27. The phrase is Walter Laqueur’s: The Last Days of Europe, New York, 2007, p. 100; Caldwell avoids such flourishes, but the general sense is comparable.
28. The classic statement of this case, yet to be either refuted or surpassed, is to be found Ernest Gellner’s essay ‘The Rubber Cage: Disenchantment with Disenchantment’, in his Culture, Identity, and Politics, Cambridge 1987, pp. 152–65.
29. Les métamorphoses de la question sociale, Paris 1995, passim; for his motivation of the term, p. 15.
30. If the trope of diversity has supplied long-standing grounds for European self-congratulation, it is noticeable that less often celebrated has been what might be taken as its corollary—mixture. Ranke, as we have seen, expressly warned against it. Only the occasional esprit fort risked this more explosive terrain. Galiani stands out: ‘Inconstancy is a physical law of all animal species. Without it, no fertility, no variety, no perfectibility. The immense variety of the nations which have peopled or intermingled in Europe, has made the perfection of our race. The Chinese have stupefied themselves only by their failure to mix with others; since the arrival of the Tartars, they have gained a lot. Here is another strange line of thought’: Correspondance inédite de l’Abbe Ferdinand Galiani, Vol. II, Paris 1818 [1776–7], p. 272. Not that he was any triumphalist: ‘Long live the Chinese! They are an ancient nation that regards us as children and scoundrels, while we think it a great thing to roam the seas and lands, bringing everywhere war, discord, our ingots, our guns, our bible and our small-pox.’ Vol. I, p. 87. In later times, only Madariaga seems to have made a similar move from diversity to hybridity, remarking that perhaps the happy unity of Europe really rested on the crossing of its races, among which were to be numbered Mongols and Jews: Bosquejo de Europa, Mexico 1951, pp. 23–4.
31. Martin Malia, ‘Une nouvelle Europe?’, Commentaire, Winter 1997/1998, pp. 815–826.
32. For Machiavelli, the originator of the idea that conflict was a condition of freedom and power, it was the struggles between patricians and plebs that gave the Roman Republic both its liberty and its imperial dynamism––‘Had Rome sought to eliminate the causes of tumults, it would also have eliminated the causes of expansion’: Opere III, Turin 1997, (ed. Vivanti), pp. 208–17. For Ferguson, the virtues of emulation were pre-eminently martial: ‘Without the rivalship of nations, and the practice of war, civil society itself could scarcely have found an object, or a form’: An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), Cambridge 1995 (ed. Oz-Salzberger), p. 28. For Ranke, see above, p. 494.
33. Penser l’Europe, pp. 37ff.
34. Tom Nairn, The Left Against Europe?, London 1973, pp. 91–93, 145.
35. Christopher Booker and Richard North, The Great Deception, London 2005, p. 540.
36. For this development, see Alain Supiot, ‘Les Europes possibles’, Esprit, January 2009, pp. 173–4.
INDEX
Abdülhamid II, Sultan 399n, 400–1,
Acheson, Dean 13, 14, 17
Ackermann, Josef 257
Adak, Hülya 459n
Adams, Henry and Robin 426n
Adams, T.W. 357n
Addison, Paul 19
Adenauer, Konrad 6, 9–11, 15, 17, 77, 224, 244, 448, 487
Adorno, Theodor 36, 221–2, 263, 267
Agamben, Giorgio 344–5,
Agnew, John 321n
Agulhon, Maurice 154, 184
Ahern, Bertie 59, 74
Akçam, Taner 404n, 406n, 422n, 460, 462
Albright, Madeleine 254, 464
Alchian, Armen 108n
Allum, Felia and Percy 314n
Almirante, Giorgio 334
