Hank Reinhardt's
THE BOOK OF THE SWORD
Hank Reinhardt
Copyright © 2009 by Hank Reinhardt
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form.
A Baen Books Original
Baen Publishing Enterprises
P.O. Box 1403
Riverdale, NY 10471
www.baen.com
ISBN 10: 1-4391-3282-8
ISBN-13: 978-1-4391-3282-1
First printing, August 2009
Distributed by Simon & Schuster
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10020
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
t/k
Pages by Joy Freeman (www.pagesbyjoy.com)
Printed in the United States of America
Introduction
The sword is the most revered of all of man's weapons. Although the club is older, the knife more universal, and the firearm much more efficient, it is to the sword that the most decoration, myth, mysticism and reverence has been given.
The sword has been the symbol of Justice, of Vengeance, and of Mercy. The katana has been called "The Soul of the Samurai." The Vikings lavished love, care, and attached wonderful names to their weapons. No one artifact has so captured the imagination as has the sword. It captured my imagination when I was seven years old, and it still fascinates me some sixty years later.
When I was twelve years old, my brother-in-law returned from the WWII in the South Pacific and gave me two Japanese bayonets. With a neighborhood kid I promptly went out and started fighting with them. The result was that I had two bayonets with blades that looked like hacksaws from the nicks. This clearly was not the way it happened in books and movies! This was the beginning of a lifelong quest to find out how swords were actually used in combat.
About the same time I started fighting with broomsticks and garbage can tops. This was a lot of fun until the mothers started screaming about knots on little darlings' heads. They paid no attention when it was explained that the recipient failed to parry. Regretfully, irate parents put an end to the blossoming experiments on the use of the sword. Alas, thus is serious scientific study forestalled. . . .
I continued my solo study of the subject matter and managed to buy various small edged weapons while still a teenager. My first was a kukri, a knife used by the Gurkhas of Nepal. Serious collecting didn't start until I was twenty-three, in the U.S. Army and stationed in Germany. There I ran across a Swiss short sword circa 1840 and a rapier (in very poor condition), circa 1650. I bought both, and the craze was on.
While in Germany I traveled extensively, visiting many museums, and frequently talking with armor curators (who rarely found anyone who shared their passion). After my separation from the army, and back in the States, I continued my studying and collecting. [Editor's Note: Hank's collection of antique and reproduction weapons at the time of his death included over 600 items; his collection of books on arms and armor included over 700 volumes.]
In 1984 Bill Adams and I started up Museum Replicas, Ltd., and issued a catalog devoted to the sale of replica arms and armor. This allowed me greater latitude in my studies, and I began to travel much more, visiting even more museums in Europe and Asia. Now, my interest in arms and armor wasn't limited to European items, but embraced Asian, African and Polynesian as well.
Indonesian kris, circa 1900, 30 inches overall length. HRC550.
My research into the actual use of the weapons has been helped a great deal by the study of original sources, such as Icelandic sagas, Froissart's Chronicles and many medieval manuscripts. In addition to this I have engaged in many experiments, such as cutting into mail, cutting armor, and testing weapons to see just how effective they are. Along with several friends, I have engaged in a great deal of sparring combat. However, this time we used padded weapons. (Wives can put an end to scientific inquiry as well as parents.)
There have been many excellent books on the sword, particularly its development and history. The European sword has been well studied, so too the Eastern weapons, particularly the Japanese katana. Other authors have approached the study of the sword from a historical viewpoint, from Ewart Oakeshott, who wrote with an eye to classifying different types of medieval swords, to Richard Burton, describing swords around the world.
So it may be presumptuous of me to feel that I can add to the work. But I do feel that my own experimentation and its results are well worth recording. What I intend to show in this volume is the result of a lifetime's practical research into swords, how they were made and how they were employed, and to correct some of the incredible amount of misinformation given about swords, all types of swords.
As our society has grown more and more advanced, and more reliant on technology, there has been an increased interest in the weapons of the past. The romance of the sword is very much alive, both in the East and the West.
But as our technology has improved our living conditions it has also obscured our vision of the past. Not only is our vision obscured by distance, but movies, books and fiction of all types have romanticized the past, and particularly the sword, beyond all recognition of the real thing.
In order to understand the sword it is necessary for us to understand the material from which it is made. This appears to be so basic an idea that it isn't worth the effort to write down or even read it. But the truth is that very few people understand iron and its physical properties, and in order to understand the sword, and its use, it is necessary to understand iron and how the weapons were made then, and now.
Let me explain. In my time, I have been asked if the Vikings used stainless steel in their swords, as it wouldn't rust on their long voyages. I had one person write and tell me that he had left his sword outside in the rain, and it had developed a "fungus," funny red splotches on the blade! Since stainless steel was not developed until the 20th century, and ferric oxide (known as "rust") has been around since the beginning of time, you can understand my feelings that this ignorance should be dealt with.
