55 Cohen 1998, p. 9-12. Reed and Stillman, p. 72.
56 Letters of Note: Correspondence Deserving of a Wider Audience, Letter from Abba Eban to Albert Einstein, November 17, and Einstein’s response. Accessed on October 23, 2015 at http://www.lettersofnote.com/2010/02/president-einstein.html.
57 Karpin, p. 52.
58 Hersh, p. 19
59 Karpin, p. 32-36.
60 Hersh, p. 20
61 Cohen 1998, p. 46.
62 Memorandum of Conversation (during the Geneva Conference), among Prof. Dr. Ernst David Bergmann (Israel), Prof. Dr. Israel Dostrowsky (Israel), Dr. Amos de Shalit (Israel), U.S. Ambassador Patterson and Bernard C. Bechhoefer (presumably U.S.), August 18, 1955, labeled as CONFIDENTIAL before release by U.S. National Archives. Cohen 1998, p. 50-51.
63 Cohen 1998, p. 45-47. Karpin, p. 53-55.
64 “Israeli Atomic Energy Program,” Halvor 0. Ekern, Department of State, April 11, 1956, Labeled Official Use Only before release by National Archives. Cohen 1998, p. 51.
65 “Meeting with Dr. Bergmann, Israel, April 11, 1956,” H. D. Bengelsdorf, Atomic Energy Commission, April 19, 1956, unclassified.
66 Hersh, p. 248-249.
67 “Possible Diversion of Weapons Grade Nuclear Materials to Israel by Officials of the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC).” CIA Memorandum for the Record, probably written by John Hadden, March 9, 1972.
68 “Rudolf Sonneborn Dies at 87; A Zionist Leader in the U.S.” Wolfgang Saxon, New York Times, June 4, 1986.
69 “Memorandum of Conversation: Meeting with Dr. Lahav Concerning Implementation of Israeli Atomic Energy Program,” A. H. Furnia, Atomic Energy Commission, December 4, 1956, unclassified.
70 Soreq Nuclear Research Center on website of the Nuclear Treat Initiative (NTI), accessed October 23, 2015 at http://www.nti.org/facilities/419/.
71 “AMF nuclear engineering brings you advanced radiation process equipment,” Scientific American, May 1956.
72 Hersh, p. 20. Cohen 1998, p. 52, 81. Karpin, p. 53.
73 Hersh, p. 132.
74 “Israeli Nuclear Armament,” Report of the Secretary-General to the United Nations General Assembly, A/42/58116, October 1987.
75 Nuclear Threat Initiative: Israel Chronology, 1960-1966.
76 Cohen 1998, p. 54.
77 Reed and Stillman, p. 76. Hersh, p. 52-57.
78 “The U.S. Discovery of Israel’s Secret Nuclear Project,” Avner Cohen and William Burr, editors, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 510, April 15, 2015, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/#_ednref5, accessed December 22, 2015.
79 Cohen 1998, p. 58.
80 Karpin, p. 141
81 Doron and Gelman, Kindle location 1284. Raviv and Melman 1990, p. 366.
82 Reed and Stillman, p. 77.
83 “Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen,” June 17, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, from the personal collection of Avner Cohen. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113997.
84 Israel Science and Technology Homepage, October 8, 2012, accessed October 23, 2015 at http://www.science.co.il/people/yuval-neeman/.
85 Karpin, p. 151.
86 Cohen 1998, p. 62. “The U.S. Discovery of Israel’s Secret Nuclear Project,” Avner Cohen and William Burr, editors, The National Security Archive, The George Washington University, April 15, 2015. Accessed January 10, 2015 at http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb510/.
87 Reed and Stillman, p. 3, 78-79. Pierre Péan, Les Deux Bombes, Paris: Fayard, 1982.
88 Karpin, p. 139.
89 State Department Telegram of November 26, 1960, summarizing statements by a University of Michigan professor Dr. Henry Gromberg, labeled SECRET before release by National Security Archive. “Memorandum of Conversation: Israeli Atomic Energy Program,” Department of State, James Meem and Philip J. Farley, December 1, 1960, labeled SECRET before release by National Security Archive. “Information Report: Nuclear Engineering Training,” Unattributed, Central Intelligence Agency, February 9, 1961, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before release by National Archives. Cohen 1998, p. 86.
90 Helms and Hood, p. 236 and 288.
91 “Post-Mortem on SNIE 100-8-60: Implications of the Acquisition by Israel of a Nuclear Weapons Capability,” Draft for USIB Approval, January 31, 1961, labeled SECRET/NOFORN before release by National Archives. Cohen 1998, p. 81-85.
