1924: The Year that Made Hitler

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1924: The Year that Made Hitler Page 30

by Peter Ross Range


  33. This and all other quotes from Hitler’s opening speech come from Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 20–65.

  34. Freniere, Hitler Trial, 70.

  35. “Hitlers Verteidgungsrede,” Frankfurter Zeitung, February 26, 1924.

  36. “En allemagne, Le procès Hitler-Ludendorff,” Le Temps, March 1, 1924.

  37. Gritschneder, Der Hitler-Prozess, 56–57.

  38. “Das neue Mekka,” Vossische Zeitung, February 27, 1924.

  39. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 205.

  Chapter 8. The Judgment of History

  1. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 161.

  2. “Public Excluded at Munich,” London Times, February 29, 1924.

  3. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 195.

  4. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), part 1, 39.

  5. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 194–200.

  6. “Münchner Eindrücke—Aus dem Gerichtssaal von unserem besonderen Vertreter,” Pressebüro Krauss, March 23, 1924.

  7. “Munich Trial: General Ludendorff’s Story,” London Times, March 1, 1924.

  8. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 252–85.

  9. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 277–78.

  10. Frank, Im Angesicht, 51.

  11. T. R. Ybarra, “Ludendorff’s Talk at Treason Trial Dismays His Party,” New York Times, March 2, 1924.

  12. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 203–5.

  13. “Antwort des Zentrums an Ludendorff,” Berliner Tageblatt, March 2, 1924.

  14. Gritschneder, Der Hitler-Prozess, 113.

  15. “Knallerbsen,” Münchener Post, March 4, 1924 (dateline; no appearance date available).

  16. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 447.

  17. “En Allemagne, Le procès Hitler-Ludendorff,” Le Temps, March 1, 1924.

  18. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Prosecutor Drops Ludendorff Case,” New York Times, March 7, 1924.

  19. Deuerlein, Augstieg, 215–16.

  20. “Das Mass ist voll,” Vossische Zeitung, March 6, 1924.

  21. Names in Gritschneder, Der Hitler-Prozess, 113.

  22. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Prosecutor Drops Ludendorff Case,” New York Times, March 7, 1924.

  23. Nachlass Ehard (Ehard Papers) 99, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, 40–41.

  24. “Konnte Dr. Ehard den Aufstieg Hitlers verhindern?” Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 1949, in Ehard Nachlass (Ehard Papers), 98, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv.

  25. Deutsche Wetterzentrale. http://www.wetterzentrale.de/cgi-bin/webbbs/wzconfig1.pl?read=93.

  26. “Entweder bedingungslose Unterwerfung oder Kampf,” Deutsche Presse, March 12, 1924.

  27. “Der Hochverratsprozess in München,” Berliner Tageblatt, March 10, 1924.

  28. “Ermittlungsverfahren gegen Kahr-Lossow,” Vossische Zeitung, March 11, 1924.

  29. “Räuberunwesen” in “Der seltsame Prozess,” by Dr. Ernst Feder, Berliner Tageblatt, March 15, 1924.

  30. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), part 2, 737.

  31. “Die Aussage Lossows,” Neues Münchener Tagblatt, March 12, 1924.

  32. München-Augsburger Abendzeitung, March 12, 1924.

  33. “Seisser,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 13, 1924.

  34. Mommsen, Aufstieg und Untergang, 212.

  35. “The Munich Trial: Von Kahr Cross-examined,” London Times, March 13, 1924.

  36. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 964–65.

  37. “Kahr,” Deutsche Presse, March 13, 1924.

  38. Weinberg, Hitler’s Table Talk, 170.

  39. “Moralität und Legalität,” Völkischer Kurier, March 15, 1924.

  40. “Moralität und Legalität,” Vossische Zeitung, March 15, 1924.

  41. “Moralität und Legalität,” Völkischer Kurier, March 15, 1924.

  42. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 1034.

  43. “Der Vorhang fällt,” Münchener Post, March 28, 1924.

  44. Deuerlein, Augstieg, 221.

  45. “Das Schlusswort im Prozess,” Allgemeine Zeitung, March 31, 1924.

  46. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Ludendorff Exalts Himself with Gods,” New York Times, March 28, 1924.

  47. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Ludendorff Exalts Himself with Gods,” New York Times, March 28, 1924.

  48. “Trommeln,” Vossische Zeitung, March 28, 1924.

  49. “Der Vorhang fällt,” Münchener Post, March 28, 1924.

  50. “Höhnische Verherrlichung des Hochverrats,” Münchener Post, March 27, 1924.

  51. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Munich in Ferment, Awaiting Verdict,” New York Times, March 29, 1924.

  52. Author’s notes from Staatsarchiv München.

  53. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Munich in Ferment, Awaiting Verdict,” New York Times, March 29, 1924.

  54. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Munich in Ferment, Awaiting Verdict,” New York Times, March 29, 1924.