Curiously enough, it wasn't until 1786 that de Morveau proved that it was carbon that turned iron into steel. (Carbon was only discovered about ten to twelve years previous to that.) Before then it was thought that steel was the pure form of iron, and that by using coke, coal, etc. and heating the iron white hot, that impurities were being burnt out, instead of vice versa.
In order to understand swords, how they are used, what they can and can't do, it is necessary to know something about iron and steel. Years ago, when swords were in actual use, this would not be necessary. People were familiar with iron implements and knew what to expect. However, this is not true today. Movies, television and books have all contributed to this lack of knowledge. The most outrageous comments are made and believed, and these comments are made by people who have no knowledge of the subject! Sometimes these "experts" will deliberately lie in order to dramatize something. For an example, in the movie of Shakespeare's Henry V, director Sir Lawrence Olivier has a scene with a knight being hoisted up by a crane and lowered onto his horse. When it was pointed out that this was not only incorrect, but actually ridiculous, Olivier replied that he didn't care, it made a good scene!
But this is just one of many such errors that have been perpetuated in modern times. Swords are shown slammed edge on against each other with no damage, smashed into concrete pillars, and cutting steel and stone with ease. I think my favorite myth is that of the Japanese katana that cut a machine gun barrel in half.
These have all led to a belief that swords can actually do these things! This book will be about how swords were actually
used, with concrete, demonstrable evidence as well as historical anecdotal evidence presented. Drawing on information from grave excavations, illustrations of battle scenes, and many classical and medieval literary sources, I will discuss how contemporaries showed swords being used.
Further, I will draw on my own personal experience with devoted friends also interested in the use of the swords. I will show readers the things you do not do because they get you killed and things you do not do because it tears up the sword. And I will illustrate the best way to use many different types of swords.
Building on Oakeshott and others, this volume will add to the body of knowledge of the history of swords by illustrating not only the beauty of the form of the sword, but also their beauty of function.
—Hank Reinhardt
1: Copper and Bronze
It wasn't until the invention of bronze that the sword became possible. Before that time, knives, axes, spears, and even clubs were multi-purpose, used as both tool and weapon. But with bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, an item that was purely a weapon became possible. It is easy to postulate, but not prove, that with the invention of the sword a pure warrior class became possible. Bronze was expensive, and only a few individuals could afford swords, but this gave them an unquestioned advantage over opponents armed with flint knives and axes.
It is probable that the invention of bronze was first achieved by copper-using people, and in many cases fully developed bronze weapons were introduced into Stone-Age cultures. In Northern Europe there are flint daggers and flint "swords" that appear to be copies of bronze weapons. In Denmark there is a polished stone axe head that is an excellent copy of a bronze axe. The flint knapping is excellent and appears to be a brave but futile attempt to stay up with the new metal. It's rather like developing a truly superb carriage about the time the automobile came along.
A flint knife made by Greg Phillips.
From the collection of Laura Brayman.
Photo by Charlotte Proctor.
The estimated time frame for the development and use of metals is constantly undergoing revisions backward. Until recently, the discovery and use of copper was thought to have occurred about four thousand years ago. However, several fascinating new discoveries have pushed the time frame back at least a thousand years, and raised even more interesting questions. One of these discoveries was the body of a man preserved in ice. I will digress a bit to tell his story, to show a little of the cultural context in which these early weapons were used, before I get to more technical matters.
OTZI
The Otzal Alps lie between Austria and Italy. They are partially covered with glacial ice so that only small sections ever melt. In 1991, two hikers discovered a man's body. At first the authorities were uncertain as to how old the body was, but when scientists were able to examine the corpse, it was found to be about 5,300 years old! The body was in a remarkable state of preservation. But what was even more remarkable, and thrilling, was that his tools and clothing were found with him.
The individual, who has been nicknamed Otzi, had bearskin-soled shoes that were stuffed with grass, fur leggings, a fur jacket, a grass overcape and a fur hat with ear flaps. All of the clothing was well made and highly serviceable. In addition, he also carried some fire-making tools, some fungi that were probably used as medicine, and some berries to eat. His equipment consisted of a double-edged stone knife that was hafted with wood, a bow that was only partially finished, twelve blank arrow shafts, two arrows that were broken, and, most amazing of all, a copper axe.
The copper axe was quite well made, with an edge width of about two inches. It was attached to a shaft two feet long. The length of the shaft suggests to me that the axe was primarily a weapon, as tools usually have a shorter shaft. Chemical tests on the body also indicate that Otzi himself was the likely candidate for having cast the axe, as his body contained chemicals that are produced during the casting process.
But let me digress here to tell a bit more of Otzi's story, because it's fascinating. He not only deserves a book about him, but should get a novel as well.
Otzi was between 25 and 45 years old, about 5 feet 4 inches in height, and weighed about 150 pounds. Speculation was that he had been caught in a sudden storm and had frozen to death. The body and equipment were studied a great deal, but it was close to ten years before someone thought to put the body through an imaging scanner. When they did, the scientists received quite a shock. Otzi had not died of natural causes or under accidental circumstances. Otzi had been murdered.
