σπονδεῖος. 170 2, 178 7 (with πόδες), 202 20. Spondee. The metrical foot – –. Vossius thus describes the effect of the spondee: “hic pes incessum habet tardum et magnificum; itaque rebus gravibus, et maxime sacris, vel ipso attestante vocabulo, imprimis adhibetur.” Cp. Hor. Ars Poet. 255 “tardior ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures, | spondeos stabiles in iura paterna recepit [sc. iambus],” and Cic. Orat. 64. 216.
σπουδάζειν. 66 8, 94 16. To be eager. Lat. studere, sedulo operam navare. For the middle voice of this verb see note on supra. The noun σπουδή occurs in 156 14, 186 4, 192 7, 212 16.
σταθερός. 234 4. Steadfast. Lat. stabilis. τὸ σταθερόν = la lenteur grave.
στάθμη. 236 4. A carpenter’s line or rule. Lat. amussis. ἀπὸ στάθμης = velut ad amussim, ‘regulated by line and rule, by square and level.”
στενός. 142 19, 146 3. Narrow. Lat. angustus. In 146 3 it is coupled with λεπτός.
στηριγμός. 202 24. A sustaining (of the voice on certain syllables), a pause. Lat. mora. See under ἐγκάθισμα, supra; and under ἀντιστηριγμός, supra. So στηριχθῆναι 220 18, ‘to be firmly planted,’ ‘to be sustained.’
στιβαρός. 216 16. Hardy, robust. Lat. robustus. The word occurs also in de Thucyd. c. 24. Cp. the French nerveux. Hesych. στιβαρόν· εὔρωστον, βαρύ, εὔτονον, στεῤῥόν, ἰσχυρόν. As is pointed out by Larue van Hook (Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric ), both Latin and English abound in similar terms of style drawn from good physical condition: nervi, vires, vigor, lacerti, ossa, robur: full-blooded, hearty, lively, lusty, muscular, nervous, robust, sinewy, supple, strenuous, vigorous, etc.
στίχος. 86 2, 12, 88 7, etc. A line of poetry. Lat. versus. In de Thucyd. c. 19 the word is used with reference to prose: ὅτι πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα πράγματα παραλιπών, τὸ προοίμιον τῆς ἱστορίας μέχρι πεντακοσίων ἐκμηκύνει στίχων.
στοιχεῖον. 70 11, 20, 108 10, 110 9, 138 1, etc. Element. Lat. elementum. So στοιχειώδης 138 14. With the use of στοιχεῖον in c. 14 cp. Aristot. Poet. c. 20, where the word is defined as φωνὴ ἀδιαίρετος, οὐ πᾶσα δέ, ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἧς πέφυκε συνετὴ γίγνεσθαι φωνή. In 108 10 the meaning practically is ‘principle,’ ‘rule.’
στρέφειν. 264 3, 270 11. To turn, to twist. Lat. torquere. In 270 11 the meaning may be conveyed by ‘to change the words about,’ ‘to permute or vary the order of the words,’ ‘to give a new turn to the sentence.’
στρογγύλος. 112 11. Compact, rounded, terse. Lat. rotundus. Fr. arrondi. See the examples quoted in D.H. , and add de Lys. c. 9 στρογγύλη καὶ πυκνή, de Isaeo c. 3 στρογγύλη τε καὶ δικανικὴ οὐχ ἧττόν ἐστιν ἡ Ἰσαίου λέξις τῆς Λυσίου. So στρογγυλίζειν 142 15. Latin equivalents, or parallels, may be found in Horace’s ore rotundo (Ars P. 323), Cicero’s contortus (Orat. 20. 66), Quintilian’s corrotundare (xi. 3. 102). “στρογγύλος is used of the new stylistic artifices of the sophistical rhetoric by Aristophanes Acharn. 686 (στρογγύλοις τοῖς ῥήμασι), and by Plato Phaedr. 234 E. In later usage it is constantly used of periodic composition” (G. L. Hendrickson in American Journal of Philology xxv. 138).