Althusius 116
Althusser, Louis 143, 182
Amato, Giuliano 295, 303
Amelio, Gianni 330n
Amendola, Giorgio 284–5
Amis, Martin 147
Andreotti, Giulio 28–9, 282, 288, 295, 301–2, 336–7, 339
Angelino, Luciano 484n
Annan, Kofi 379–80, 381, 385
Applebaum, Anne 40
Arctander O’Brien, William 489n
Ariès, Philippe 184
Ariosto, Stefania 296–7, 305
Aristotle 110
Aron, Raymond 147, 152, 163, 174, 187, 206
Arrighi, Giovanni 307, 347
Artaud, Antoin 143
Asor Rosa, Alberto 285n, 341–2, 344
Attali, Jacques 44
Attalides, Michael 356n, 371n
Attlee, Clement 18
Aubry, Martine 211, 213
Auerbach, Erich 420
Aydın, Zülküf 444n
Aznar, José 72, 305, 309
Băsescu, Traian 75
Badiou, Alain 213
Bähr, Andreas 459n
Baldwin, Peter xvin, 521n
Ball, George 14, 370
Balladur, Edouard 90, 169, 172, 192
Baltzer, Hermann 409n
Barbacetto, Gianni 288n, 293n, 296n, 347n
Bardakçi, Murat 408n
Barkey, Henri 458n
Barnave, Élie 518, 519n
Barre, Raymond 153, 157, 165
Barroso, José Manuel 72, 475n
Barthes, Roland 142, 143, 147, 162
Bartlett, Robert 475
Bartolini, Stefano 286n, 515–18
Basso, Lelio 331n
Bassolino, Antonio 314, 322
Bataille, Georges 144, 179
Baumgart, Winfried 409n
Baverez, Nicolas 138, 186
Bayar, Mahmut Celal 433, 435, 436
Bazin, René 144
Beaud, Stéphane 199n
Beauvoir, Simone de 140
Beck, Kurt 253
Beck, Sebastian 414n
Beck, Ulrich 48
Beckett, Margaret 74
Beecher, Jonathan 482n
Belge, Murat 431, 437, 460
Bell, Daniel 272
Bell, David 161n
Benda, Julien 496
Benjamin, Walter 221–2, 267–8, 345, 420
Benn, Gottfried 266
Bérégovoy, Pierre 169
Berger, Denis 164n
Berlin, Isaiah 119, 122
Berlinguer, Enrico 285, 330, 336–7
Berlusconi, Silvio 51–2, 74, 285–92, 294, 296–7, 299, 301–6, 307, 298–11, 312, 313–14, 315, 318–4, 339, 346, 349–50
Bertinotti, Fausto 318–19
Besancenot, Olivier 212–13
Besson, Éric 194
Beuve-Méry, Hubert 144, 146
Beyen, Jan Willem 17
Bildt, Carl 72
Bin Laden, Osama 72
Birand, Mehmet Ali 440n
Birtek, Faruk 421n
Bisky, Lothar 237, 249–50
Bismarck, Otto von 225, 230, 494, 498
Blair, Tony 59, 71, 72, 75, 139–40, 215, 218–19, 244, 303, 309, 378, 380, 457, 545
Bloch, Marc 156, 183, 497–8
Bloxham, Donald 463, 467
Blücher, Wipert von 413n
Blum, Leon 195
Bluntschli, Johann Caspar 485–6, 502–3
Bobbio, Norberto 110, 331n
Bodei, Remo 328n
Böer, Ingeborg 413n
Bohrer, Karl-Heinz 232, 234–5, 266–72, 272, 274–5
Boltanski, Luc 183
Boltho, Andrea 520n
Booker, Christopher 540n
Borrelli, Francesco Saverio 302n
Bossi, Umberto 282, 286, 290–1, 299, 303, 310, 317
Bossuat, Gérard 10n
Bossuet, Jacques 143
Bourdieu, Pierre 142, 143, 147, 165, 171, 181, 182–3, 185, 200–2
Bouveresse, Jacques 183
Bové, José 182
Brandt, Willy 215, 219–20, 225, 246
Braudel, Fernand 142, 144, 147, 156, 157, 182, 183
Brewin, Christopher 378n
Brezhnev, Leonid 307
Briand, Aristide 496–7
Brockmann, Stephen 269n
Brown, Gordon 238
Brunazzo, Marco 315n, 316n
Brunn, Gerhard 226n
Burckhardt, Jacob 494–5
Burke, Edmund 477, 489n
Burschel, Peter 459n
Bush, George 242, 316, 380, 382
Bush, George W. 70, 72, 74, 198, 457, 515, 524, 542, 545
Byron, George Gordon (Lord) 278
Cacciari, Massimo 342–5
Cafruny, Alan 132
Caillois, Roger 179
Caldwell, Christopher 531–3, 537
Calise, Mauro 306
Callaghan, James 373, 374, 387
Calles, Plutarco 414
Camus, Albert 140, 182
Canfora, Luciano 348
Cantet, Laurent 183
Caradon (Lord) 364, 387
Carcassonne, Guy 176n
Carter, Jimmy 77, 376
Casanova, Pascale 185
Cassen, Bernard 181
Castel, Robert 534
Castellina, Luciana 348
Castiglione, Dario 205n
Cattaneo, Carlo 482, 501