92 “Memorandum of Conference with the President, December 19, 1960,” A. J. Goodpaster, Brigadier General USA, January 12, 1961, classified SECRET before redaction and release by National Archives. Hersh, p. 58. Cohen 1998, p. 89. Karpin, p. 128. Reed and Stillman, p. 81.
93 Letter from William B. Macomber, Jr., U.S. Department of State, to James Ramey, Executive Director, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, January 17, 1961, Foreign relations of the United States, 1961-1963: Near East, 1962-1963, V. XVIII.
94 Private Papers of John L. Hadden, “Notes of Washington Trips,” Briefings of DOE, Dingell and Udall, 1978 and 1979.
95 “Abraham Feinberg, 90, Philanthropist for Israel,” Eric Pace, New York Times, December 7, 1998. Karpin, p. 129-132.
96 Cohen 1998, p. 70. Hersh, p. 192. Karpin, p. 136-137.
97 Haaretz, March 18,2013.
98 Doron and Gelman, Kindle location 537
99 Hersh, p. 155-157.
100 Hersh, p. 53 and 71-73. Cohen 1998, p. 89, 117. Raviv and Melman, p. 71. Karpin, p. 156-157.
101 “Memorandum of Conference with the President, December 19, 1960,” A. J. Goodpaster, Brigadier General USA, January 12, 1961, classified SECRET before redaction and release by National Archives.
102 “Israel’s Reactor: Cost of Weapons Bars Israelis and Many Others from “Atomic Club,” William L. Laurence, New York Times, December 25, 1960.
103 Walker, p. 14.
104 “Glenn T. Seaborg, Lawrence Berkeley Bio,” Glenn T. Seaborg, May 1, 2009.
105 Reed and Stillman, p. 114.
106 “Myer Feldman, 92, Adviser to President Kennedy, Dies,” Martin Douglas, New York Times, March 3, 2007.
107 Cohen 1998, p. 99-101.
108 Karpin, p. 186.
109 “Memorandum of Conference with the President, December 19, 1960,” A. J. Goodpaster, Brigadier General, USA, January 12, 1961, classified SECRET before redaction and release by National Archives.
110 Cohen 1998, p. 104-108. “U.S. Scientists’ Visit to Israel’s Dimona Reactor,” Memorandum for Mr. McGeorge Bundy, U.S. Department of State, May 26, 1961.
111 Reed and Stillman, p. 117.
112 Cohen 1998, p. 112.
113 Karpin, p. 192-193. Minutes of Kennedy meeting with Ben-Gurion, U.S. Department of State, Central Files, 033.8411/5-3061. Labeled Secret before release. Drafted by Phillips Talbot and approved by the White House on June 29, 1961. The meeting was held in the President’s suite at the Waldorf Astoria. The time is from the President’s Appointment Books. (Kennedy Library).
114 Karpin, p. 195.
115 Cohen 1998, p. 104-113. Karpin, p. 218-219.
116 “Middle Eastern Nuclear Capabilities,” National Security Memorandum No. 231, McGeorge Bundy to Secretary of State, Chairman, Atomic Energy Com mission and Director of Central Intelligence, March 26, 1963, labeled TOP SECRET before release by the National Archives.
117 Hersh, p. 130-131. Cohen, p. 75. “Phone Interview with Edwin Kintner by Avner Cohen and Marvin Miller,” January 20, 1994, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, from the personal collection of Avner Cohen, accessed December 30, 2015 http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116880.
118 Karpin, p. 294-295.
119 Cohen 1998, p. 200-201.
120 “The Sampson Option,” Book Review of The Bomb in the Basement by Michael Karpin, George Perkovich, Washington Post, February 19, 2006. “Operation Texas: Lyndon B. Johnson, The Jewish Question and the Nazi Holocaust,” James Smallwood, East Texas Historical Journal, Volume 47, Issue 1, Article 6, p. 4, 2009.
> 121 “LBJ’s Secret Israel Tapes,” Robert David Johnson, The New York Sun, May 28,2008.
122 Hersh, p. 151
123 FBI Memorandum from SAC, Pittsburgh, to Director, FBI, “Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro, IS-Israel, Atomic Energy Act,” June 13, 1968, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
124 “Articles of Merger, Apollo Steel Company, American Bolt and Nut Fastener Company and San Toy Mining Company,” registration with the Department of State, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, May 31, 1958.
125 Smith, p. 78-88. “Obituary: Ivan J. Novick: Real Estate Developer, Leader in Jewish Community,” Ann Rodgers, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 17, 2009.