στροφή. 194 6, 9, 10, 16, 19, 254 13, 272 5, 278 8. Strophe, stanza. Lat. stropha.
στρυφνός. 228 7. Harsh, astringent. Lat. acerbus. See D.H. (s.v. στριφνός: in C.V. 228 7 F has στριφνόν), with the reference to Jebb’s equivalent ‘biting flavour’ (Att. Orr. i. 35).
στύφειν. 154 13. To draw up the mouth. Lat. astringere. Used of sounds that make the hearer pull a wry face and screw up his lips. Cp. de Demosth. c. 38 ἀνακοπὰς καὶ ἀντιστηριγμοὺς λαμβάνειν καὶ τραχύτητας ἐν ταῖς συμπλοκαῖς τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐπιστυφούσας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἡσυχῇ βούλεται.
συγγραφεύς. 74 8, 76 3, 154 17, 206 25, 214 15, 228 11, 236 18, 248 14. Prose-writer, historian. Lat. scriptor (prosaicus); (scriptor) historicus. ἱστοριογράφος (de Thucyd. c. 2) is a less ambiguous expression than συγγραφεύς (c. 5 ibid.) or than λογογράφος (c. 20 ibid.). — In 68 9 συγγράφειν = to compose (a treatise).
συγκοπή. 156 19, 230 7. Stoppage. Lat. impeditio. So συγκόπτειν (‘impede the voice,’ ‘check the utterance’) 162 4. [This meaning seems to bring the three passages fairly into line: otherwise συγκοπαὶ τῶν ἤχων, in 230 7, might well mean ‘durae sonorum collisiones et concursiones.’]
συγκροτεῖν. 206 16. To weld together. Lat. compingere, coagmentare.
σύγκρουσις. 230 27. Collision, concurrence, consonance. Lat. concursus. Fr. rencontre. So συγκρούειν 202 18, 224 10. Cp. Demetr. . The reference is to a succession of two vowels which do not form a diphthong, either in the same word (e.g. λᾶαν) or with hiatus between two words (e.g. ἄλγε’ ἔχοντα: or καὶ ἐλπίσας, τε ἔσεσθαι, καὶ ἀξιολογώτατον). Cp. de Demosth. c. 43. Cicero’s opinion of the ‘concourse of vowels’ (quoted by Quintil. ix. 4. 37) is given in Orat. 23. 77 “verba etiam verbis quasi coagmentare neglegat; habet enim ille tamquam hiatus et concursus vocalium molle quiddam et quod indicet non ingratam neglegentiam de re hominis magis quam de verbis laborantis.” On the other hand, Pope (Essay on Criticism) states and exemplifies the weak side of hiatus by means of the line, ‘Tho’ oft the ear the open vowels tire’; and Cicero himself (Orat. 44. 150) writes, “quod quidem Latina lingua sic observat, nemo ut tam rusticus sit qui vocales nolit coniungere.” In English, the question of hiatus raises sundry points of an interesting kind. Should we, for example, say ‘an historian’ and ‘an historical book,’ on the ground that the initial aspirate is evanescent when the accent falls on the second syllable; and similarly ‘an united family’ but ‘a union of hearts’?
συγκρύπτειν. 130 26. To hide, to disguise. Lat. occulere.
συγξεῖν. 210 22, 228 4, 232 12, 234 19. To polish. Lat. expolire. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 πολλὴν σφόδρα ποιουμένη φροντίδα τοῦ συνεξέσθαι καὶ συνηλεῖφθαι καὶ προπετεῖς ἁπάντων αὐτῶν εἶναι τὰς ἁρμονίας.
συγχρώζεσθαι. 244 17. To be closely joined. Lat. cohaerere, mutuo se contingere.
συζυγία. 84 11, 104 17, 106 19, etc. Coupling, grouping, combination. Lat. coniunctio. Fr. liaison. So de Demosth. c. 40 (the passage quoted s.v. συμβολή, infra).
συλλαβή. 150 16. Syllable. Lat. syllaba. Words like this serve to remind us how much of our modern rhetorical and grammatical terminology is taken direct from the Greek.