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca 347
Ceccarini, Luigi 49–50, 320n
Cemal Azmi 402–3, 410, 413, 459
Çetin, Fethiye 460
Chabod, Federico 498–9
Chabot, Jean-Luc 495n
Chabrol Claude 148
Chartier, Roger 184
Cheney, Dick 71
Chevallier, Jean-Jacques 176n
Chiapello, Eve 183
Chiarante, Giuseppe 285n
Childs, David 236n
Chirac, Jacques 36–7, 51–2, 71, 90, 138, 146, 157, 165, 166, 169, 171–2, 174–7, 178, 191–3,197, 545
Christofferson, Michael 162n
Christofıas, Dimitris 383, 386, 389–90
Churchill, Winston 141, 337, 487n, 497n
Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio 338
Cicek, Hikmet 459n
Clark, Bruce 412n
Clemenceau, Georges 9
Clerides, Glafkos 375, 381, 383
Clinton, Bill 69, 70, 73, 166, 379, 463, 545
Coase, Ronald 108n
Cobb, Richard 137–8
Cobban, Alfred 80
Cochin, Augustin 155, 156–7
Cockburn, Claud 220
Cohen, Philippe 146n
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 466
Colombani, Jean-Marie 146, 147, 148, 180–1, 183, 212
Comte, Auguste 179
Confalonieri, Fedele 289
Connolly, Bernard 34–7
Conradt, David 251n
Constant, Benjamin 163, 179
Conti, Nicolò 315n
Cooper, Robert 68, 522
Corradi, Cristina 344n
Corrias, Pino 313n
Coudenhove-Kalergi (Count) 487–9, 496, 503
Cournot, Augustin 179
Cragnotti, Sergio 324
Craig, Ian 361n, 370n, 374n
Craxi, Bettino 28, 210, 282, 287–88, 290, 293, 302, 321–2
Crispi, Francesco 281
Croce, Benedetto 328, 334, 496
Curtius, Ernst Robert 266, 499
Curzon (Lord) 412
Dadrian, Vahakn 422n, 460, 468n
D’Alema, Massimo 279, 290, 291, 293–4, 296, 297–300, 301, 302–3, 312–13
D’Alimonte, Roberto 286n
D’Ambrosio, Gerardo 290n
Damilano, Marco 313n
Daniel, Jean 156–7
Davies, Baron 497n
Davigo, Piercamillo 290n, 301
De Felice, Renzo 340–1
De Gasperi, Alcide 6, 333–5, 337, 339
De Gaulle, Charles xii, 10–11, 12, 13, 17, 25, 42, 60, 72, 77, 79, 80, 81n, 85, 87–8, 89, 90, 92, 137, 140–4, 150, 171, 190, 197, 282, 283, 285, 337
Debord, Guy 147
Debray, Régis 76–7, 179–80, 181
Dehousse, Renaud 81, 109n, 510–12, 514, 520
Delanoë, Bertrand 253
Deleuze, Gilles 147, 345
Delors, Jacques 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 31, 66, 79, 88, 93–4, 103, 110
Demirel, Süleyman 436–38, 439, 440, 445, 447, 452
Demsetz, Harold 108n
Denktash, Rauf 375, 380–2, 389
Deringil, Selim 427n
Derogy, Jacques 414n
Derrida, Jacques 142, 143, 147, 182
Descombes, Vincent 206–7
Di Fabio, Udo 507n
Di Pietro, Antonio 301, 315
Diamante, Ilvo 282n
Diamanti, Ilvo 320n
Dini, Lamberto 291–3
Dink, Hrant 453, 460
Dirke, Sabine Von 234n
Disraeli, Benjamin 355
Domenach, Jean-Marie 154
Dotti, Vittorio 297
Dragonas, Thalia 421n
Dray, Julien 211
Duchêne, François 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 43n
Duggan, Christopher 328n
Duhamel, Alain 138n
Duhamel, Georges 12
Duhamel, Olivier 176n
Dukes, Paul 479n
Dulles, Allen 14
Dulles, John 14, 17
Dumas, Roland 172, 211
Dunkley, John 479n
Durkheim, Emile 179, 200–2
Duroselle, Jean 599n, 500
Ebert, Friedrich 410
Ecevit, Bulent 373, 438, 463
Eco, Umberto 329
Eden, Anthony 10, 77, 358–9, 361, 362
Eichel, Hans 241n
Eichengreen, Barry 95–8, 118, 133, 520n
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 18
Englund, Steven 161n
Enver Pasha 402–3, 404–5, 409–10, 411, 413–14, 416, 424, 459
Erbakan, Necmettin 438, 445–7
Erden, Ali Fuad 426–28
Erdo an, Tayyip 380–2, 447, 448–9, 451–2, 453, 454, 455–7, 470
Erhard, Ludwig 65, 91, 261
Erkilet, Hüsnü 426–8
Esmer, Yilmaz 446n
Eucken, Walter 65, 91, 261
Eurling, Camille 466
Evren, Kenan 440, 442, 443
Fabius, Laurent 157, 169, 171
