105 drilled discretion John Melby Oral History, GCMRL; Stilwell’s great sin Marshall interviews, 605; “I am carefully refraining” Papers Vol. 5, 432; State Department spokesman Papers Vol. 5, 399; “frequent leaks” Papers Vol. 5, 435; few trusted reporters George V. Underwood Oral History, GCMRL.
105 “nobody nothing” JM to Hellman, 14 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “all bluffed” JM to Hellman, 25 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
106 “ancient battle” JM to Hellman, 9 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
106 “persuade the Chinese Government” HST to GCM, 14 December 1946, Secretary’s Files 112/7, HST Papers, HSTL; only after Marshall’s arrival Final report 10, and Peck, Two Kinds, 673; Chiang went on New York Times 11 January 1946; “If we remember” CKS speech to PCC opening, 10 January 1946, JM Papers 1, HSTL; Zhou followed Wilson, Zhou, 168; “going full blast” Melby, Mandate, 91.
106 landlord exploitation and warlord domination Frederic Wakeman Jr., Reappraising Republican China, 104; inflation, railways Westad, Decisive, 29; could read Westad, Decisive, 17; in the fields Wakeman, Reappraising, 28; Life expectancy Westad, Decisive, 20.
106 “We can thank” “Extracts from Harry’s letter written at Shanghai, China,” 11 April 1946, P. Frank Price Papers 6, GCMRL; Old Testament Jespersen, American Images, 67.
107 American-educated daughters Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, Vol. 2, 149; “Foreigner” Westad, Cold War, 47; imperious strut Beal, Marshall, 19; “I have never associated” Frank Dikötter, The Age of Openness, 38; Harvard Club White, In Search, 73.
107 “a monopoly” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 568; “Chinese fascism” Melby, Mandate, 162; Blackshirts Wakeman, Reappraising, 148; “Himmler” Gillem to Palmer, 23 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “any time, any place” Wakeman, Spymaster, 4; Wedemeyer decried AW to CKS, 10 January 1946, AW Papers 86/1, Hoover; “Chinese Gestapo” JM to Hellman, 3 November 1945, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
107–108 “thousands of incompetents” AW to GCM, 8 September 1945, GCM Papers 90/22, GCMRL; head of Chiang’s military council Memorandum on Lung, 12 February 1946, GCM Papers 123/15, GCMRL; landowners Belden, China Shakes, 100; “One is faced” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 1351.
108 “flaming revolutionaries” JM to Hellman, 19 December 1945, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
108 “weak and rotten” Eastman, Seeds, 91; “ease and pleasure” Taylor, Generalissimo, 157; “hatred and repugnance” Pakula, Last, 213; “inefficiency and corruption” Taylor, Generalissimo, 99; “If we do not weed” Eastman, Abortive Revolution, 277.
108 “most astute politician” Tuchman, Stilwell, 262; personally corrupt Peck, Two Kinds, 480; ignored abuses Taylor, Generalissimo, 107; “most fundamental problem” Taylor, Generalissimo, 100; envoy from Nazi Germany Eastman, Abortive Revolution, 40.
108 “Considering his background” Evaluation of military situation in China, 20 November 1945, AW Papers 86/4, Hoover.
109 “pull the plug” Paine, Wars, 234; “cut the ground” Qing, From Allies, 61.
109 “If the Nationalist Party” FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 165; “The Communists of course prefer” JM to Hellman, 12 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
109 “who wins” JM to Hellman, 12 November 1945, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
110 “fundamental requirements” Papers Vol. 5, 404; “most powerful thing” GCM Statement to Chinese Editors, 23 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/30, GCMRL; Benjamin Franklin’s speeches New Yorker 16 March 1946, and Time 25 March 1946; “backward and colonial peoples” GCM Encyclopaedia Britannica draft, GCM Papers 123/34, GCMRL.
110 Marshall did not see much he could do Papers Vol. 5, 417; “Marshall needs help” JM to Hellman, 14 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “scrounging around in odd corners” JM to Hellman, 18 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
110 January 22 meeting, bill of rights GCM to HST, 24 January 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
110 “Even the Communists” Ramon H. Myers in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 154; “too tolerant” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2776.
110 pale sunshine JM to Hellman, 20 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; The Communists CKS diary, 23 January 1946; But to Marshall GCM to HST, 24 January 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
111 “a dose of American medicine” GCM to HST, 24 January 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “the Stilwell era” Qin, Chronicles, Vol. 6.1, 2778.