126 Smith, Chapter 7.
127 “Obituary: David Lowenthal: Innovative Industrialist who Helped Jews Settle in Israel,” Steve Levin, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 10, 2006.
128 Grant Smith, personal communication; information based on FBI documents released under FOIA request by Smith. Smith, chapter 7.
129 Private Papers of John L. Hadden, “Notes of Washington Trips,” Briefings of DOE, Dingell and Udall, 1978 and 1979.
130 Smith, p. 79
131 “Negotiations with Israel – F-4 and Advanced Weapons,” Memorandum of Conversation, Paul Warnke, Assistant Secretary of Defense, November 4, 1968, labeled TOP SECRET before release.
132 FBI Memorandum from Pittsburgh Field Office to Director, “[redacted] Atomic Energy Act,” June 13, 1968, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 51, labeled SECRET before redaction and release. Cockburn, p. 78. Hersh, p. 247.
133 FBI Memorandum from SAC Pittsburgh to Director, “Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro, IS-Israel, Atomic Energy Act,” June 13, 1968; FBI-FOIA File 117-2564, classified SECRET before redaction and release.
134 Resume of Oscar S. Gray submitted to Atomic Energy Commission with NUMEC application for license to operate at Apollo, circa 1957.
135 “Leonard P. Pepkowitz, 91, a Chemist in Atomic Energy, Dies,” Jeremy Pearce, New York Times, November 4, 2006.
136 “1965 Annual Report to Shareholders,” Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation, Apollo, Pennsylvania. “Developments in Communication Materials,” The Bell System Technical Journal, William Fondiller, 1930.
137 Pittsburgh and Beyond: The Experience of the Jewish Community, A Guide to the NCJW Pittsburgh Section Oral History Collection, National Council of Jewish Women, Pittsburgh Section, 2002, p. 74. “Leonard P. Pepkowitz, 91, a Chemist in Atomic Energy, Dies,” Jeremy Pearce, New York Times, November 4, 2006. Record of Interview of Zalman Shapiro, Pittsburgh Office of FBI, “[redacted],” June 21, 1966, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 23, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release. Report of FBI interviews, “Atomic Energy Act: Obstruction of Justice,” [author redacted], November 9, 1979, FBI-FOIA File 117-2564, unnumbered document, classified SECRET before redaction and release.
138 AEC Special Nuclear Material license SNM-145, available in Nuclear Regulatory Commission records, December 3, 1957.
139 “1965 Annual Report to Shareholders,” Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation, Apollo, Pennsylvania.
140 Public Law 88-489 (78 Stat. 602)(1964), The Private Ownership of Special Nuclear Materials Act.
141 “The Shippingport Pressurized Water Reactor and Light Water Breeder Reactor,” J. C. Clayton, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, WAPD-T-3007, October 1993.
142 “U.S. Unravels Apollo’s Losses of Nuclear Material,” John Fialka, Washington Star, June 26, 1977.
143 “Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC),” AEC memorandum from Howard C. Brown, Jr., Assistant General Manager for Administration, to E. B. Trammel, Division of Industrial Participation, September 29 1965.
144 “Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking a Balance, A Historical Report on the United States Highly Enriched Uranium Production, Acquisition and Utilization Activities from 1945 through September 30, 1996,” U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Revision 1, January 2001 (declassified January 2006). “Components of Naval Nuclear Fuel Transparency,” NATO-EAPC Fellowship Report, June 2001 Revised January 2002, Morten Bremer Maerli, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, p. 29.
145 Letter from Charles Keller, AEC Oak Ridge Operations Office, to Zalman Shapiro, NUMEC, October 15, 1964.
146 “Resume of Special Nuclear Material MUF at Nuclear Materials & Equipment Corporation (NUMEC),” Energy Research and Development Administration, Attachment 46 of NRC’s Conran Task Force Report, April 12, 1977; Letter from R. L. Hollingsworth (AEC General Manager) to John T. Conway (JCAE Executive Director), February 14, 1966, classified CONFIDENTIAL before release by AEC.
147 “Chronology WANL-NUMEC Contract,” September 29, 1965, DOE Archives.
148 One typewritten page of uranium inventory figures for the period July 1, 1959 through June 30, 1965 from the Apollo files of DOE.
149 “Memorandum for the Files,” Howard C. Brown, Jr., July 22, 1965.
150 Interview of Charles A. Keller, Assistant Manager for Manufacturing and Support, Oak Ridge Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” FBI report by [redacted], November 9, 1979, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564.
151 “Summary Notes of Meeting with Representatives of the Nuclear Materials Equipment Corporation,” Hobbs, F. T., Acting Secretary of AEC, August 10, 1965, classified official use only before redaction and release.