Falcone, Giovanni 282
Falter, Jürgen 249n
Fassbinder, Rainer 268, 276
Febvre, Lucien 498
Ferguson, Adam 536
Ferrara, Giuliano 301n
Ferry, Jules 162
Ferry, Luc 146
Findley, Carter 414n, 417
Fini, Gianfranco 283, 286, 290, 296, 303, 314, 334
Finkel, Caroline 396, 399n, 418n, 461
Finkielkraut, Alain 169n
Fiori, Giuseppe 289n, 319n
Fischer, Joschka 75–6, 220–1, 229, 242, 254
Fligstein, Neil 98–101, 101n
Flores d’Arcais, Paolo 349
Floridia, Antonio 311n
Foretti, Claudio Sabelli 347n
Forrester, Viviane 171
Forsyth, Douglas 92, 96n
Fortini, Franco 331n
Foucault, Michel 142, 143, 147, 201, 205–6, 345
Fourier, Jean Baptiste 481, 501, 528n
Franco, Francisco 432
Frei, Matt 300n
Freud, Sigmund 143
Friedman, Gerald 132n
Friedman, Milton 125
Fromkin, David 404n
Fuller, Graham 458n
Furet, François 154–9, 161–2, 163–4, 165–8, 169, 184, 200–3, 208–9
Gabin, Jean 156
Galli della Loggia, Ernesto 328n
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 483, 485
Garton Ash, Timothy 42–3, 43, 44, 76n, 467
Gauchet, Marcel 48–9, 154, 169, 209n
Gava, Antonio 293
Gay, Peter 232n
Gehlen, Arnold 263–4
Gellner, Ernest 534n
Genet, Jean 143
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 242, 268
Gentile, Emilio 341–2
Gentz, Fredrich von 491, 493
Gephardt, Richard 464
Gerina, Mariagrazia 313n
Gibbon, Edward 477–8
Giddens, Anthony 209, 466
Gi
funi, Gaetano 324
Gilbert, Mark 315n, 316n
Gill, Stephen 132n
Gillingham, John 91–5, 96, 97, 104–5, 111, 115, 118, 124, 133
Gingrich, Newt 72
Ginsborg, Paul 280, 319n, 349
Ginzburg, Carlo 302n, 347–8
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 11, 34, 57–8, 77, 90, 151, 152, 157, 171, 174, 197
Godard, Jean Luc 144, 148
Godley, Wynne 31–2, 33
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 278, 328, 489–90, 518
Gollwitzer, Heinz 498n
Gomez, Peter 288n, 313n, 347n
Gorbachev, Mikhail 69, 242
Goubert, Pierre 184
Gramsci, Antonio 129, 131, 164, 184, 284, 304, 306, 327, 328–9, 330, 334–5, 338, 342
Grass, Günter 58
Greenstock, Jeremy 378
Grémion, Pierre 151n
Grimm, Dieter 81–2, 502
Grivas, George 359–60, 364, 368, 370–2
Guizot, François 163, 492–4, 526, 536
Gül, Abdullah 380, 381, 451, 454, 455, 456, 459, 464, 470
Gülen, Fethullah 455
Gundle, Stephen 302n
Güney, Yilmaz 460
Gunter, Michael 454n
Gysi, Gregor 237, 249–50, 255–6
Haas, Ernst 4, 80–1, 83, 130
Habermas, Jürgen 48, 58, 67–8, 70, 82, 205, 206, 207, 221, 235, 239, 243, 258, 262, 264, 265, 269, 275, 501, 512–14, 520, 522
Hale, William 443n
Haley, Charles 405n
Halimi, Serge 147, 169n, 183, 202n
Hallstein, Walter 92
Hampsher-Monk, Iain 205n
Hanioglu, Sükrü 406n, 461
Hank, Rainer 257n
Hannay, David (Lord) 378–80, 381–2, 383, 384, 385, 387–90
Haraszti, Miklós 40
Harding, John (Field Marshal) 361, 362, 363–4, 387
Hardt, Michael 344
Harriman, W. Averell 14
Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis 369n
Hay, Denis 476n
Hayek, Friedrich 30–2, 31n, 64–6, 91–2, 93–4, 94, 104, 133, 261, 534, 540–1
Hayward, Jack 108n
Heath, Edward 77, 374
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm 143, 159, 279, 343–4, 348–9, 425–6, 513, 519
Heidegger, Martin 263, 345, 348
Henkel, Hans-Olaf 238
Herkötter, Ruth 413n
Herles, Helmut 225n
Herodotus 41
Herrhausen, Alfred 257
Herriot, Edouard 496
Hesiod 475
Hikmet, Nâzım 423
Hine, David 110n, 303n
Hirschman, Albert 484, 515
Hitchens, Christopher 374n
Hitler, Adolf 225–6, 228–31, 258, 340, 407, 410, 426–7, 429, 468, 487n, 488, 498, 507n
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