374 The Advertiser, published weekly by Publix Publications, mailed free to homes in suburban Pittsburgh, February 26, 1969.
375 Investigative Report, “[REDACTED],” May 5, 1969, 36 pages, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 384, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
376 FBI Memorandum, C. D. Brennan to W. C. Sullivan, “Electronic Surveillances,” April 7, 1969.
377 Seaborg, 1993, p. 199-200. FBI Memorandum from R.D. Cotter to W. C. Sullivan, May 6, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 386, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
378 FBI Memorandum from (redacted) to Mr. D. J. Brennan, Jr., May 13, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 393, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
379 FBI Memorandum, Pittsburgh SAC to Director, FBI, “Justification for Continuation of Technical or Microphone Surveillance, RE. Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro” April 24, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
380 FBI Memorandum, Pittsburgh SAC to Director, FBI, “Justification for Continuation of Technical or Microphone Surveillance, RE. Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro,” August 28, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
381 Department of Justice Memorandum, J. Walter Yeagley, Assistant Attorney General, Internal Security Division, to Director, FBI, May 14, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 395, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
382 FBI Memorandum, Pittsburgh SAC to FBI Director, “Justification for Continuation of Technical or Microphone Surveillance Re: Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro: IS – Israel,” August 28, 1969.
383 Hersh, p. 255, Thomas, p. 94, Gideon, p. 94.
384 Udall committee staff members formulated this account as documented in the Udall papers at the University of Arizona. FBI records are too redacted to show such details.
385 “Israeli Nuclear Program,” Henry A. Kissinger, Memorandum for the President, July 19, 1969, classified Top Secret/NODIS/Sensitive before redaction and release by the National Archives.
386 FBI Airtel, Director FBI to SACs of Pittsburgh and WFO, “[redacted]” August 6, 1969, FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 443, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
387 AEC Letter from William T. Riley, Director, Division of Security, to the Honorable J. Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI, August 28,1969.
388 According to his March 27, 1990 obituary in the New York Times, Dr. Siegel was a professor of applied and engineering physics at Cornell University and was involved with high-resolution electron microscopy and molecular biophysics. A 1940 graduate of Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Ph.D. in physical chemistry, Siegel was affiliated with Harvard University and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and wrote hundreds of articles for professional journals and a book, Modern Developments in Electron Microscopy, which was published in 1964.
389 In an interview for the Pittsburgh Chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women in 1988, Dr. Rosenberg described his work with photosynthesis. He immigrated to Israel in 1946 and assisted with the startup of the Weizmann Institute. He came to the University of Pittsburgh in 1952 and became chair of biophysics and microbiology. He served as dean of the school of arts and sciences at the University of Pittsburgh from 1970 to 1986.
390 “Mystery of Israel’s Bomb,” Newsweek, January 9, 1978, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 651, not classified.
391 White paper on NUMEC prepared by Udall Committee staff members, in 1977 after release of DOE papers, p. 108, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325, Box 365.
392 Avner Cohen, personal communication, January 23, 2016.
393 Seaborg, 1993, p. 200-201.
394 FBI Internal Report, from [deleted] to [deleted], “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” May 22, 1979, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 674, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
395 AEC Letter from William T. Riley, AEC Director of Security Division, to J. Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI, August 28, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 446, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
396 FBI Letter from John Edgar Hoover, Director to William T. Riley, Director of AEC Security Division, “Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro: Internal Security – Israel, Atomic Energy Act,” September 3, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 448, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
397 Seaborg, 1993, p. 201.
398 FBI Letter, J. Edgar Hoover to Honorable Richard Helms, Director, CIA, September 3, 1969, labeled SECRET before redaction and release by the Gerald Ford Library.
399 FBI Letter, J. Edgar Hoover to Honorable Richard Helms, Director, CIA, September 3, 1969, labeled SECRET before redaction and release, ISCAP appeal No. 2913-062, Document No. 2, March 18, 2014.
400 Seaborg, 2001, p. 219.
401 AEC letter from William T. Riley, Director, Division of Security, to J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, October 2, 1969, FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 457, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
402 “[Subject Redacted]” Eyes Only Memorandum for The President from DCI Richard Helms, September 8, 1969, labeled SECRET SENSITIVE before redaction by CIA and DOE and release.
403 “Briefing Book - Visit of Mrs. Golda Meir,” Memorandum for Henry A. Kissinger, The White House from Theodore L. Eliot, Executive Secretary, Department of State, September 19, 1969, classified TOP SECRET/NODIS before release by the National Archives.
404 “Israel Crosses the Threshold,” Avner Cohen and William Burr, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006. “The Obama-Netanyahu Meeting: Nuclear Issues,” Avner Cohen and George Perkovich, Proliferation Analysis published by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 14, 2009.