111 “face” Shepley to HST, 26 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/28, GCMRL; message stamped EYES ONLY GCM to HST, 24 January 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
111 “meat ax” Beal, Marshall, 328; “You may state” HST to GCM, 14 December 1946, Secretary’s Files 112/7, HST Papers, HSTL; railroad supplies FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 944; ships FRUS 1945 Vol. 7, 1202; ammunition Papers Vol. 5, 410; incentive for both sides FRUS 1945 Vol. 7, 1203; “huge amount of capital” Qing, From Allies, 68; the only country Hunt, Genesis, 156.
111 half a billion FRUS 1946 Vol. 10, 737; Lend-Lease There had been some disagreement about just how much Washington had committed. U.S. officials thought they were on the hook for equipping 39 divisions. In Cairo, however, Roosevelt had apparently made breezy reference to making that 90 divisions in a meeting with Chiang. Chiang, not unreasonably, took this as a commitment, while FDR had not bothered to make a record or inform anyone else of what he had said. Others present could remember something “vague and loose,” while Chiang took this as yet another broken commitment.
112 bulk of American troops Final report 382–383; some Marines Papers Vol. 5, 423; China’s air force Memo to GCM on Chinese Air Force, AW Papers 82/23, Hoover.
112 Stravinsky Shanghai Municipal Symphony Orchestra Program, 6 January 1946, Paul Caraway Papers, MHI; “Moonlight Sonata” La Ballet Russe Program, 1945–46, Paul Caraway Papers, MHI; “One part is slick” Melby, Mandate, 148; “treacherously Westernized” JHC to Betty Caughey, 4 January 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL.
112 no one was there JHC to Betty Caughey, 28 January 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL; roads slick with mud JM to Hellman, 31 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL.
112–113 assurance Isaacson, Wise Men, 42; Sino-Soviet Treaty Harriman to HST, 14 August 1945, Naval Aide Files 14/8, HST Papers, HSTL; farewell meeting Harriman-Stalin meeting notes, 23 January 1946, GCM Papers 122/46, GCMRL.
113 Kennan memo FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 116–119.
113 “Both his thoughts” CKS diary, 25 January 1946, Hoover; Harriman seemed to share Wehrle in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 82.
113 appeared tense Jeans, Marshall Mission, 76; dining room Jeans, Marshall Mission, 7; said too much CKS diary, 29 January 1946, Hoover.
113–114 eleven Soviet armies Gallicchio, Scramble, 43; 300,000 Soviet troops Heinzig, Soviet Union, 88; he wanted more time Westad, Cold War, 141; stated reason Marshall cables, 31 January 1946, GCM Papers 24/1, GCMRL; mounting protest Summary of telegrams, 21 January 1946, Naval Aide Files 22/1, HST Papers, HSTL.
114 Factories, power plants, and railways Tanner, Battle, 31, 102; appalled Brian Murray, “Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China,” 3; inability to distinguish Tanner, Battle, 31; “capacity to drink” Spector, In the Ruins, 46; “trophies” FRUS 1946, Vol. 10, 1112.
114 “trembling inside” Leffler, Preponderance, 99; vulnerable east Leffler, Preponderance, 88; “showcase” Heinzig, Soviet Union, 53.
114–115 Stalin told them Zhang Suchu in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 57; gave him leverage Westad, “Losses,” 107; would not tolerate Heinzig, Soviet Union, 67; provoke American intervention Heinzig, Soviet Union, 96.
115 offered Stalin Tanner, Battle, 50, and Murray, “Stalin,” 4; “liquidate” Heinzig, Soviet Union, 107; “dominant position” Heinzig, Soviet Union, 112; American troops Heinzig, Soviet Union, 109; Kremlin’s price Tanner, Battle, 39.
115 “vandalism and theft” Harriman, Special, 539.
115–116 at midnight CKS diary, 30 January 1946, Hoover; “He thought” Harriman, Special, 539; cautionary message Wehrle in Bland, George C. Marsha
ll’s, 83.
116 Das Kapital AW to GCM, 3 February 1946, GCM Papers 124/8, GCMRL.
116 Peace was truly Westad, Cold War, 147; Others wondered Niu, From Yan’an, 253; Zhou thought Westad, Cold War, 149.
116 Zhou-GCM conversation GCM to HST, 1 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; Marshall’s aides GCM to HST, 31 January 1946, Secretary’s Files 151/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
116 Mao letter GCM to HST, 1 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
117 “political strife” CKS speech to PCC closing, 31 January 1946, JM Papers 1, HSTL; “a charter” Marshall cables, 5 February 1946, GCM Papers 24/2, GCMRL; “big political gains” Marshall cables, 2 February 1946, GCM Papers 24/2, GCMRL; “national leadership” Taylor, Generalissimo, 342.