152 Telex, Charles Keller of Oak Ridge to AEC headquarters personnel, August 26, 1965, summarized in Udall staff chronology of events and documents in the NUMEC case, p. 38, Udall Papers at University of Arizona Library.
153 Udall staff summary of events and documents in its NUMEC investigation, circa 1977, p. 37, Udall Papers, University of Arizona Library.
154 Letter from AEC Chairman Glenn Seaborg to JCAE Chairman Chet Hollified, February 14, 1966; “Report of Survey: Control Over Enriched Uranium, Nuclear Materials & Equipment Corp., Apollo, Pennsylvania; Division of Nuclear Materials Management, Nuclear Materials Management Survey Number DNMM-53,” S. T. C. McDowell, Assistant Director for Control, AEC Division of Nuclear Materials Management, April 6, 1966, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 586, labeled OFFICIAL USE ONLY before release.
155 “Report on Review of Accountability Controls over Special Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation, Atomic Energy Commission,” Report to the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Elmer B. Staats, Comptroller General of the United States, June 20, 1967.
156 Interview of Charles A. Keller, Assistant Manager for Manufacturing and Support, Oak Ridge Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” FBI report of [redacted], November 9, 1979, Classified TOP SECRET before redaction and release by FBI.
157 Department of Energy review of NRC draft report entitled “Nuclear Materials Safeguards/NUMEC,” letter from George Weisz, Director, DOE Office of Safeguards and Security to Robert F. Burnett, Director, NRC Division of Safeguards, October 15, 1979, attached to “A Safeguards Case Study of the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation Uranium Processing Plant, Apollo, Pennsylvania,” W. Altman, J. Hockert and E. Quinn, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0627, January 1980.
158 AEC Letter from R. E. Hollingsworth. General Manager, to John T. Conway, Executive Director, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, January 25, 1966.
159 “Summary Notes of Briefing [of commissioners] on Safeguards and Domestic Material Accountability,” W. B. McCool, Secretary, AEC, February 14, 1966, classification deleted before release by DOE.
160 This table was taken from Table 3 in a 9-page document identified as K-1 from DOE Archives. James Lovett said on October 15, 2001 that he and Cal Solem from AEC prepared the table. It is arrayed in fiscal years, not calendar years. The fact that 149 kilograms was reported missing by NUMEC before the Astronuclear contract is found in “Summary Notes of Briefing [of Commissioners] on Safe
guards and Domestic Material Accountability,” W. B. McCool, Secretary, AEC, February 14, 1966, Classification cancelled by DOE before release. Shapiro also spoke to these 149 kilograms in his additions to the transcript of his December 21, 1978 interview by Congressman Udall. See letter from Leonard H. Becker, law firm of Arnold & Porter LLP, to Hon. Morris K. Udall, Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, January 16, 1979.
161 “Report on Strategic Nuclear Material Inventory Differences,” Energy Research and Development Administration, ERDA-7768, August 1977.
162 “Memorandum for the Chairman,” from Howard C. Brown, Assistant General Manager for Administration, Atomic Energy Commission, January 25, 1966.
163 “Summary Notes of Briefing on Safeguards and Domestic Material Accountability,” W. B. McCool, Secretary, AEC, February 14, 1966, Classification cancelled by DOE before release.
164 Seaborg, 2001, p. 221.
165 Letter from R. L. Hollingsworth (AEC General Manager) to John T. Conway (JCAE Executive Director), February 14, 1966, classified CONFIDENTIAL before release by the AEC.
166 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1, 1979.
167 “A Safeguards Case Study of the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation Uranium Processing Plant, Apollo, Pennsylvania,” W. Altman, J. Hockert and E. Quinn, NUREG-0627, January 1980.
168 “How Israel Got the Bomb,” Howard Kohn and Barbara Newman, News and Opinion, Rolling Stone, December 1, 1977.
169 Memorandum from Douglas George, AEC Director of Nuclear Materials Management, to Howard Brown, AEC Assistant General Manager, February 9, 1966.
170 AEC Letter from Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman, to Honorable Chet Holifield, Chairman JCAE, February 14, 1966.
171 Interview of Charles A. Keller, Assistant Manager for Manufacturing and Support, Oak Ridge Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy, “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” FBI report of [redacted], November 9, 1979, Classified TOP SECRET before redaction and release by FBI.
172 “Summary Notes of Briefing [of commissioners] on Safeguards and Domestic Material Accountability,” W. B. McCool, Secretary, AEC, February 14, 1966, Classification cancelled by DOE before release.
Stealing the Atom Bomb: How Denial and Deception Armed Israel Page 43