by Cyril Mango
Stephen the Patrician 146
Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia 260, 263, 293
Stephen Uroš III Dušan of Serbia 260, 263, 267, 269
Stephen the Younger, St 155, 157–8, 159
Stilicho (general) 37–8, 37
Stobi 8
Stoicism 96
strategoi (‘generals’) 10, 131, 141, 147
stratiotai 9
Stylianos Zaoutzes 11
Sueves 38
Süleyman Çelebi 274
Süleyman ibn-Kutlumush 12
Süleyman Pasha 268
Sunni Muslims 176, 184
superstitio (superstition) 96, 97, 111
Sviatoslav of Kiev 176, 183, 237
Symeon of Bulgaria 172, 173, 175, 195, 239
Symeon the Fool, Life of 76
Symeon the Logothete, Metaphrast 222
Symeon Stylites, St 95, 110, 117, 117, 118
synagogue, Sardis 82, 83
Synesius 287
Syracuse, cathedral 108
Syria:
Arab conquest 129, 142, 169, 171
and cities 88
crusader principalities 191–2
and Egypt 193
and Hamdanid emirate 176
and literary tradition 214
and Monophysitism 106
Ottoman conquest (1516–17) 294
Persian advances 23, 53, 59, 121
and Tiberius III 137
and villages 8, 90, 91–2, 91–4
Syrians, in Byzantine population 11, 187, 196
tagmata (‘regiments’) 140, 141, 142
Takht-i-Sulaiman, Zoroastrian temple 55
taktika 61
Tamerlane 270, 274
Tarasios, patriarch 161, 170, 215
Tatian 224
taxation 179, 198
evasion 39, 40, 45, 71–2, 145
and Justinian 45, 49–51
and Justinian II 136
and Michael VIII Palaiologos 258
and rural populations 91
and shortage of coinage 150
temples, pagan 76–8, 82, 83, 84, 102, 111
incubation 113
revenues of 71, 73
Tervel, khan 135
Tetrarchy 19–20, 20, 24, 69
textile industry see silk industry
theatre 148
Apamea 87
Ephesus 79–80
Side 78
Thebes, Latin rule 250–1
Thekla (sister of Michael III) 161
themes (themata) 131–3, 142, 197
and provincial governors 147
rebellions in 139, 140
Themistius, surviving manuscripts 224
theocracy, state as 105, 206
Theoderic (Ostrogothic king) 14, 40
Theodora, empress (daughter of Constantine VIII) 203–4, 206
Theodora (stepmother of Constantine) 26
Theodora (wife of Justinian) 45, 46, 46, 82
Theodora (wife of Theophilos) 11
and Iconoclasm 153, 158, 159, 161–2, 161
Theodore I Laskaris 253
Theodore II Laskaris 254
Theodore II of Morea 277
Theodore Abu Qurra 214
Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epiros 254
Theodore Meliteniotes, Three Books 289
Theodore Metochites (prime minister) 286, 287, 289–91, 292
Introduction to Astronomy 288–9, 288
Theodore of Mopsuestia 102
Theodore Palaiologos, Marquis of Montferrat 300–1
Theodore the Studite, St:
and education 215
and Iconoclasm 15, 153, 154, 158
and verse epigrams 224
Theodore of Sykeon, St 88
Theodoret of Cyrus (theologian) 105, 107–8, 209
Theodosian Code 5, 105
Theodosius I, Eastern emperor 32, 32, 34, 102
and Ambrose 207
and Church and State 103, 105
and Constantinople 35, 65, 65, 69
and First Council of Constantinople 79
and imperial regalia 60, 60
and Visigoths 36, 38
Theodosius II 45, 65
Theodosius III 138
Theodotos, patriarch 158
Theoktistos 153
theology:
and disputes 105–6, 111
and Hesychasm 265
and Iconoclasm 154, 156
and literature 149, 285
and monasticism 212
and the State 25, 40–2, 49, 79, 103–6, 134
Theophanes the ‘Confessor’ 153–4, 155
Theophanes the Cretan 305
Theophanes the Greek 305
Theophanes and Theodore, Sts 214
Theophano (wife of Otto II) 179
Theophilos, emperor:
and Constantinople 70
and education 216
and Iconoclasm 153, 161
and succession 202
Thessalonica 198
Avar attacks 51
churches 84–5
fortifications 84, 144, 148
hippodrome 81, 84
Ottoman capture (1430) 277–8, 283
and Ottoman threat 271, 272
palace of Galerius 84
