81. “The Negro Spirit,” Charleston (SC) News, reprinted in New York Times (July 21, 1876), 2.
82. Carl Schurz, “Hayes versus Tilden,” August 31, 1876, http://www.trip.net/~bobwb/schurz/speech/hayesandtilden.html.
83. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, “Some War Scenes Revisited,” Atlantic Monthly 42 (July 1878): 1–9, in Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment and Other Writings (New York: Penguin Books, 1997).
84. D. H. Chamberlain, “Reconstruction and the Negro,” North American Review 128 (February 1879): 161–73.
85. Civil Rights Cases (1883), in Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, October Terms, 1881, 1882, 1883, in 106, 107, 108, 109 U.S. (Rochester, NY: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company, 1886).
86. Washington Lafayette Clayton, Olden Times Revisited: W. L. Clayton’s Pen Pictures, ed. Minrose Gwin (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1982).
87. Lay My Burden Down: A Folk History of Slavery, ed. B. A. Botkin (1945; reprint, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000).
ENDNOTES
1. See Guy Gugliotta, “New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll,” New York Times, April 3, 2012, D1. The 750,000 figure derives from recent research by the demographic historian J. David Hacker. See Hacker’s “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History 57 (December 2011): 307–48. The number of civilian casualties in the war remains understudied and undetermined.
2. Eric Foner, “The Civil War in ‘Postracial’ America,” The Nation, October 10, 2011, 24.
3. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 8:333.
4. Lincoln, “Last Public Address,” April 11, 1865, in ibid., 401, 403.
5. Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston diary, December 16, 1865, in Beth G. Crabtree and James W. Patton, eds., “Journal of a Secesh Lady”: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, 1860–1866 (Raleigh, NC: Division of Archives and History, Department of Cultural Resources, 1979), 721.
6. Steven Hahn, The Political Worlds of Slavery and Freedom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 52–53. Also see 85.
7. John Stauffer, “Fighting the Devil with His Own Fire,” in Andrew Delbanco, The Abolitionist Imagination (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012), 78.
8. In 1963 James P. Shenton edited a volume of more limited scope. See The Reconstruction: A Documentary History: 1865–1877 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1963).
9. Robert D. Reid, review of Walter Lynwood Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, and Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, in Journal of Negro History 35 (October 1950): 455.
10. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
11. Gregory P. Downs, “A Palace That Will Fall upon Them: Reconstruction as a Problem of Occupation,” Reviews in American History 39 (March 2011): 118–26.
12. Foner, Reconstruction, xxii.
13. Ibid., xxiii.
14. For a partial listing, see Eric Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
15. Albion W. Tourgée quoted in Richard Nelson Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 376.
16. Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
17. Edward L. Ayres, “Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction,” in Gary W. Reichard and Ted Dickson, eds., America on the World Stage: A Global Approach to U.S. History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 131.
18. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880 (1935; reprint, New York: Atheneum, 1973), 30.
19. Eric Foner, “Foreword,” in David A. Lincove, comp., Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000), xiii–xiv. Lincove’s work is a definitive reference work, annotating more than 2,900 articles, books, and dissertations on Reconstruction.
20. Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers, xxv.
21. Foner, Reconstruction, 61.
22. James M. McPherson, “In Pursuit of Constitutional Abolitionism,” in Alexander Tsesis, The Promises of Liberty: The History and Contemporary Relevance of the Thirteenth Amendment (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 30.
23. Foner, Reconstruction, 181.
24. Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 240–43.
25. Foner, Reconstruction, 142-43.
26. Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston diary, December 16, 1865, in Crabtree and Patton, eds., “Journal of a Secesh Lady,” 721.
27. Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 158.
28. Stephen Kantrowitz, “Reconstruction Era, 1865–77,” in Michael Kazin, ed., The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 434.
29. Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet, 235.
30. Hans L. Trefousse, Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991), 42-43.
31. Foner, Reconstruction, 230.
32. Ibid., 272.
33. As historian Michael Fitzgerald has made clear, the oft-confusing disfranchisement clause of the Military Reconstruction Acts disqualified from voting only those persons who had held public office before the war and who then sided with the Confederates, along with some high-ranking Confederate officials. Their status remained to be determined by state constitutions that were yet to be revised. According to Fitzgerald: “The Military Reconstruction Acts did not apply the ironclad oath on the whole Southern white electorate. It temporarily excluded from registering and voting for the new constitutions those barred from office under the proposed Fourteenth Amendment.” Fitzgerald notes that contemporaries judged that the act disfranchised roughly between five and ten percent of the South’s white males. See Michael Fitzgerald, “Disunion” Blog on NYTimes.com, February 4, 2011.
34. Hugh Davis, “We Will Be Satisfied with Nothing Less”: The African-American Struggle for Equal Rights in the North During Reconstruction (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 116.
35. Foner, Reconstruction, 277.
36. Nicholas Lemann, “Reversals,” The New Yorker, July 30, 2007, 28.
37. Hahn, The Political Worlds of Slavery and Freedom, 142.
38. Foner, Reconstruction, 421.
39. Ibid., 523.
40. Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet, 312.
41. Trefousse, Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction, 50.
42. William Garrott Brown, review of James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule in the South in 1877, in American Historical Review 12 (April 1907), 681.
43. Trefousse, Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction, 50.
44. Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet, 441.
45. Kantrowitz, “Reconstruction Era, 1865–77,” 434.
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A Just and Lasting Peace: A Documentary History of Reconstruction Page 66