405 “Israel Crosses the Threshold,” Avner Cohen and William Burr, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006.
406 Riebling, p. 255.
407 “Soviet Policies in the Middle East and Mediterranean Area,” National Intelligence Estimate 11-6-70, Central Intelligence Agency, March 5, 1970, classified SECRET before redaction and release.
408 FBI Internal Report, from [deleted] to [deleted], Subject “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” May 22, 1979, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 674, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
409 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, October 14, 1970, Folder Page 118143, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
410 Justice Department Memorandum from John F. Doherty, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Internal Security Division, to Director, FBI, “Zalman Mordecai Shapiro,” October 29, 1970, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
411 “Zalman Mordecai Shapiro,” Memorandum by Robert E. Tharp, Deputy Director, AEC Division of Security, for H. C. Donnelly, AEC Albuquerque Operations Office, October 30, 1970.
412 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, November 3, 1970, Folder Page 119018, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
413 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, December 8, 1970, Folder Page 120131, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Seaborg 1993, p. 202-203.
414 “Discussion with Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro,” Memorandum of Record, William T. Riley, Director, AEC Division of Security, December 11, 1970.
415 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, January 21, 1971, Folder Page 121221, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
416 Helms & Hood, p. 438.
417 The Man to See: Edward Bennett Williams Ultimate Insider; Legendary Trial Lawyer, Evan Thomas, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1991.
418 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, January 25, 1971, Folder Page 121242, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congre
ss. “Discussion with Henry Kissinger re Shapiro Case,” Memorandum of Record, William T. Riley, AEC Division of Security, January 26, 1971, Udall Papers, University of AZ Library.
419 Seaborg 1993, p. 204.
420 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, February 12, 1971, Folder Page 122101, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Seaborg 1993, p. 205.
421 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, February 18, 1971, Folder Page 122134, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Seaborg 1993, p. 205.
422 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, February 24, 1971, Folder Page 122183, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
423 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, March 5, 1971, Folder Page 123075, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
424 AEC Letter, William T. Riley, Director, Division of Security to Honorable J. Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI enclosing March 4, 1971 Interview of [Redacted of Kawecki-Berylco Inc.], March 11, 1971.
425 FBI Letter from John Edgar Hoover, Director, to William T. Riley, AEC Director Division of Security, March 16, 1971, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 498, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release. FBI Memorandum from SAC Philadelphia to Director, (subject redacted), September 28, 1971, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 510, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
426 Seaborg 1993, p. 206-207.
427 Letter from Zalman M. Shapiro, Westinghouse Power Systems, to AEC Commissioner James Ramey, June 1, 1971, Udall Papers, University of AZ Library.
428 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, October 10, 1971, Folder Page 130026, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
429 Helms and Hood, p. 11.
430 Helms and Hood, p. 409-412; Powers, p. 299-302.
431 Garthoff, p. 82; Powers, p. 321; Weiner, p. 363.
432 Riebling, p. 246-247 and 317.
433 “Special Safeguards Study,” David M. Rosenbaum, John N. Googin, Robert M. Jefferson, Daniel J. Kleitman, and William C. Sullivan, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, April 1974.
434 Articles of Impeachment Adopted by the Committee on the Judiciary, Article 1, July 27, 1974.
435 “Prospects for Further Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” CIA Special national Intelligence Estimate, SNIE 4-1-74, August 23, 1974, labeled Top Secret before redaction and release.
436 “CIA Said in 1974 Israel Had A-bombs: Secret Study Asserted Uranium Used for Weapons Was Obtained by Clandestine Means.” David Burnham, New York Times, June 27, 1978. “CIA’s Top-Secret ‘Mistake’ on Israel and the Bomb,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, January 28, 1978; Weissman and Krosney, p. 108.
437 Tom Cochran, personal communication, January 25, 2016.
438 Riebling, p. 323-324; Weiner, p. 389-390; “Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents During Nixon Years,” Seymour Hersh, New York Times, December 22, 1974, p. 1. “President Tells Colby to Speed Report on CIA,” Seymour Hersh, New York Times, December 24, 1974, p. 43. “3 More Aides Quit in CIA Shake-Up,” Seymour Hersh, New York Times, December 30, 1974, p. 51. “The Angleton Story,” Seymour Hersh, New York Times Magazine, June 25,1978.
439 Helms and Hood, p. 426-427.
440 “Memorandum for the File: CIA Matters,” James A. Wilderotter, Associate Deputy Attorney General, January 3, 1975, Classified SECRET before release from the Gerald Ford Library.