117 “true and great friend” Student Organizations to GCM, 31 January 1946, GCM Papers 122/23, GCMRL; “no longer any doubt” New York Times 2 February 1946; Lippmann Los Angeles Times 7 February 1946.
117–118 He detected. . . . what they were CKS diary, 2 February 1946, Hoover; “bonding” CKS diary, 9 February 1946, Hoover; might retire Washington Post 6 February 1946; George Washington Marshall cables, 7 February 1946, GCM Papers 24/2, GCMRL.
118 “current situation” Niu, From Yan’an, 254; dictates Saich, Rise, 1278; closed-doorism Saich, Rise, 1280; “not only represents” Sheng, Battling, 124.
118 Communist officials ordered Sheng, Battling, 123; “this new stage” Westad, Cold War, 148; “isolate” Qing, From Allies, 79; “our party” Saich, Rise, 1280; Mao himself sent instructions Westad, Cold War, 148.
118 “China has stepped” Sheng, Battling, 126; buoyantly Short, Mao, 404; “indelible contribution” He in Bland, George C. Marshall’s, 186; Liu Shaoqi Ariyoshi Yenan Observer Group memo, 3 February 1946, JM Papers 1, HSTL; CCP started making plans Sheng, Battling, 125–126.
118–119 message in Harriman’s Papers Vol. 5, 440; “words, words, words” JM to Hellman, 31 January 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “I do not now” GCM to Acheson, 5 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/3, GCMRL.
119 skies were clearing Melby, Mandate, 103; “It looks as if” HST to GCM, 2 February 1946, Secretary’s Files 160/10, HST Papers, HSTL.
119 “unity out of chaos” KTM to McCarthy, Frank McCarthy Papers, GCMRL.
119 outrage in Chongqing Heinzig, Soviet Union, 59.
119–120 small price Harriman, Special, 399; military assessment Stoler, George C. Marshall, 137–138; stay a surprise Harriman to HST, 15 June 1945, Naval Aide Files 14/7, HST Papers, HSTL; Stalin did not Chen, Mao’s, 25.
120 “American diplomacy” Mitter, Forgotten, 355; “maximum sacrifice” William C. Kirby, “The Internationalization of China,” 439; “ache in the joints” Niu, From Yan’an, 203.
120 “Down with imperialism” New York Times 23 February 1946; signs Sheng, Battling, 131; Mobs New York Times 23 February 1946; Nationalist toughs Taylor, Generalissimo, 344.
120 Marshall update GCM to HST, 9 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
121 sun, plum trees Melby, Mandate, 102; “Things today” GCM to Acheson, 5 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/3, GCMRL; General Chang Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, Vol. 1, 41; intrigue Seymour Topping, Journey Between Two Chinas, 53; matchmaker FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 196.
121 “Political power” Short, Mao, 203; “Our armies” New York Times 16 December 1946; “If I control” Pakula, Last, 133; “tiger for his skin” Heinzig, Soviet Union, 115; “pure illusion” Melby, Mandate, 116.
121–122 Other officers Papers Vol. 5, 440; Wedemeyer plotted FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 192; “digestible” Henry Byroade Oral History, GCMRL; three million Military intelligence review, 28 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 17/1, HST Papers, HSTL; one million Military intelligence review, 14 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 17/1, HST Papers, HSTL.
122 “You are accepting” Papers Vol. 5, 480.
122 frivolous chatter JHC to Betty Caughey, 12 February 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL; “the Professor” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 311; party JHC to Betty Caughey, 19 February 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL.
122 table JHC to Betty Caughey, 23 February 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL; “war of papers” Committee of Three minutes, 10 January 1946, Marshall Mission Records 19, NARA; they would start JHC to Betty Caughey, 23 February 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL; Translation JHC to Betty Caughey, 23 February 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL; write letters Jeans, Marshall Mission, 124; “long and extremely delicate” GCM to Andrews, 14 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/4, GCMRL; they would break JHC to Betty Caughey, 23 February 1946, JHC Papers 2/7, GCMRL.
123 “a definite paper” Papers Vol. 5, 604; “the quickest way” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 258; Some recommendations FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 222; “That is the way” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 288; American military thought FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 203; “education in this” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 323.
123 pleasant afternoon JM to Hellman, 18 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “You as umpire” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 254; “We must fully realize” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 238.
123 “gestures,” “personality” Davies, China Hand, 218; sixteen-hour days, “anything new” Han, Eldest, 191; “General Motors” George V. Underwood Oral History, GCMRL.
123–124 any delay Papers Vol. 5, 462; “elementary school” GCM to MacArthur, 22 February 1946, Marshall Mission Records 11, NARA.
