27. Thomas Love Peacock, Nightmare Abbey (London, 1818).
28. Samuel Butler, The Notebooks of Samuel Butler, ed. Henry Festing Jones (London, 1921).
29. P.N. Furbank, Diderot (London, 1992).
30. Peter Ackroyd, Dickens (London, 1991).
31. Paul Turner, Tennyson (London, 1976).
32. Charles R. Saunders, “Carlyle and Tennyson”, PMLA 76 (March 1961), London.
33. Ralph Wilson Rader, Tennyson’s Maud: The Biographical Genesis (Berkeley & Los Angeles, 1963).
34. Charles Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson (London, 1950).
35. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Topical Notebooks, ed. Ronald A. Bosco (New York & London, 1993).
36. Kevin Jackson, review of Peter Ackroyd’s lecture “London Luminaries and Cockney Visionaries” at the Victoria and Albert Museum, in The Independent, London, Dec. 9, 1993.
37. Ackroyd, Dickens.
38. Richard Ellman, James Joyce, rev. ed. (London, 1982).
39. Dámaso Alonso, “Las conferencias”, in Insula 75, Mar. 15, 1952, Madrid.
40. Stephen Jay Gould, The Panda’s Thumb (New York, 1989).
THE TRANSLATOR AS READER
1. Rainer Maria Rilke, letter to Mimi Romanelli, May 11, 1911, in Briefe 1907–1914 (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1933).
2. Louise Labé, Oeuvres poétiques, ed. Françoise Charpentier (Paris, 1983).
3. Carl Jacob Burckhardt, Ein Vormittag beim Buchhandler (Basel, 1944).
4. Racine’s poem, a translation of only the second half of Psalm 36, begins, “Grand Dieu, qui vis les cieux se former sans matière”.
5. Quoted in Donald Prater, A Ringing Glass: The Life of Rainer Maria Rilke (Oxford, 1986).
6. Alta Lind Cook, Sonnets of Louise Labé (Toronto, 1950).
7. Labé, Oeuvres poétiques.
8. Rainer Maria Rilke, “Narcissus”, in Sämtliche Werke, ed. Rilke-Archiv (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1955–57).
9. Quoted in Prater, A Ringing Glass.
10. Natalie Zemon Davis, “Le Monde de l’imprimerie humaniste: Lyon”, in Histoire de l’édition française, I (Paris, 1982).
11. George Steiner, After Babel (Oxford, 1973).
12. Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven & London, 1979).
13. D.E. Luscombe, The School of Peter Abelard: The Influence of Abelard’s Thought in the Early Scholastic Period (Cambridge, 1969).
14. Quoted in Olga S. Opfell, The King James Bible Translators (Jefferson, N.C., 1982).
15. Ibid.
16. Quoted ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Rudyard Kipling, “Proofs of Holy Writ”, in The Complete Works of Rudyard Kipling, “Uncollected Items”, Vol. XXX, Sussex Edition (London, 1939).
19. Alexander von Humboldt, Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlischen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts, quoted in Umberto Eco, La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta (Rome & Bari, 1993).
20. De Man, Allegories of Reading.
FORBIDDEN READING
1. James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, ed. John Wain (London, 1973).
2. T.B. Macaulay, The History of England, 5 vols. (London, 1849–61).
3. Charles was nevertheless viewed as a worthy king by most of his subjects, who believed that his small vices corrected his greater ones. John Aubrey tells of a certain Arise Evans who “had a fungous Nose, and said it was revealed to him, that the King’s Hand would Cure him: And at the first coming of King Charles II into St. James’s Park, he kiss’d the King’s Hand, and rubbed his Nose with it; which disturbed the King, but Cured him”: John Aubrey, Miscellanies, in Three Prose Works, ed. John Buchanan-Brown (Oxford, 1972).
4. Antonia Fraser, Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration (London, 1979).
5. Janet Duitsman Cornelius, When I Can Read My Title Clear: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South (Columbia, S.C., 1991).
6. Quoted ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford, Conn., 1881).
11. Quoted in Duitsman Cornelius, When I Can Read My Title Clear.
12. Peter Handke, Kaspar (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1967).
13. Voltaire, “De l’Horrible Danger de la Lecture”, in Mémoires, Suivis de Mélanges divers et precédés de “Voltaire Démiurge” par Paul Souday (Paris, 1927).
14. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Dichtung und Wahrheit (Stuttgart, 1986), IV: I.
15. Margaret Horsfield, “The Burning Books” on “Ideas”, CBC Radio Toronto, broadcast Apr. 23, 1990.
16. Quoted in Heywood Broun & Margaret Leech, Anthony Comstock: Roundsman of the Lord (New York, 1927).
17. Charles Gallaudet Trumbull, Anthony Comstock, Fighter (New York, 1913).
18. Quoted in Broun & Leech, Anthony Comstock.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. H.L. Mencken, “Puritanism as a Literary Force”, in A Book of Prefaces (New York, 1917).
23. Jacques Dars, Introduction to En Mouchant la chandelle (Paris, 1986).
24. Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, II, 7 (Paris, 1857).
25. Edmund Gosse, Father and Son (London, 1907).
26. Ibid.
27. Joan DelFattore, What Johnny Shouldn’t Read: Textbook Censorship in America (New Haven & London, 1992).
28. Quoted from The Times of London, Jan. 4, 1978, reprinted in Nick Caistor’s Foreword to Nunca Más: A Report by Argentina’s National Commission on Disappeared People (London, 1986).
29. In Nunca Más.
THE BOOK FOOL
1. Patrick Trevor-Roper, The World through Blunted Sight (London, 1988).
2. Jorge Luis Borges, “Poema de los dones”, in El Hacedor (Buenos Aires, 1960).
3. Royal Ontario Museum, Books of the Middle Ages (Toronto, 1950).
4. Trevor-Roper, The World through Blunted Sight.
5. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, ed. D.E. Eichholz (Cambridge, Mass., & London, 1972), Book XXXVII: 16.
6. A. Bourgeois, Les Bésicles de nos ancêtres (Paris, 1923) (Bourgeois gives no day or month, and the wrong year). See also Edward Rosen, “The Invention of Eyeglasses”, in The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 11 (1956).
7. Redi, Lettera sopra l’invenzione degli occhiali di nazo (Florence, 1648).
8. Rosen, “The Invention of Eyeglasses”.
9. Rudyard Kipling, “The Eye of Allah”, in Debits and Credits (London, 1926).
10. Roger Bacon, Opus maius, ed. S. Jebb (London, 1750).
11. René Descartes, Traité des passions (Paris, 1649).
12. W. Poulet, Atlas on the History of Spectacles, Vol. II (Godesberg, 1980).
13. Hugh Orr, An Illustrated History of Early Antique Spectacles (Kent, 1985).
14. E.R. Curtius, quoting F. Messerschmidt, Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft (Berlin, 1931), notes that the Etruscans did, however, represent several of their gods as scribes or readers.
15. Charles Schmidt, Histoire littéraire de l’ Alsace (Strasbourg, 1879).
16. Sebastian Brant, Das Narrenschiff, ed. Friedrich Zarncke (Leipzig, 1854).
17. Geiler von Kaysersberg, Nauicula siue speculum fatuorum (Strasbourg, 1510).
18. Seneca, “De tranquillitate”, in Moral Essays, ed. R.M. Gummere (Cambridge, Mass., & London, 1955).
19. Ibid.
20. John Donne, “The Extasie”, in The Complete English Poems, ed. C.A. Patrides (New York, 1985).
21. Gérard de Nerval, “Sylvie, souvenirs du Valois”, in Autres chimères (Paris, 1854).
22. Thomas Carlyle, “The Hero As Man of Letters”, in Selected Writings, ed. Alan Shelston (London, 1971).
23. Jorge Manrique, “Coplas a la muerte de su padre”, in Poesías, ed. F. Benelcarría (Madrid, 1952).
24. Seneca, “De vita beata”, in Moral Essays.
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br /> 25. John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939 (London, 1992).
26. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (London, 1932). To be fair to Arnold, his argument continues: “but we are for the transformation of each and all of these according to the law of perfection.”
27. Aldous Huxley, “On the Charms of History”, in Music at Night (London, 1931).
28. Thomas Hardy, writing in 1887, quoted in Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses.
29. Sigmund Freud, “Writers and Day-Dreaming”, in Art and Literature, Vol. 14 of the Pelican Freud Library, trans. James Strachey (London, 1985).
