by Michio Kaku
“I would rather walk naked…”: Ibid.
“I wish very much that I could place…”: Folsing, p. 714.
“In view of his radical background,…”: Ibid.
“He felt very bad about being neglected….”: Ibid., p. 715.
“said a new kind of bomb has been dropped on Japan….”: Brian, p. 344.
In 1946, Einstein made the cover…: In 1948, he helped draft his Message to the Intellectuals, which stated, “Man has not succeeded in developing political and economic forms of organization which would guarantee the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the world. We scientists, whose tragic destiny has been to help in making the methods of annihilation more gruesome and more effective, must consider it our solemn and transcendent duty to do all in our power to prevent these weapons from being used for the brutal purpose for which they were invented. What task could possibly be more important to us? What social aim could be closer to our hearts?” (Sugimoto, p. 153).
He clarified his view on world government when he said, “The only salvation for civilization…lies in the creation of world government, with security of nations founded upon law…. As long as sovereign states continue to have separate armaments and armaments secrets, new world wars will be inevitable” (Folsing, p. 721).
“You are after big game….”: Brian, p. 350.
“I believe I am right….”: Ibid., p. 359.
“Mathematical patterns like those of the painters or the poets…”: Weinberg, p. 153.
“I have become a lonely old fellow….”: Brian, p. 331.
“I must seem like an ostrich…”: Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 465.
“I am generally regarded as a sort of petrified object…”: Ibid., p. 162.
“Oppenheimer made fun…”: Brian, p. 377.
“This is not a jubilee book for me,…”: Cropper, p. 223.
“Anything really new is invented…”: Ibid.
“Nature shows us only…”: Calaprice, p. 232.
“Subtle is the Lord,…” Ibid., p. 241.
“I have second thoughts…”: Ibid.
“From 1954 to the end of his life,…”: Pais, Inward Bound, p. 585.
“We in the back…”: Kaku, Beyond Einstein, p. 11.
“It was an uncanny encounter of two giants…”: Cropper, p. 252.
“What I admired most about Michele was the fact…”: Over bye, p. 377.
“It is tasteless to prolong life artificially….”: Calaprice, p. 63.
Chapter 9. Einstein’s Prophetic Legacy
“The very study of the external world…”: Crease and Mann, p. 67.
“Science cannot solve the ultimate mystery…”: Barrow, p. 378.
This would be the acid test….: More precisely, Bell advocated re-examining the old EPR experiment. In principle, one can measure the angles created by the axis of polarization of the pairs of electrons. By making a detailed analysis of the correlation between various angles of polarization between the two pairs of electrons, Bell was able to construct an inequality, called “Bell’s inequality,” concerning these angles. If quantum mechanics were correct, then one set of relations would be satisfied. If quantum mechanics were incorrect, then another set of relations would be satisfied. Every time this experiment has been performed, the predictions of quantum mechanics prove to be correct.
“I think I can safely say…”: Barrow, p. 144.
“At first sight, it looked artificial…”: Petters et al., p. 155; New York Times, March 31, 1998.
“It’s a bulls-eye!”: New York Times, Ibid.
“We cannot send a time traveler…”: Hawking et al., p. 85.
“String theory has provided our first plausible candidate…”: Weinberg, p. 212.
“The Nobel Prize in Physics…”: Kaku, Beyond Einstein, p. 67.
“If I had known…”: Ibid.
“String theory is extremely attractive because gravity is forced upon us….”: Davies and Brown, p. 95. It should also be pointed out that the latest version of string theory is called “M-theory.” String theory is defined in ten-dimensional space (with nine dimensions of space and one dimension of time). However, there are five self-consistent string theories that can be written in ten dimensions, which has puzzled theorists who would like a single candidate for a unified field theory, not five. Recently, Witten and his colleagues showed that all five theories are actually equivalent if one defines the theory in eleven-dimensional space (with ten dimensions of space and one dimension of time). In eleven dimensions, higher dimensional membranes can exist, and some speculate that our universe may be such a membrane. Although the introduction of M-theory has been a great advance for string theory, at present no one knows the precise equations for M-theory.
“Einstein would have been pleased with this,…”: Ibid., p. 150.
“I believe that in order to make real progress…”: Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, p. 328.
“The creative principle resides…”: Kaku, Quantum Field Theory, p. 699.
Bibliography
According to his will, Einstein donated all his manuscripts and letters in the Einstein Archives to Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Copies of the documents can be found at Princeton University and Boston University. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (vols. 1 through 5), edited by John Stachel, provides translations of this voluminous material.
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Einstein, Albert. The World as I See It. Kensington, New York, 2000.
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French, A. P., ed. Einstein: A Centenary Volume. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1979.
Gell-Mann, Murray. The Quark and the Jaguar. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1994.
Goldsmith, Donald. The Runaway Universe. Perseus Books, Cambridge, Mass., 2000.
Hawking, Stephen, Thorne, Kip, Novikov, Igor, Ferris, Timothy, and Lightman, Alan. The Future of Spacetime. W. W. Norton, New York, 2002.
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Kaku, Michio. Quantum Field Theory. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.
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Overbye, Dennis. Einstein in Love: A Scientific Romance. Viking, New York, 2000.
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Pais, Abraham. Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World. Oxford University Press, New York, 1986.
Pais, Abraham. Subtle Is the Lord—: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford University Press, New York, 1982.
Parker, Barry. Einstein’s Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy. Prometheus Books, Amherst, N.Y., 2000.
Petters, A. O., Levine, H., and Wambganss, J. Singularity Theory and Gravitational Lensing. Birkhauser, Boston, 2001.
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Stachel, John, ed. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vols. 1 and 2. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1989.
Stachel, John, ed. Einstein’s Miraculous Year. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1998.
Sugimoto, Kenji. Albert Einstein: A Photographic Biography. Schocken Books, New York, 1989.
Thorne, Kip S. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy. W. W. Norton, New York, 1994.
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Weinberg, Steven. Dreams of a Final Theory. Pantheon Books, New York, 1992.
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Table of Contents
Preface: A New Look at the Legacy of Albert Einstein
Acknowledgments
Part I. First Picture:
Racing a Light Beam
CHAPTER 1 Physics before Einstein
CHAPTER 2 The Early Years
CHAPTER 3 Special Relativity and the “Miracle Year”
Part II. Second Picture:
Warped Space-Time
CHAPTER 4 General Relativity and “the Happiest Thought of My Life”
CHAPTER 5 The New Copernicus
CHAPTER 6 The Big Bang and Black Holes
Part III. The Unfinished Picture:
The Unified Field Theory
CHAPTER 7 Unification and the Quantum Challenge
CHAPTER 8 War, Peace, and E = mc 2
CHAPTER 9 Einstein’s Prophetic Legacy
Notes
Bibliography