συλλεαίνειν. 230 20. To rub smooth, to polish. Lat. levigare, polire. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ περιόδῳ τραχύνεται μὲν ἡ σύνθεσις ἐν τῷ “μεγάλη γὰρ ῥοπή” διὰ τὸ μὴ συναλείφεσθαι τὰ δύο ρ ρ, καὶ ἐν τῷ “ἀνθρώπων πράγματα” διὰ τὸ μὴ συλλεαίνεσθαι ‹τὸ ν› τῷ ἑξῆς.
συμβεβηκότα, τά. 98 8, 9, 140 14, 264 6, 268 19. The accidental, non-essential, qualities of a thing. Lat. accidentia. In 268 19 the reference is to the changes which words undergo in the way of contraction, expansion, acute or grave accentuation, etc.
συμβολή. 210 20, 232 13. Clashing. Lat. concursus. In 232 13 the reference is to les chocs des voyelles. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φεύγει μὲν ἁπάσῃ σπουδῇ τὰς τῶν φωνηέντων συμβολὰς ὡς τὴν λειότητα καὶ τὴν εὐέ
πειαν διασπώσας, φεύγει δέ, ὅση δύναμις αὐτῇ, τῶν ἡμιφώνων τε καὶ ἀφώνων γραμμάτων τὰς συζυγίας, ὅσαι τραχύνουσι τοὺς ἤχους καὶ ταράττειν δύνανται τὰς ἀκοάς.
σύμβολον. 84 4. Token, label. Lat. signum.
συμμετρία. 130 7, 12, 246 2, 4, 270 10. Due proportion. Lat. iusta mensura. In 270 10 συμμετρία would seem to mean the arrangement of the periods within the lines or verses (μέτρα: the variant ἐμμετρία is to be noticed); and with it should be compared συμμέτρως in 270 13, though there Upton suggests ἀσυμμέτρως and Schaefer συμμέτροις. συμμέτρως occurs also in 232 9; and συμμετρεῖν in 212 18, 276 26. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ὥστε συμμετρηθῆναι πρὸς ἀνδρὸς πνεῦμα.
συμπληροῦν. 180 11, 182 16. To complete, to constitute. Lat. absolvere.
συμπλοκή. 160 9, 198 6, 240 16. Intertwining, blending. Lat. implicatio. So συμπλέκειν 154 17, 258 4. For the metaphor from weaving cp. ῥάπτειν and ὑφαίνειν: Pindar Nem. iv. 153 ῥήματα πλέκων: Swinburne Erechtheus 1487 “I have no will to weave too fine or far, | O queen, the weft of sweet with bitter speech.”
σύμπτωσις. 240 12. Concurrence. Lat. concursus.
συμφορητός. 72 22. Collected promiscuously, miscellaneous. Lat. collatus, collecticius.
συνάγειν. 144 18, 212 3. To contract. Lat. contrahere, coarctare.
συναλοιφή. 108 18, 180 17, 218 7, 222 24, 256 22. Blending, fusion, amalgamation. Lat. coitus, vocalium elisio. Fr. synalèphe (contraction, ou jonction de plusieurs voyelles). So συναλείφειν 220 1, 222 26, 234 8, 236 6, 244 17. Compare Demetr. , together with the passage there quoted from Quintil. ix. 4. 35-7 (including the words “coëuntes litterae, quae συναλοιφαί dicuntur”), and see (as to hiatus) Sandys’ Orator p ff. and Laurand’s Études p-6. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 καὶ κατ’ ἄλλους δύο τόπους ἢ τρεῖς τὰ ἡμίφωνα ‹καὶ ἄφωνα› παραπίπτοντα ἀλλήλοις τὰ φύσιν οὐκ ἔχοντα συναλείφεσθαι ἔν τε τῷ “τὸν Φίλιππον” καὶ ἐν τῷ “ταύτῃ φοβερὸν προσπολεμῆσαι” ταράττει τοὺς ἤχους μετρίως καὶ οὐκ ἐᾷ φαίνεσθαι μαλακούς· ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ περιόδῳ κτλ. (the remainder of the passage is given under συλλεαίνειν, supra).