Under his left shoulder blade was a stone arrowhead. The arrow had passed through the left arm, cutting through the triceps, probably some nerves, and had penetrated the body, probably the lung, although I am not certain of this. Medical opinion is that he would have died from the wound in about two to four hours. Once the arrowhead was located, an even more thorough search of his body was made and turned up some more wounds. These wounds were on the hands, and are what are generally referred to as "defensive wounds." When someone is attacked with an edged weapon they will usually attempt to fend off the attack with their hands. This results in many deep gashes in the hands and rarely results in stopping the attack.
We have an individual with a valuable axe, a half-finished bow, and a quiver with twelve unfinished arrows and two broken arrows, and an unsolved murder. It's impossible for me not to speculate on the tale of Otzi.
A hostile encounter leaves Otzi with his bow broken. He would retrieve the two arrows, broken in the fight, as the heads would be useful later. He finds some wood suitable for a bow and begins to prepare it. He does make some arrows, but does not have time to finish them. He is again attacked. This time the fight is probably hand-to-hand, and Otzi again makes his escape. But as he's fleeing uphill, an arrow finds him. Although mortally wounded, he keeps on, probably losing his pursuers, maybe in the dark, or because a storm came up, or just because of the cold of the mountain. He falls, only to be found 5,300 years later.
Interesting. One of oldest mummies found in Europe, and he was murdered, or, if you like, killed in battle. For Otzi didn't die quietly without a struggle. Subsequent tests revealed blood samples from at least three individuals on Otzi, his clothes and his weapons. We don't know if he was the good guy or the bad guy, what we do know is that it is a fascinating development.
While everything about Otzi is fascinating to us for what it can tell about a time that is mostly unknown to modern civilization, from the parasites in his intestines, to his wounds, clothing and tattoos, I am most concerned with that copper axe. This indicates that copper was much more in use than had been previously known, and that the earliest use dates back much further than had been stipulated before his discovery.
To further substantiate this, there was a recent discovery in Jordan of a copper weapon and tool producing factory. The factory is about five thousand years old, and in many respects this is a more important find than Otzi, though less viscerally exciting.
THE MANUFACTURE OF COPPER
At the end of the 20th century, an amazing discovery was made at an excavation in the desert of southern Jordan. Located not far from the Dead Sea, Khibat Hamri Ifdan was a massive metal working complex. Although the site was found in the 1970s it was not fully excavated until 1999. The findings have been most impressive.
Archeologists uncovered a factory that was dedicated to producing copper tools: axes, hammers, knives and other items, including copper ingots. This operation was not a small four- or five-man job shop, but was quite large, obviously a factory. The factory contained about seventy rooms and, at the last counting I have heard about, the team had uncovered hundreds of ceramic molds, broken and discarded items, and approximately 5,000 tons of slag. This much slag indicates that the plant must have produced hundreds of tons over its lifetime.
It also appears, and is reported, that although the plant produced many tools and items, the primary operation was the making of copper ingots. This indicates a rather large trading network, as
locals could not use as much copper as was produced. The plant was destroyed about 2700 BC by an earthquake. This time frame is right at the beginning of the Bronze Age. Frankly, I don't think anyone expected to find such a large operation at this period in time. Prior to this, the largest operation known was in Hissarlik, Turkey (believed to be the Troy of legend), and Hissarlik produced only about 70–80 items. An operation of this size indicates that the production of copper had been known long before had previously been believed. You simply do not organize a large operation such as this unless you have the artisans, the knowledge, and the market for the items that you will produce.
It is doubtful that swords were ever produced in copper. A few may have been tried, but abandoned once they were found unserviceable. Copper is simply too soft to make a good sword. Knives and axes and hammers, yes. Still, it is easy to see the antecedents of sword-making factories here.
In order to produce so much copper, it is necessary to have several different occupations come together: mining, mold making, wooden pattern making, charcoal manufacturing, heating and smelting—not to mention the trade routes that must be established and serviced. What an exciting time that must have been for the adventurers who took up trading! The world was a huge place back then. I am sure that many traders never ventured too far afield, but I am also sure that the more enterprising and adventurous sort spent years in travel, even unto the Cold Northern Seas. Which brings us back to bronze, and the true beginning of the age of swords.
We know the process for producing an item of copper or bronze. First a master is made. This can be of wood or clay. Once this is made, a mold is made that will separate and allow the master to be removed. The mold can be of clay, stone or even ceramics. It is possible, and it was done, to make a master of wax, and then burn it out, but this was later once the casting was well established. It is doubtful that this was done for simple tools, though, as it would be too expensive. The mold is filled with molten copper or bronze, and once it has cooled, the mold is separated. Another method, almost as common, was simply to carve the mold out of stone. This was practical for flat type axes and other items that were one sided. Of course you can make a left and right side of stone, and have a more durable mold, but this would seem to be more expensive than merely using a ceramic material.
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