Lippmann, Walter, 33, 37, 117
Liu Shaoqi, 116, 118
“localitis,” 156, 338
Long March, 12
Luce, Clare Boothe, 195
Luce, Henry, 43, 149, 195, 299, 344
calls for support of Chiang, 311
on Chiang as messianic figure, 59
reactions and responses
to Marshall’s appointment as envoy to China, 21–22
to Marshall’s final statement, 332
visit to Nanjing, 280–81
MacArthur, Douglas, 150
confidence in Marshall, 266
firing of, 351–52
on ground troops in China, 343
implied criticism of Marshall, 311
in Korea, 350–51
MAG (Military Advisory Group), 140–41, 187, 294
Manchuria:
battle for Siping, 185, 190–93
cease-fire agreements
announcement of, 205–6
Communists’ reaction to, 206–8
failure of, 219–23
Marshall’s handling of, 208–18
Nationalists’ reaction to, 212–14
after takeover of Changchun, 202–4
effectiveness of Soviet strategies in, 296–97
establishment of Communist presence in, 40–41
Harriman’s interest in, 115
Kremlin-CCP collusion in, 177
Marshall’s 1914 journey to, 164–65
Nationalists’ loss of, 342–43, 345
Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 199–201
as part of Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 119–20, 195, 237
Soviet plunder of, 237
Soviet presence in, 113–14
Soviet withdrawal from, 175–77
truce teams, 129, 142, 144–45, 159
Mansfield, Mike, 156–57
Mao, Madame (Jiang Qing), 134
Mao Zedong, 77
acceptance of PCC proposals, 116–17
American estimate of number of troops, 122
background of, 133–35
barbarian-to-check-barbarian approach, 90
blame game, 277
concern about unification of military forces, 125
efforts to win support of Americans, 79–80
end of illusions about, 356
establishment of Communist presence in Manchuria, 40
establishment of People’s Republic of China, 342
importance of military to power, 121
increased cooperation with Soviets following victory, 349
instructions regarding battle for Siping, 185
Joseph Stalin and, 46, 84–86, 343, 349
land redistribution plan, 188–89
loss of faith in Marshall, 206–7
meeting with Marshall, 1–4, 135–37
new geopolitical theory, 247
Peasant Movement Training Institute, 57
People’s Liberation Army, 248
prediction regarding upcoming war, 290–91
protracted war strategy, 247–48
reactions and responses
condemnation of Marshall’s mission, 220
to killing of John Birch, 42
to Marshall’s efforts, 291–92
to white paper on China, 348
recognition of need for U.S. aid, 111
sending troops to Korea, 351
as strategist, 320
view of diplomacy, 89
Zhou Enlai and
instructions for dealings with Marshall, 65
instructions for initial peace negotiations, 93–94
instructions to backtrack and stall, 170
relationship with, 77–79
re-uniting with, 290
Marshall family residences:
Happiness Gardens, 62, 93
Leesburg, Virginia, 9, 352
Ning Hai Road, 183–84, 253
Marshall, George C., 30–31, 288
ability to detach/relax, 102–3
acceptance of request to serve as secretary of state, 186–87
aid package for China, 155
ambush meeting with Zhou, 271–73
announcement of appointment as secretary of state, 333
apology to Wedemeyer for loss of ambassadorial role, 252
appointing Kennan to Policy Planning Staff, 338
appointment as envoy to China, 10–11
appointment as Secretary of Defense, 350–51
as army chief of staff, 9
arrival in Chongqing, 50, 53, 62
assertions against, 381n
assigning blame for assassination of political activists, 236
attack by McCarthy, 353–55
on blame game, 277–78, 313–14
canceling New Year’s visit to Shanghai, 322–23
choreographing exit, 327–28
clarification of directive on China, 44–45
collapse of brokered agreements, 4–5
communication with Madame Chiang in retirement, 356
comparison to George Washington, 14–15
comparison to Sisyphus, 242
complaints to Zhou following battle of Siping, 191
concerns about demobilization, 91
concerns about peacetime mistakes, 19
death of, 357
decision to nominate Stuart as ambassador, 230–31
delay of departure, 260
developing strategy for China, 35–38, 42–43
drafting statement to be issued on departure, 310
draft of bill of rights, 110–11
effect of communist propaganda on relationship with Zhou, 232
effect of refusing to release Wedemeyer’s official report, 441n
effect of wife’s presence on, 183
embarking on China mission, 47–49
encouragement of third-party leadership, 278
face-to-face negotiation with Chiang, 97–98
faith in American democracy and example, 109–10
feelings of desperation, 276
final appeal to Zhou, 289–90
final effort to convince Chiang, 302–7
final meal with Chiang, 329–30
final response from Zhou, 308–9
firing of MacArthur, 351–52
first meeting with Chiang, 52–53
first official meeting with Zhou Enlai, 65–66
first posting to China, 53–55