συναπαρτίζειν. 212 11, 270 13. To complete (the sense) simultaneously. Cp. Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 2, 10 (together with ἀπαρτίζειν in Glossary ibid.), and also the note on p, 271 supra. Cp. de Demosth. c. 39 ἔτι τῆς ἁρμονίας ταύτης οἰκεῖόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ τὰς περιόδους αὐτουργούς τινας εἶναι καὶ ἀφελεῖς καὶ μήτε συναπαρτιζούσας ἑαυταῖς τὸν νοῦν μήτε συμμεμετρημένας τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ λέγοντος μηδέ γε παραπληρώμασι τῶν ὀνομάτων οὐκ ἀναγκαίοις ὡς πρὸς τὴν ὑποκειμένην διάνοιαν χρωμένας μηδ’ εἰς θεατρικούς τινας καὶ γλαφυροὺς καταληγούσας ῥυθμούς.
συνάπτειν. 202 19, 240 20, 262 4. To link together. Lat. adiungere, connectere. Dionysius’ love of variety may be seen by comparing together 262 4, 258 4, 256 20, 22, 258 24.
συναρμόττειν. 118 14, 134 11, 234 19. To adapt one thing to another. Lat. accommodare. Used with reference to adjusting, dovetailing, interlinking.
συνασκεῖν. 282 1. To practise simultaneously. Lat. simul exercere.
σύνδεσμος. 70 14, 17, 72 1, 218 7, 220 5, 258 27. Conjunction, connective, connecting word. Lat. copula, coniunctio. ‘Particle,’ or ‘connecting-particle,’ will sometimes be a suitable rendering, as the term includes particles like ἄρα (258 27) and μέν and δή (Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 55, 56, 196), and may even be applied to prepositions (220 5, 6). In a difficult passage of Aristot. Poetics (xx. 6), among the examples offered of σύνδεσμος are ἀμφί, περί, μέν, ἤτοι, as well as δέ. A good account of the word will be found in Cope’s Introduction to Aristotle’s Rhetoric p-4, 392-7. See further Quintil. i. 4. 18; Aristot. Rhet. iii. 6. 6.
συνεδρεύειν. 100 10, 160 19. To attend, to accompany. Lat. assidere, adiungi. Used, in 100 10, of the accompanying relations (mode, place, time, etc.), which adverbs denote in reference to verbs.
συνεκτρέχειν. 274 24. To run out together, to be of the same length. Lat. aequis passibus concurrere.
συνεκφέρειν. 240 11. To pronounce concurrently. Lat. simul pronuntiare. Cp. συνεκφορά 230 3.
συνεφθαρμένος. 126 10, 144 12, 234 13. Imperceptibly blended, melting into each other. Lat. commistus. φθορά is the technical term for the mixing of colours in painting: e.g. Plut. Mor. 346 A καὶ γὰρ Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ ζωγράφος, ἀνθρώπων πρῶτος ἐξευρὼν φθορὰν καὶ ἀπόχρωσιν σκιᾶς, Ἀθηναῖος ἦν. Perhaps it is this sense of ‘fusion’ that led to φθορά being used, in Byzantine music, in some such sense as ‘modulation.’
συνεχής. 230 17, 20, 244 21, 246 1. Continuous, unbroken. Lat. continuus. So συνεχῶς 132 9, 230 29, 280 21. συνέχεια (240 5) = coherence, ‘continuus compositionis tenor.’
συνηχεῖν. 140 21, 144 20, 146 11. To sound at the same time. Lat. consonare. In 140 21 the translation of the manuscript reading συνεχούσης may be “while all these are pronounced, the windpipe constricts the breath,” A. J. Ellis op. cit. (with the note, “probably this is what Dionysius considered the cause of voice”).