30. And even Don Quixote is not entirely lost in fiction. When he and Sancho mount the wooden horse, convinced that it is the flying steed Clavileño, and the incredulous Sancho wants to take off the kerchief that covers his eyes in order to see if they are really up in the air and near the sun, Don Quixote orders him not to do so. Fiction would be destroyed by prosaic proof. (Don Quixote, II, 41.) The suspension of disbelief, as Coleridge rightly pointed out, must be willing; beyond that willingness lies madness.
31. Rebecca West, “The Strange Necessity”, in Rebecca West — A Celebration (New York, 1978).
ENDPAPER PAGES
1. Ernest Hemingway, “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”, in The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories (New York, 1927).
2. Rainer Maria Rilke, Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge, ed. Erich Heller (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1986).
3. Richard de Bury, The Philobiblon, ed. & trans. Ernest C. Thomas (London, 1888).
4. Virginia Woolf, “How Should One Read a Book?”, in The Common Reader, second series (London, 1932).
5. Gerontius, Vita Melaniae Janioris, trans. & ed. Elizabeth A. Clark (New York & Toronto, 1984).
6. Jonathan Rose, “Rereading the English Common Reader: A preface to a History of Audiences”, in the Journal of the History of Ideas, 1992.
7. Robert Irwin, The Arabian Nights: A Companion (London, 1994).
8. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, 2 vols., ed. Celina S. de Cortázar & Isaías Lerner (Buenos Aires, 1969).
9. Marcel Proust, Journées de lecture, ed. Alain Coelho (Paris, 1993).
10. Michel Butor, La Modification (Paris, 1957).
11. Wolfgang Kayser, Das Sprachliche Kunstwerk (Leipzig, 1948).
12. Quoted in Thomas Boyle, Black Swine in the Sewers of Hampstead: Beneath the Surface of Victorian Sensationalism (New York, 1989).
13. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey (London, 1818), XXV.
14. Graham Balfour, The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, 2 vols. (London, 1901).
15. “Perhaps improperly so,” comments Professor Simone Vauthier, of the University of Strasbourg, in a review of the book. “One would rather have expected the ‘King Shahryar Syndrome’ or if, following American novelist John Barth, we pay attention to Sheherazade’s other listener, her younger sister, ‘The Dunyazade Syndrome’.”
16. John Wells, Rude Words: A Discursive History of the London Library (London, 1991).
17. Marc-Alain Ouaknin, Bibliothérapie: Lire, c’est guérir (Paris, 1994).
18. Robert Coover, “The End of Books”, in The New York Times, June 21, 1992.
PLATE
CREDITS
p1.1 Musée d’Orsay, Paris. © photo R.M.N.; top middle: Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster/R. Wakonigg. Dauerleihgabe der Gesellschaft für westfälische Kulturarbeit; top right: photo Scala, Florence; middle left: Bayer.Staatsgemäldesammlungen — Schack-Galerie Munich; middle: Library of the Topkapi Sarayi Muzesi, Istanbul; middle right: Musée de Unterlinden, Colmar. Photo O. Zimmermann; bottom left: Musée du Louvre, Paris. © photo R.M.N; bottom middle: reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees, The National Gallery, London (detail); bottom right: Öffentliche Bibliothek der Universität Basel.
1.1 Francis Bartlett Donation of 1912 and Picture Fund. Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, (detail); top middle: by kind permission of Korea National Tourism Corporation, London Office; top right: © colour photograph by Judges Postcards Ltd, Hastings; bottom left: Musée de la Ville de Strasbourg; bottom middle: Dickens House Museum, London; bottom right: Author’s collection.
1.2 Musée du Louvre, Paris. © photo R.M.N; middle: photo by Eduardo Comesaña; right: Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe (detail).
1.3 Courtesy of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
1.4 Jewish National & University Library, Jerusalem.
p2.1 © Roland Michaud from the John Hillelson Agency.
2.1 Photograph J. Oates.
2.2 Wellcome Institute Library, London.
2.3 The Royal Collection © 1995 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.
2.4 Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul.
2.5 Marcus E. Raichle MD, Washington University School of Medicine.
2.6 © Bibliothèque Royale Albert ler, Brussels. Ms 10791 fol.2r.
3.1 Photo Scala, Florence.
3.2 National Archaeological Museum, Athens. No. 1260 (detail).
3.3 Mary Evans Picture Library.
3.4 Louvre, Paris. © photo R.M.N.
4.1 Photo Scala, Florence.
4.2 Chadwyck-Healey Ltd, Cambridge.
4.3 © cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
4.4 Humanist Library, Sélestat.
5.1 © Collection Viollet; right: Musée lorrain, Nancy, cliché Mangin.