handling of cease-fire in Manchuria, 208–18
handling of intrigue/espionage issues, 104–5
handling of Truman, 150–51
Harvard honorary degree, 174, 335
importance of American role in China, 151, 154
informing Chiang of departure, 328
initial negotiations of Committee of Three, 93–98
invitation to serve as Chiang’s personal advisor, 305
joint public statement with Stuart, 245–46
journey to China, 50–51
journey to Manchuria (1914), 164–65
leadership skills, 16–17
leveraging financial aid to elicit cooperation from Chiang, 256
logistics (organization skills), 17–18
making case for Committee of Three, 87
meeting with Mao, 1–4, 135–37
messages to Truman regarding situation in Manchuria, 120, 182
modesty of, 18–19
move to Nanjing, 183–85
negotiations following Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 199–203
Nobel Peace Prize, 353
note of defeat to Truman, 222
opinion of retrospective judgments, 360–61
opposition to direct involvement in Chinese civil war, 344–45
path to military career, 34
pressure to send soldiers home, 93
promotion of humanitarian aid while withholding financial aid to Nationalists, 298
reactions and responses
to congressional investigations into Pearl
Harbor attack, 32–33
to Eisenhower’s criticism, 354–55
to Nationalists’ handling of peace agreement, 167–68
to Nationalists’ takeover of Changchun, 199
optimism following acceptance of PCC proposals, 118–19
recall request to Truman, 269
reflecting on complexity of China problem, 347
refusal to write memoir, 363–64
relationship with Truman, 20
release of final statement before departure, 330–31
release of propaganda, 192
respect for Chiang, 306
respect for Zhou, 288
respect of peers and subordinates, 16
retirement, 352–53
return to China with Katherine, 162–63
rumors about possible departure, 310
scrapping of arms embargo on China, 341
on secret to success, 265
self-control, 34–35
service in Philippines, 224–25
66th birthday, 322
special citation from Truman, 9–10
tenacity of, 265–66
toll of WWII on, 19–20
treatment of Chiang Kai-shek, 70–71
trip promoting Committee of Three agreement, 127–45
truth-telling, 35
ultimatum to Zhou regarding Anping ambush inquiry, 243–44
unification of military forces, 121–26
unraveling of agreement during absence, 160–61
use of propaganda against, 194–96
value of maintaining optimism, 238–39
visit of Madame Chiang while in hospital, 347
visit of Henry Luce, 280–81
visit to Beijing, 293
visit to Kuling, 233–35
visit to Shanghai, 51–52
visit to Tianjin, 292–93
waiting on final response from Zhou, 300–301
warning about effect of McCarthyism, 355
warning to Chiang of dangers of overextension, 316–21
work with Joe Stilwell, 25–27
Marshall, Katherine, 10–11, 35, 119, 149, 271
adjusting to Nanjing, 183–84
continuing correspondence with Madame Chiang, 347
death of son, 19–20
departure for Honolulu, 309
dislike of Chongqing, 168–69
efforts to combat criticism of husband, 355
friendship with Madame Chiang, 225
journey to China, 165–66
move to Nanjing, 183–85
planned departure of, 300
reactions and responses
anger over treatment of husband, 260
to husband’s appointment as envoy to China, 48
pessimism regarding peace agreement, 211
sponsorship of Chinese maid, 356
visit to Kuling, 234, 239
Marshall, Lily, 54, 164
Marshall, Stuart, 34
Marshall Plan, 5, 335–38, 340, 342, 359
May, Ernest, 362, 364
McCarthy, Frank, 355
McCarthy, Joseph, 282
attack on John Melby, 354
attack on Marshall, 353–55
effect of McCarthyism on U.S. government, 357
opposition to Marshall as Secretary of Defense, 350
Melby, John, 53, 87, 102, 105–6, 109
on anti-American sentiment, 325
on approaching Manchurian cease-fire deadline, 214
on blame game, 276
on breakdown of peace negotiations, 260
on changing attitude of Communists, 143–44
comparing Chongqing to Shanghai, 112
on corruption within Nationalist party, 107–8
on effect of mission failure on Marshall, 299–300
on extremism, 315
on failure of Manchurian cease-fire, 223
on “gestapo atmosphere” of Chongqing, 63–64
on intrigue/espionage, 104
letters to mistress, 61
on Marshall’s arrival in Chongqing, 50
on Marshall’s discretion, 105
on Marshall’s reaction to being manipulated, 202
on Marshall’s relationship with Katherine, 183
on Marshall’s return to peace talks, 166
on Marshall’s role in Committee of Three, 96
on Marshall’s tenacity, 265
on public reaction to Marshall’s final statement, 332
reflecting on Marshall’s mission, 333
on Soviet plunder of Manchuria, 237
on Tai Li, 107
as target of McCarthy, 354
on unraveling of agreement during Marshall’s absence, 160–61
view of third parties, 258–59