441 Weiner, p. 390-393.
442 “CIA Releases Files On Past Misdeeds: Assassination Plots, Domestic Spying Cited,” Karen DeYoung and Walter Pincus, Washington Post, June 27, 2007; “Family Jewels,” National Security Archive, George Washington University.
443 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1,1979.
444 Letter from Kevin D. Rooney, Assistant Attorney General for Administration to Honorable Abraham Ribicoff, Chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, March 22, 1979, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 688, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
445 “Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Request for Briefing Concerning Diversion of Nuclear Materials,” from Legal Counsel to J.B. Adams, Department of Justice, March 9,1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 515, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
446 Hersh, p. 248.
447 “Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Request for Briefing Concerning Diversion of Nuclear Materials,” from Legal Counsel to J.B. Adams, Department of Justice, March 9,1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 515, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
448 Weissman and Krosney, p. 109. Cockburn, p. 93-94. Hersh, p. 239-240, 261. “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1, 1979.
449 “How Israel Got the Bomb,” Time, April 12,1976.
450 “Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC),” Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence, from Carl E. Duckett, Deputy Director for Science and Technology, March 11, 1976, classified SECRET SENSITIVE before redaction and release.
451 “Possible Diversion of Weapons Grade Nuclear Materials to Israel by Officials of the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation (NUMEC).” CIA Memorandum for the Record, probably written by John Hadden, March 9, 1972.
452 FBI Letter, from Director, FBI, to The Attorney General, (subject redacted), April 22, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 520, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
453 “Possible Violation of Criminal Statutes,” memorandum from Attorney General Edward H. Levi to President Gerald Ford, April 22, 1976, an attachment from FBI was labeled SECRET before redaction and release. Victor Gilinsky interpreted this memorandum in a letter to the editor of Arms Control Today, June 2008.
454 FBI Memorandum, from Legal Counsel, to J. B. Adams, (subject redacted), April 27, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 539, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.
455 FBI Letter, from Director, FBI, to Attorney General, (subject redacted), April 27, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 522, classification level not labeled but entire document redacted before release.
456 FBI Memorandum from Legal Counsel to Mr. J. B. Adams, (subject redacted), April 29, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 523, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.
457 “The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford,” The White House, May 7, 1976, available on October 23, 2015 at www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov.
458 Department of Justice Memorandum from John C. Keeney, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, to Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, (subject redacted), April (unclear), 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 529, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
459 FBI NITEL from SAC, Washington Field Office to Director, FBI, DIVERT, May 4, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 525, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.
460 FBI Memorandum from V. V. Kolombatovic to T. W. Leavitt, (subject redacted), May 4, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 533, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
461 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1, 1979.
462 Fred Crane, NRC Division of Safeguards, told NRC investigators on January 12, 1978 that NSC staffers who reviewed the 1977 MUF report of ERDA and NRC were Benjamin Huberman, J. Marcum and Jessica Tuchman, see McTiernan report, p. 117.
463 FBI Investigative Report, by Washington Field Office, DIVERT, May 14, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 557, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.
464 FBI minutes of May 3, 1976 meeting, Robert E. Tharpe, Deputy Director of Safeguards and Security, Energy Research and Development Admini
stration, May 14, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 557, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release. AEC Letter, from R. L. Hollingsworth (AEC General Manager) to John T. Conway (JCAE Executive Director), February 14, 1966.
465 FBI Report, “Atomic Energy Act, Obstruction of Justice,” Special Agent (redacted), November 9, 1979, p. 30, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document not numbered, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.
466 FBI minutes of meeting, with Ralph G. Page, Deputy Director, Division of Safeguards, NRC, May 14, 1976, p. 26, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 557, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.
467 FBI Report, Washington Field Office, “Zalman Mordecai Shapiro,” SAC [redacted], Bureau File #117-2564, May 14, 1976, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.
468 FBI Teletype, from SAC, WFO, to Director, FBI, “Divert,” May 13, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 568, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
469 FBI Report, Washington Field Office, “Zalman Mordecai Shapiro,” SAC [redacted], June 8, 1976, labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release. Twenty-five of the twenty-eight pages in this document remained completely redacted in its 2009 release by the FBI pursuant to an FOIA request.
470 Justice Department Memorandum to Director FBI from Legal Counsel, Title redacted, December 7, 1978, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 672, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
471 FBI Teletype, from SAC, WFO, to Director, FBI, “Divert,” May 18, 1976, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 562, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.
472 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, Interview of James Conran, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978, p. 223-226.
473 “Report on Safeguards,” Memorandum for Brent Scowcroft from David Elliott, National Security Council, May 17, 1976, Classified Confidential/GDS before release by the Gerald R. Ford Library.
Stealing the Atom Bomb: How Denial and Deception Armed Israel Page 46