σύνθεσις. 68 5, 7, 19, 70 3, 9, 72 8, 74 15, 78 9, 86 2, 13, 90 19, 134 26 etc., 200 10, 16, 202 1, 7, 204 9, 232 25, 240 23, 270 9. Composition. Lat. compositio. ‘Composition’ (with the addition of ‘literary,’ to mark it off from other kinds of composition) seems the least inadequate English rendering of σύνθεσις, and comes nearest to the usual Latin title. To judge by the actual contents of the treatise (which go beyond Dionysius’ occasional and fragmentary definitions), the term ‘putting-together’ can be applied not only to ὀνόματα, but (on the one side) to γράμματα and συλλαβαί and (on the other) to κῶλα and περίοδοι, and to a poem of Sappho or the proem of Thucydides. Hence ‘arrangement (or order, ordonnance) of words’ proves, in practice, too narrow a title, though the euphonic and symphonic arrangement of words and the elements of words is the main theme, and though there is (as has been pointed out in the Introduction, supra) some danger of ‘literary composition’ seeming to promise a treatment of the πραγματικὸς τόπος. One of the definitions of composition in the New English Dictionary will apply very fairly to the de Compositione Verborum: “the due arrangement of words into sentences, and of sentences into periods; the art of constructing sentences and of writing prose or verse,” while ἁρμονία (which is σύνθεσις in special reference to skilful and melodious combination) might well be defined in the words there quoted from the Arte of Rhetorique of T. Wilson (1553 A.D.): “composition ... is an apt joyning together of wordes in such order, that neither the eare shall espie any jerre, nor yet any man shalbe dulled with overlong drawing out of a sentence.” The form συνθήκη is found, in practically the same sense as σύνθεσις, in the Epitome c. 3; in Lucian de conscrib. hist. c. 46 καὶ μὴν καὶ συνθήκῃ τῶν ὀνομάτων εὐκράτῳ καὶ μέσῃ χρηστέον; and in Chrysostom de Sacerdotio iv. 6 (quoted under ἀπαγγελία supra). As Latin equivalents (in addition to ‘de Compositione Verborum’), ‘de Collocatione Verborum’ or ‘de
Constructione Verborum’ might be supported out of Cicero’s Orator and de Oratore; and something might be said, too, in favour of ‘de Structura Orationis’ or (more fully) ‘de compositione, seu orationis partium apta inter se collocatione.’ — συνθετικός occurs in 104 15, and σύνθετος in 144 11, 176 3, 184 3.
σύνοψις. 208 13. A general view. Lat. conspectus. εἰς σύνοψιν ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενος would, in Aristotle’s conciser phrase, be: εὐσύνοπτος. — The verb συνορᾶν occurs in 184 22, συνιδεῖν 182 3.
συντάττεσθαι. 80 5, 94 15, 96 6, 98 19, 20, 104 5, 106 13, 264 21. To put together, to compose, to treat of. Lat. componere, tractare. So σύνταγμα 214 9, and σύνταξις (‘arrangement,’ ‘co-ordination,’ ‘treatise’) 94 3, 96 2, 13, 16, etc.
συντιθέναι. 68 3, 74 12, 106 11, etc. To arrange words or sounds, to compose. Lat. componere.
συνυφαίνειν. 134 12, 166 17, 184 14, 234 9, 20, 240 7. To weave together. Lat. contexere. Lucian (de conscrib. hist. 48) uses the word: καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀθροίσῃ ἅπαντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα, πρῶτα μὲν ὑπόμνημά τι συνυφαινέτω αὐτῶν κτλ. [The passage is given in full under χρῶμα, infra.]
συνῳδός. 220 17, 224 16, 232 8. In harmony with, accordant. Lat. concors.
συριγμός. 146 14, 148 7, 160 1. A hissing. Lat. sibilus. So σύριγμα 146 3. In 160 1 the reference is to the ‘whistling of ropes,’ the ‘shrieking of tackle’: cp. Virg. Aen. i. 87 “insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum.”
σύρρυσις. 162 21. A flowing together, conflux. Lat. concursus. Two forms of the word are found: σύρρευσις and (as here) σύρρυσις.
συστέλλειν. 140 19, 152 25, 206 1. To compress. Lat. contrahere, corripere. So συστολή 142 18, 268 20.
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