and Pecheneg raids 183
population 278
recovery (1224) 254
recovery (1403) 274
Rotunda 84, 107
and St Demetrios 113, 117, 119, 152
Slav attacks 51, 134
Thessalonica, Latin kingdom 250, 294
Thessaly:
Byzantine recovery 263, 271
Latin rule 250
Third Crusade (1189–92) 195–6
Thomas, bishop of Claudiopolis 157
Thomas Aquinas, translations of 284, 289
Thomas Magister 287, 298
Thomas the Slav 201, 202
Thrace:
and Andronikos III 262
Bulgars in 134–5, 141, 172
and Catalan attacks 261
and civil war 267
and Constantius II 26
and Cuman raids 184
Kosmosoteira monastery 210, 211
and Latin empire 250
monasteries 210, 211
and Ottoman threat 268
and Pecheneg raids 183, 184
Slavs in 136, 140–1
Venetian gains in 251
and Vlach raids 193–5
Thracesian Theme 131, 135, 140, 141
Tiberius III, emperor 137
Tiflis 57
Timur 270, 274
Tintoretto, Domenico 249
Togrul (Seljuk leader) 184
toleration, religious 13, 29, 31
towns:
Dark Age 145, 148
Late Antique 88, 95
medieval 198
Toynbee, Arnold 5
trade:
in cities 73–4, 77–8
decline 148, 149, 267
in frontier zones 183, 184
international 9, 12, 70, 163–8, 198, 295
luxury 196, 251
and mission 125
rural 89–90, 92, 95
and Venice 12, 192, 250
see also commerce
Transcaucasus, and conquest of Persians 46, 51–3, 55–6
Transylvania 279
Trebizond:
and aristocracy 199
Church of St Sophia 299, 303
‘Empire of’ 250, 251
fortifications 195
Ottoman capture (1461) 251, 283, 294
Tripoli, as crusader principality 187
True Cross:
discovery 18, 21
Persian capture 53, 57
relics of 87, 116, 118–19, 119
Turahan Beg 277
Türkmen, threat to Byzantium 184–7, 197
Turks :
in Byzantine population 11, 196
Hungarian 60
and threat to Constantinople 10, 184
and war against Persians 56, 57
see also Bulgars; Khazars; Ottoman Turks; Seljuk Turks
typika 7, 209, 210, 211
Tzachas, Seljuk emir 185
‘Umar 123
Umayyad caliphate 124, 125, 126–7, 127, 171
and art 162
and Greek literature 214
Umm el-Rasas, pavement 154
Umur, beg of Aydın 263, 267
Urban II, Pope 185, 190
Urban IV, Pope 257
Urban V, Pope 269
Uspensky Gospels 219
usurers 163
‘Uthman, caliph 126
Valens, Eastern emperor 14, 32, 36, 172
and Arianism 105
Valentine (general) 131
Valentinian I, Western emperor 32, 34
Valentinian II, Western emperor 32–4, 32
Valentinian III, Western emperor 45
Valerian, Roman emperor 23
Vandals:
in North Africa 38, 46, 46
and sack of Rome (455) 39
Varna, battle (1444) 280
Vavassore, Andrea 70
Venice:
and Franco-Greek culture 297–9
and international trade 12, 70, 192, 197, 198, 250, 295
St Mark’s 159, 238, 251, 295
territorial gains 251, 256, 267, 295
Veroli casket 167, 228
verse epigrams 62–3, 68, 217, 224–6, 225, 287
villages:
Dark Age 149
Late Antique 8, 49, 88–91, 90, 91, 92–4
medieval 9
Visigoths:
in Balkans 36–8
in Gaul 38, 39–40
uprising (378) 36
Vitalian, Pope 133
Vlacherna monastery 256
Vlachs:
in Byzantine population 11
and Cumans 193–5
and Pechenegs 183
Vladimir of Kiev 180, 231, 236, 241, 243, 246
Vladislav III of Hungary 279–80
Volagesos, bishop 31
Vorone¸t monastery (Moldavia) 100
Vukašin, king 269
al-Walid I ibn ‘Abd al-Malik, caliph 124, 127
al-Walid II ibn Yazid, caliph 125
Wallachia, and Ottoman Turks 279
Walter of Brienne 261
War of Troy 297, 300
warehouses, provincial 145–6, 149–50
Watch (tagma) 140
water supply 76
Constantinople 68–9, 68, 70
weights and measures 163, 163
‘White Huns’ 42
William of Champlitte 250, 298
withdrawal (anachoresis) 109
workshops 163
Yahya of Antioch 243
Yarmuk, battle (636) 58
Yazid II, caliph 154
Yeats, W. B. 9
Yemen 124
Zaganos Pasha 283
Zeno, emperor:
Henotikon 14
revolts against 40
Zenobia 50
Zoe, empress 182, 203, 206
Zonaras (historian) 9
Zoroastrianism 55
Zosimus (historian) 19, 96
Left: An elaborate scroll border, enclosing grotesque heads, animals and fruit, surrounds the mosaic pavement of the Great Palace, Constantinople. Archaeological evidence indicates a date not earlier than the middle of the sixth century.
Below: The imperial palace of Ravenna. This mosaic in the church of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo was executed in the reign of the Ostrogothic king Theoderic (493–526) who was an Arian heretic. The personages represented under the arches were rather clumsily excised after the Byzantine reconquest of the city.
This silver gilt paten was presented by the bishop Eutychianus to the church of Sion built in rural Lycia in the mid-sixth century. The paten, 60.50 cm in diameter, is part of the largest known hoard of Byzantine church silver plate. It was discovered at modern Kumluca in Turkey.
The Second General Council (Constantinople, 381), presided over by the emperor Theodosius I, proclaimed the equal divinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, while condemning both Arianism and the followers of the former bishop Macedonius. It is here shown in a miniature of cod. Paris. gr. 510 of c. AD 880.
Right: Purple silk banner representing a suppliant in court costume at the feet of the archangel Michael. The owner has been identified, rightly or wrongly, with Manuel, illegitimate son of John V Palaiologos, who, as commander of the Byzantine fleet, inflicted a minor defeat on the Turks in 1411.
Below: The colossal composition of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary occupies the west wall of the monastery church of the Holy Trinity at Sopocani, Serbia, founded by King Stephen Uros I in c.1260. Inscribed in Slavonic, not Greek, the paintings of Sopocani foreshadow many traits of the Palaiologan style.
David playing the harp from the Psalter, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, gr. 139 of the second half of the tenth century. This miniature was directly inspired by a late antique original, which in turn reproduced the pagan iconography of Orpheus charming the beasts.
David playing the harp from the Psalter, Vatican Palatinus gr. 381B of the late thirteenth century. This is a direct copy of the Paris miniature, except for the elongation of the format and of the figures as well as the omission of some animals. We have here a clue to the kind of model that was used by artists of the Palaiologan period.
This small triptych of the Pieta flanked by St Francis and St Mary Magdalen, used for personal devotion, is attributed to Nikolaos Tzafouris, a Cretan painter known in 1489-1500. This type of icon executed in the maniera italiana or greca by post-Byzantine artists, is mentioned in contracts preserved in archives in Venice.
Domenico Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Dormition and Assumption of the Virgin Mary, c.1567. Church of the Dormition, Hermoupolis, Syros. His signature appears on the base of the Renaissance candlestick, centre foreground.
1 ‘So what does Athens have to do with Jerusalem? What does the Academy have to do with the Church? … Our discipline comes from Solomon’s Stoa.’
1 A method of attaining divine illumination through meditation and the constant recitation of ‘the prayer of the heart’, championed in the 14th century by St Gregory Palamos, but going back to earlier ascetic practices.