4 113/11-2, Morien is wrong about the date being autumn 2868. In SD 3.03.11869, S says he had met her `some years ago'.
24 SD 3.03.11869.
25 118.011.11870 Death cert.
z6 Morien descript RGS as above; Information Guy Holborn, Lincoln's Inn; Dr Clare Rider Inner Temple.
27 Information Cliff Davies, Librarian, Wadham College, Oxford.
z8 St Hilary's Church Baptismal Registers Nov 119 1847; Jan 25 1849; Jan 2 11852; Mar z8 1856; Jun zo 1859, information from Bob Owen, Denbigh; T.G. Roberts to Messrs Longueville Sons Solicitors z8 Sept 1868, Bob Owen Private Collection.
z9 T.G. Roberts to S late Apr 1869, photocopies of letters formerly owned by Margaret H. Stewart, Bath; SD 3.03.1869.
30 S to T.G. Roberts 112.04.11869 Bath.
31 S to K.G. Roberts 22.03.1869 Bath.
32 S to K.G. Roberts n.d. but 1869, from Spain.
33 S to KGR 1869, photocopies M. H. Stewart, Bath.
34 T.G. Roberts to S n.d. but April 1869, Bath.
35 S to T.G. Roberts 4.05.11869, Bath.
36 Description of events in Valencia Scribner's Monthly, 5, 187z, Edward King `An Expedition with Stanley'; S to King 31.10.1876 Houghton Library, Harvard.
37 SD 1.09.1869 `King and I went to Valencia ...'; Dictionary of American Biog Edward Smith King 1848-96.
38 S to KGR 3.05.11869.
39 Morien letters 19 and 24 Aug 1904 RGS 13 1-z; McLynn i 96.
40 S to KGR 15.05.1869.
411 Ibid. 3.05.11869.
42 Ibid. 27.06.1869 Ter; Ibid. 13.07.1869, Bath; 1.07.1869, Bath.
43 Ibid. 27.06.1869.
44 Ibid. 27.06.11869.
45 Ibid. 3.05.1869 and 27.06.1869.
46 Levien to S 10.06.1869.
47 S to Bennett 117.011.118711; SD 28.11o; HIFL xviii ff; S to KGR 3-04-1870-
48 S to Bennett 17.01.1871. Yet though penny-pinching and monumentally inconsiderate, Bennett wanted Stanley to succeed (Levien to S 29.11.1869). There is no evidence that Bennett had had another journalist in mind and had chosen Stanley because his preferred candidate was unavailable (Randolph Keim see Hall 381).
49 S to KGR 112.11869.
5o Info Katie's granddaughter, Margaret H. Stewart.
511 S to KGR 8.1111.11869, Bath.
52 Ibid. 3.04.1870.
53 Ibid. 7.so.1869.
54 Information about KGR: Miss M. H. Stewart, Bath, and Bob Owen.
55 Scribner's Monthly 5, 1872, 105-12,-
56 Balch to S z8 Mar, 6 Apr 11869.
57 Balch to S 21.05.1869.
58 Times 20.04.11869.
59 Balch to S 10.06.1869.
6o S to Bennett 117.011.118711.
SEVEN: The Long-imagined Quest
i Henry M. Stanley How I Found Livingstone in Central Africa, 1872, z (HIFL).
z S to Bennett Jan 17 1871; S to Bennett May 18 1872; Webb to S Jul 16 1871, Ter.
3 S to NYH 4.07.1871, Bennett 4-
4 S to Bennett 17.01.1871; Richard Francis Burton The Lake Regions of Central Africa, S's copy contains copious notes of finances and equipment in S's hand, Christie's Lot 16 z6-27: The Africa Sale 24 Sep zooz.
5 Account Book (fair copy) Abyssinia -Jun 1879; Item in Times quoting NYH 12.08.1872; at en
d of 1871 in small diary S accurately recorded the drafts for $3,750 and $1,250 but added a fictitious $3,000 draft to make the total $8,ooo rather than the $5,ooo requested from Bennett in S to Bennett 17.01.1871.
6 DL had £5oo RGS, £50o Govt, £i,ooo from James Young, Jeal 289-9o. McLynn io6 has $8,ooo just for S's trade goods, Bierman 83 puts total cost at $zo,ooo; MacLynn i 109 underlines Bennett's `huge financial outlay'.
7 HIFL 68; S to Bennett 17.01.1871; McLynn vol i p io8 gives total as 19z, Newman 40 gives total of 192. In his diary (SD z1, z5 Feb 1871) S states his second caravan or column contained iz pagazi - in HIFL their number was given as 24. In the diary his third caravan had i1 pagazi in it - in HIFL zz. S's exaggeration of costs and numbers would give the erroneous impression that even on this, his maiden journey, he had entered Africa at the head of a small army.
8 Christie's Lot 16 as above n 5. It also helped S that Consul Webb doubled as the Zanzibar agent of a Boston and Salem trading company, John Bertram & Co., and introduced him to his dragoman, Johari bin Saif, who taught him about local overcharging for trade goods (SD 11.01.1871; Bennett 5; HIFL zz-5).
9 HIFL z1.
io Christie's Africa Sale Lot 15 25.
ii SD 9.01.1871; HIFL i2.
iz HIFL 14 ff.
13 S to Gordon Bennett 17.01.1871; SD 28.05.1872; Jeal 262-5.
14 Foskett, DL to Kirk 26.06.1871 and 28.oz.1872, 153, 156; Intro 23-4 Foskett; PRGSL 414 as below.
15 Kirk to Pres of RGS 25.09.1871 PRGSL vol xvi 1871-2 415•
16 SD 31.iz.i871 £553.11.3•