Military Advisory Group (MAG), 140–41, 187, 294
Military Subcommittee of the Committee of Three, 101–2
military unification, 121–26
Communists’ excuses for lack of cooperation with, 159–60
Communists’ interpretation of meaning, 143
inability to separate from political considerations, 216
Military Advisory Group, 140–41, 187, 294
ratio of Nationalist to Communist troops in Manchuria, 173–74
Ming Dynasty, 165
Moscow. See Soviets/Russians
Nanjing:
anti-American protests, 323
attack on peace delegation, 217–18
as Chiang’s new capital, 178–79, 181, 183–85
Communists departure from, 279
Eisenhower’s visit to, 186–87
Henry Luce’s visit to, 280–81
Katherine Marshall’s adjustment to, 183–84
Marshall’s final departure from, 332
Marshall’s first meeting with Chiang in, 52–53
Marshalls’ move to, 183–85
National Assembly, 287–88, 316
Nationalists’ attack on peace delegation, 217–18
Rape of Nanjing, 178
social scene, 184–85
summer climate, 233–34, 253
Treaty of Nanjing, 178
Zhou Enlai
departure from, 261
refusal to return to, 270
return to, 279–80
social life in, 185
Napoleon, 190
National Advisory Council (American), 155
National Assembly (Chinese), 286–87, 316
Nationalists:
agreement to peace talks, 87–88
assassination of activists by hard-liners, 235–36
attack on peace delegation in Nanjing, 217–18
battle for Siping, 185, 190–93
blame game, 276–78, 313–14
“blue shirts,” 107
breakdown of PCC agreement, 167–82
CC Clique faction, 107, 118, 191, 316
Central Executive Committee, 143
Chang Chun, 76–77, 93–98, 101
commercial treaty with U.S., 298–99
Committee of Three goals, 88
corruption
appropriation of land and property, 189
Chiang’s toleration of, 107–8
in military, 319–20
defection of troops to Communists, 343
discord in Nationalist army, 197–98
dispute over truce teams in Manchuria, 129
effect of Japanese invasion on relations with Communists, 12
Hsu Yung-Chang, 215–16
initial negotiations of Committee of Three, 93–98
leveraging financial aid to elicit cooperation from, 256
loss of ground in peace negotiations, 167–68
poor quality of military command, 319–20
post-WWII efforts to unite with Communists, 3
reactions and responses
to cease-fire in Manchuria, 212–14
to joint public statement issued by Marshall and Stuart, 248
to Marshall’s final statement, 331–32
of people to Yalta Agreement, 32, 49, 120, 195, 237
to Truman’s policy statement, 313
social interactions with Communists, 103–4
Soviet support during WWII, 84–85
takeover of Changchun, 199–201
U.S. support of following Japanese surrender, 38–39
walking back political agreements, 159
See also Chiang Kai-shek and other names of specific Nationalists
Nationalization of Army. See military unification
Neustadt, Richard, 364
New Fourth Army Incident, 88
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 355–56
Nixon, Richard, 282, 362
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 39, 42, 81, 177
“one-world” initiatives, 361
Open Door policy, 22, 141, 195
Orwell, George, 83
paper tigers, 247
Patterson, Robert, 40
PCC (Political Consultative Conference), 106, 110–11, 117
Pearl Harbor Committee, 32–33, 35–36, 44, 149
Peasant Movement Training Institute, 57
Pershing, John (“Black Jack”), 10, 35, 238
Petrov, A. A., 103
Philippines, 224–25
“pinkos,” 157
Pocket Guide to China (military publication), 92
Pogue, Forrest, 360, 381n
Political Consultative Conference (PCC), 106, 110–11, 117
political solution:
Communists’ interpretation of democratic reform, 117
efforts of Committee of Five, 254
inability to separate from issue of military unification, 216
PCC, 106, 110–11, 117
See also cease-fire agreements; Committee of Three
propaganda, 82, 232, 253
anti-American protests and, 324
Communist use of, 210, 219, 232, 256–57
Marshall’s release of propaganda blast, 192
propaganda truce, 128
Soviet use of, 296
use of to undermine negotiations, 194–96
Qing Dynasty, 54, 56, 165
racism:
American troops’ attitude toward Chinese, 61, 92
Chinese attitude toward American troops, 61
dispute over African-American troops in China, 141
U.S. exclusion laws, 23–24
Rape of Nanjing, 178
recreation, role in peacekeeping, 102–4
Red Star Over China (Snow), 81
Rehe province, 96–97, 101, 128
Ren Bishi, 116
repatriation of Japanese, 39, 294
Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan (Mao), 188–89
Ridgway, Matthew, 266
Robertson, Walter, 52, 101, 127, 136, 161, 248
Roosevelt, Franklin D.:
appointment of Eisenhower to D-Day command, 15
offer of support to Nationalists, 391n
reaction to Marshall’s honesty, 35
role in deciding China’s future, 28
underestimation of Marshall, 18
The China Mission Page 54