Stealing the Atom Bomb: How Denial and Deception Armed Israel

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Stealing the Atom Bomb: How Denial and Deception Armed Israel Page 49

by Roger Mattson


  687 Letter from Zalman M. Shapiro to Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Associate Director, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, April 13, 1993, Reproduced from the Collections of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

  688 “NUMEC Made Significant Advancements,” Valley News Dispatch, a publication of Trib Total Media, August 28, 2002.

  689 NRC Letter, from Robert F. Burnett, Director Division of Safeguards, NRC, to (Redacted), Federal Bureau of Investigation, May 19, 1982, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 759, unclassified before redaction and release.

  690 “Highly Enriched Uranium: Striking a Balance, A Historical Report on the United States Highly Enriched Uranium Production, Acquisition and Utilization Activities from 1945 through September 30, 1996,” U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Revision 1, January 2001 (declassified January 2006).

  691 Hersh, p. 257. Seaborg 2001, p. 222.

  692 Seaborg, 2001, p. 219

  693 “A Safeguards Case Study of the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation Uranium Processing Plant, Apollo, Pennsylvania,” W. Altman, J. Hockert, and E. Quinn, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0627, January 1980.

  694 “A-Bomb Materials Difficult to Protect,” John J. Fialka, Washington Star, June 12, 1979.

  695 Seaborg, 2001, p. 219

  696 Seaborg, 1993, p. 209.

  697 FBI Letter from John Edgar Hoover, Director to William T. Riley, Director of AEC Security Division, “Dr. Zalman Mordecai Shapiro: Internal Security – Israel, Atomic Energy Act,” September 3, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 448, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  698 Seaborg, 1993, p. 193, 199; Seaborg 2001, p. 218. [Subject Redacted] Letter from John Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI, to William T. Riley, Director, AEC Division of Security, February 18, 1969, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document number 305, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  699 AEC letter from William T. Riley, Director, Division of Security, to J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, October 2, 1969, FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 457, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  700 Office Diary of Glenn T. Seaborg, Chr. USAEC, 1961-72, January 21, 1971, Folder Page 121221, Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

  701 “NUMEC Investigation,” Memorandum to Attorney General from Frederick D. Baron, April 25, 1979.

  702 “ABC Documentary on Nuclear Proliferation,” Memorandum from HM [Henry Myers] to MKU [Morris Udall], November 14, 1980, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  703 “Subject Redacted,” Memorandum from FBI Legal Counsel to Director, December 7, 1978, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, document 672, labeled CONFIDENTIAL before redaction and release.

  704 “How Israel Got the Bomb,” Howard Kohn and Barbara Newman, News and Opinion, Rolling Stone, December 1, 1977.

  705 Walker, 1992, p. 227.

  706 NRC Letter, Joseph M. Hendrie to Morris K. Udall, December 10, 1977, attaching letter from Lee V. Gossick to Chairman Hendrie, December 1, 1977.

  707 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1, 1979.

  708 Untitled Memorandum from HM [Henry Myers] to MKU [Morris Udall], August 6, 1979, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  709 “The real source of Israel’s first fissile material (Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation),” Henry Myers, Letter to the Editor, Arms Control Today, October 1,2007.

  710 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, The Washington Monthly, January 1, 1979.

  711 “Inquiry into the Testimony of the Executive Director for Operations,” Volume III Interviews, NRC Offices of General Counsel and Inspector and Auditor, February 1978.

  712 “Meeting with the NRC,” CIA Memorandum for the Record, February 3, 1978, probably written by the ADDO, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  713 “Nuclear Diversion in the U.S.? 13 Years of Contradiction and Confusion,” Report by the Comptroller General of the United States, December 18, 1978, labeled SECRET before redaction and release.

  714 “Panorama on Israel,” Transcript of a BBC television program discussing Israel’s acquisition of the bomb, June 26, 1979.

  715 Hersh, p. 288.

  716 Hersh, p. 243.

  717 FBI report “Atomic Energy Act; Obstruction of Justice,” name of special agent redacted, FBI FOIA File No. 117-2564, November 9, 1979, Labeled TOP SECRET before redaction and release.