5.2 left & right: Humanist Library, Sélestat.
5.3 top: Musée de Cluny, Paris. © photo R.M.N
5.4 Musée de Cluny, Paris, © photo R.M.N.
5.5 Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel, Kunstmuseum. Photo: Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel, Martin Bühler, (detail).
5.6 © cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
5.7 Library of Congress LC-USZ 62-78985.
5.8 Humanist Library, Sélestat.
5.9 Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin.
6.1 Photo Scala, Florence.
6.2 National Gallery of Prague.
6.3 Franco Maria Ricci.
7.1 Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
7.2 Copyright IRPA-KIK, Brussels, (detail).
7.3 Photograph Alinari-Giraudon.
7.4 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
7.5 Das Gleimhaus, Halberstadt, Germany.
7.6 TBWA/V & S Vin & Sprit AB.
7.7 Swiss National Museum, Zürich. Inv.Nr.LM7211, Neg Nr.11308.
7.8 Schnütgen-Museum, Cologne/Rheinisches Bildarchiv, Cologne.
7.9 © Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Archives Seuil.
8.1 Library of Congress LC-USZ 65011.
8.2 Key West Art & Historical Society.
8.3 Archives of the Abbey of Monte-Cassino, Italy/G. Dagli Orti, Paris.
8.4 Musée Condé, Chantilly/Lauros-Giraudon.
8.5 Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice. Photo Toso.
9.1 Author’s collection.
9.2 By permission of The British Library Add Ms. 63493, f.112v.
9.3 Stiftsbibliothek St Gallen, Switzerland
9.4By courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum.
9.5 By courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum.
9.6 Mary Evans Picture Library/Institution of Civil Engineers.
9.7 Author’s collection.
9.8 By permission of The British Library G.9260.
9.9 By permission of the British Library IB24504.
9.10 by permission of The Folger Shakespeare Library
9.11Courtesy of the Royal Ontario Museum.
9.12 © cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
9.13 Mary Evans Picture Library.
9.14 WH Smith Ltd.
9.15 Penguin Books
9.16© cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
9.17 Courtesy of the Fogg Art Museum. Harvard University Art Museums, Bequest of James P.
Warburg.
9.18 Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
9.19 By permission of The British Library, NL.Tab.2
9.20Associated Press
9.21© The Dakhleh Oasis Project. Photo Alan Hollet.
9.22 Photo Jean-Loup Charmet.
10.1 AKG, London/Erich Lessing.
10.2 National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden.
10.3 Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris. Photo Jean-Loup Charmet.
10.4 By courtesy of the Board of Trustees of the Victoria & Albert Museum.
10.5 Paris-Match/Walter Carone.
10.6 Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
11.1 Library of Congress LC-USZ62-70956.
11.2 By permission of The British Library LR413G1 798(31).
11.3 Mary Evans Picture Library.
p3.1 © Iraq Museum, Baghdad; courtesy J. Oates.
12.1 (both): copyright British Museum.
12.2 Bibliothèque Nationale/ photo © Collection Viollet.
13.1 Mary Evans Picture Library.
13.2 Author’s collection.
13.3 © cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
13.4 Mary Evans Picture Library.
13.5 Giraudon.
13.6 AKG, London.
14.1 By permission of The British Library IB9110.
14.2 © Estate of André Kertész.
15.1 Photo Scala, Florence.
15.2 Photo Scala, Florence.
15.3 © Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels. Ms IV.111 fol.13r.
15.4 Museo del Prado, Madrid.
15.5 Sygma.
15.6 Copyright British Museum.
16.1 Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris/Jean-Loup Charmet.
16.2 Kyoto National Museum.
16.3 Éditions Tallandier Photothèque, Paris.
17.1 AKG, London.
18.1 The Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
18.2 The Dickens House Museum, London.
18.3 Rilke Archive, Gernsbach, Germany.
19.1 © cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.
19.2 By permission of The British Library C 35 L 13(1).
19.3 Detail of “Aunt Betsy’s cabin in Aiken, South Carolina”, photograph attributed to J.A. Palmer, 1876. Collection of The New York Historical Society.
A History of Reading Page 37