124 “loss of face” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 786; “unorganized swarms” Papers Vol. 5, 493; “presentable manner” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 786; “to sneer” Caraway to AW, 19 February 1946, Paul Caraway Papers, MHI; “speeding the end” Gillem journal notes, 25–28 February 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “Russian infiltration” Papers Vol. 5, 493.
124–125 “Nobody thought” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 277; In Manchuria Taylor, Generalissimo, 343; “Since agreement” CKS diary, 2 March 1946, Hoover.
125 how to title FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 276.
125 “We want unification” Sheng, Battling, 126.
125 “the conservatives” GCM to HST, 19 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; hard-liners were striking back Sheng, Battling, 127.
125 meeting with editors GCM Statement to Chinese Editors, 23 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/30, GCMRL.
126 haircut FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 292; leather briefcase GCM to Chang, 23 February 1946, GCM Papers 122/14, GCMRL.
126 “I will hang” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 285; sixty reporters FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 295; brush, pen New York Times 26 February 1946.
126 “The signatures” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 293; “We will completely” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 295; epithets FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 294.
126 “This agreement” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 295; “on notice” GCM to HST, 26 February 1946, Marshall Mission Records 15, NARA.
6. First Lord of the Warlords
127 morning sky JM to Hellman, 26 February 1946, JM Papers 36, HSTL; “At the top” Belden, China Shakes, 13.
127 spread over three floors McElway report, GCM Papers 24/5, GCMRL.
127 Executive Headquarters visit and remarks GCM remarks at Executive Headquarters, 28 February 1946, Marshall Mission Records 15, NARA.
128 “heavy stick” Caraway note, January 1946, GCM Papers 122/9, GCMRL; “My time” GCM to HST, 24 January 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL.
128 propaganda truce FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 375; cash and radio gear Papers Vol. 5, 431; directed the Americans JHC to Byroade, 18 February 1946, JHC Papers 1/1, GCMRL.
128 “Both sides” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 369; Rehe and Chahar Tanner, Battle, 44; Communist team member FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 382; “unfortunate precedents” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 387.
129 frequently stalled FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 377; “guerrilla nature” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 369; “degree of cooperation” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 393.
129 Chiang wanted CKS diary, 26 February 1946, Hoover.
129 “most important instrument” Papers Vol. 5, 505; number of truce teams History of the Executive Headquarters, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “pleasant dreams” McElway report, GCM Papers 24/5, GCMRL; half a million FRUS 1946 Vol. 9,
462; task was immense GCM to HST, 10 February 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “The prosperity of China” Papers Vol. 5, 505.
129–130 an assistance package GCM to Byrnes, 25 February 1946, Marshall Mission Records 15, NARA; “great deal longer” GCM to Robertson, 21 February 1946, GCM Papers 123/35 GCMRL.
130 Smiling families GCMRL photographs; Bands, School groups Gillem diary, 3 March 1946, Gillem Papers, MHI; painting New York Times 5 March 1946; homemade signs Time 25 March 1946.
130 west Texas, Dust Bowl Gillem diary, 3 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; Chicago of China Gillem diary, 5 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “most encouraging” South China Morning Post 9 March 1946; “the ganbei circuit” Gillem journal notes, 25–28 February 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI.
130 He lauded Papers Vol. 5, 488; He appealed FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 472; baseball FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 473.
130–131 a thousand years Melby, Mandate, 130; “rough and thankless” GCM to Churchill, 18 June 1946, GCM Papers 122/9, GCMRL; chided Byroade GCM to Byroade, 8 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 15, NARA; a struggle Gillem journal notes, 25 May 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “From evaluation” Minutes of Executive Headquarters meeting, 20 January 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “I looked down” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 468.
131 “an amazing task” GCM to HST, 6 March 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HSTL; “The biggest problem” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 470.
131 “new opportunity” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 262; There were commanders Papers Vol. 5, 506; florid accounts Gillem diary, 2 March 1946, Alvan Gillem Papers, MHI; “The team meets” FRUS 1946 Vol. 9, 466.
131 “larger issues” GCM to HST, 6 March 1946, Naval Aide Files 8/9, HST Papers, HST; “If reiteration” Papers Vol. 5, 489.
132 A turbulent flight over desolate terrain Gillem diary, 3 March 1946, Gillem Papers, MHI; “glasses of water” Committee of Three meeting notes, 3 March 1946, Marshall Mission Records 25, NARA; “Marshall made” Gillem diary, 4 March 1946, Gillem Papers, MHI.
132 Yenan preparations Memoirs of Ivan D. Yeaton, 120, Ivan D. Yeaton Papers 1, Hoover.
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