  718 Letter from Zalman M. Shapiro to Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Associate Director, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, April 13, 1993, Reproduced from the Collections of the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

  719 Seaborg 1993.

  720 Papers of Seaborg Biographer Benjamin Loeb, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, May 20, 1991 Box 7, Folder 12.

  721 Letter from Arlen Specter, United States Senate, to Ms. Rebecca Schmidt, Director, Office of Congressional Affairs, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August 27, 2009, attaching letter “re Dr. Zalman M. Shapiro,” from Hadrian R. Katz, Arnold & Porter LLP, to the Honorable Arlen Specter, United States Senate, August 7, 2009.

  722 Letter from R.W. Borchardt, NRC Executive Director for Operations, to The Honorable Arlen Specter, United States Senator, November 2, 2009.

  723 “Revisiting the NUMEC Affair,” Victor Gilinsky and Roger J. Mattson, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 2010.

  724 “What’s History and What’s Not,” Foreign Policy Blogs Network, June 4, 2010.

  725 “Israel’s Bomb,” The New York Review of Books, Volume 51 Number 8, Victor Gilinsky, May 13, 2004.

  726 Avner Cohen, personal communication, January 26, 2016.

  727 Cohen 2010, p. 8.

  728 Reed and Stillman, p. 118.

  729 Thomas C. Reed, personal communication, March 31, 2010.

  730 Peter Stockton interview, February 18, 2013.

  731 “What Lies Beneath,” Foreign Policy, Scott Johnson, March 23, 2015.

  732 Thomas, p. 90-96

  733 “U.S. Suspected Israeli Involvement in 1960s Missing Uranium: Officials Believed Ally Used Materials Lifted from Pennsylvania Toward a Weapons Program,” John R. Emshwiller, Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2014.

  734 Hersh, p. 188-189.

  735 “Israeli General Pleads Guilty in Bribery Case,” Joel Brinkley, New York Times, March 19, 1991.

  736 Peter Stockton, personal communication, February 23, 2009.

  737 “What Lies Beneath,” Foreign Policy, Scott Johnson, March 23,2015.

  738 John Emshwiller, personal communication, September 14, 2010

  739 “The spymaster’s tale,” Patricia Golan, Jerusalem Post, October 3, 2015.

  740 Avner Cohen, personal communication, January 26, 2016.

  741 A letter in the papers of John L. Hadden. Hadden cut the addressee and the signature from this copy of the original letter. From tone and context, Hadden probably wrote the letter to Morris Udall, John Dingell or both in late 1978.

  742 “The American Connection: How Israel Got the Bomb,” John Fialka, Washington Monthly, January 1,1979.

  743 “How Will the Nuclear Weapons Story End?” Victor Gilinsky, The 10th PIIC Beijing Seminar on International Security, Xiamen, September 24-29, 2006.

  744 Freeh, p. 190-191.

  745 “Critical Technology Assessment in Israel and NATO Nations,” Institute for Defense Analysis Report M-317, Edwin S. Townsley and Clarence A. Robinson, April 1987. “Revealing Israel’s Nuclear Secrets,” Forward Association Daily Newsletter, Michael Karpin, March 25, 2015.

  746 Mearsheimer and Walt, p. 36.

  747 Sokolski, p. 68.

  748 “Israel delighted as UN watchdog votes down resolution on nuclear program,” Times of Israel, September 17, 2015.

  749 “Army Corps says nuclear cleanup of former NUMEC site in
western Pennsylvania now $350 million,” Associated Press, January 5, 2015.

  750 Letter from Patricia M. Wald, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs, to Honorable Morris K. Udall, Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, June 28, 1978, University of Arizona, Special Collections Library, papers of Morris Udall, MS 325.

  751 “Edwin E. Kintner, Nuclear Power Pioneer, Dies at 90,” Niko Koppel, New York Times, May 20, 2010.

  752 “Phone Interview with Edwin Kintner,” January 20, 1994, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Avner Cohen collection, accessed December 27, 2015 at http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116880.

  753 “The Case for a Truth Commission,” Patrick Leahy, Time, March 2, 2009.

  754 “Israel Crosses the Threshold,” Avner Cohen and William Burr, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006.

 

 

 


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