  55. Thomas R. Ybarra, “Munich in Ferment, Awaiting Verdict,” New York Times, March 29, 1924.

  56. “Kahr, Lossow, Seisser zur ‘Erholung’ in Italien,” Allgemeine Zeitung, March 29, 1924.

  57. “Der scharzweissrote Wimpel,” Vossische Zeitung, April 1, 1924.

  58. Double chins from Otto Strasser, Hitler and I (trans. from Hitler et moi), 1940, http://mailstar.net/otto-strasser-hitler.html.

  59. “Ludendorff est acquitté,” Le Petit Parisien, front page, April 2, 1924.

  60. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 297.

  61. Hitler-Prozess (trial transcript), 364.

  62. Gritschneder, Der Hitler-Prozess, 55.

  63. Quoted in Frankfurter Zeitung, April 5, 1924.

  64. “Judicial Bankruptcy,” by Ernst Feder, Berliner Tageblatt, April 1, 1924.

  65. “Verdict Called April Fool Joke,” New York Times, April 2, 1924.

  66. Gritschneder, Der Hitler-Prozess, 15.

  67. “Deutschlands Justizschande” Vorwärts, April 2, 1924.

  68. Toby Thacker, Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death, 2009 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 33–34.

  Chapter 9. Rearranging the World

  1. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 25.

  2. Hess, Briefe, 323.

  3. Photo, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/archive/hitler landsberg/.

  4. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 33.

  5. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 41.

  6. Werner Maser, Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf: der Fahrplan eines Welteroberers: Geschichte, Auszüge, Kommentare (Esslingen: Bechtle, 1974), title page.

  7. Jäckel and Kuhn, Hitler: Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1216.

  8. Jäckel and Kuhn, Hitler: Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1216–27.

  9. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 34, footnote to “Mitteilung vom 27.9.1951 in: IfZ-Archiv, Munich, ZS 137.”

  10. Hess, Briefe, 273.

  11. Beierl and Plöckinger, “Neue Dokumente,” 261–79.

  12. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 42.

  13. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 40.

  14. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 34, and Beierl and Plöckinger, 273, footnote to Volksruf (Salzburg), May 17, 1924.

  15. Archiv Manfred Deiler, http://www.buergervereinigung-landsberg.de/festungshaft/DokumenteHItlerFestungshaft.pdf.

  16. “Abschrift. Besuche für den Gefangenen Adolf Hitler,” Staatsarchiv München, No. 14344.

  17. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 44.

  18. Photo, Anna Maria Sigmund, Des Führers bester Freund (Munich: Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, 2005), 81.

  19. Beierl and Plöckinger, “Neue Dokumente,” 268.

  20. Hess, Briefe, 349.

  21. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 35–36.

  22. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 406, footnote, Völkisches Echo, July 11, 1924.

  Chapter 10. The Boss

  1. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 52–53.

  2. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 51.

  3. Anna Maria Sigmund, Des Führers, 57–58.

  4. Lurker, Hitler hinter, 23.

  5. Hess, Briefe, 324.

  6. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hi
tler, 61.

  7. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 47–48.

  8. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 58.

  9. Hess, Briefe, 349.

  10. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 96.

  11. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 97.

  12. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 41.

  13. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 92–93.

  14. Lurker, Hitler hinter, Illustration 17, 66–67.

  15. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 33.

  16. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 78.

  17. Dr. Brinsteiner Landsberg Prison medical report, April 2, 1924, in Lurker, Hitler hinter, 68.

  18. Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 114.

  19. Kallenbach, Mit Adolf Hitler, 79.

  20. Lurker, Hitler hinter, 41.

  Chapter 11. The Holy Book

  1. Weinberg, Hitler’s Table Talk, 218.

  2. Werner Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution: Ursprung und Geschichte der NSDAP in Hamburg 1922–1933 (Frankfurt, 1963), 77–78.

  3. Jäckel and Kuhn, Hitler: Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1247, from Völkischer Kurier, July 7, 1924.

  4. Hess, Briefe, 349.

  5. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus, 91.

  6. Hitler, Mein Kampf, xxvii.

  7. H. R. Trevor-Roper, “The Mind of Adolf Hitler,” Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, London, 2000–2008, xlii.

  8. Weinberg, Hitler’s Table Talk, xxii.

  9. Beierl and Plöckinger, “Neue Dokumente,” 294.

  10. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, 240.

  11. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 64–65.

  12. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 42.

  13. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, and Hamann, 74.

  14. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 177.

  15. Barbara Zehnpfenning, “Nationalsozialismus als Anti-Marxismus? Hitlers programmatisches Selbstverständnis in ‘Mein Kampf,’” Die weltanschaulichen Grundlagen des NS-Regimes: Ursprünge, Gegenentwürfe, Nachwirkungen. Tagungsband der XXIII. Königswinterer Tagung im Februar 2010, 79–99.

  16. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 116.

  17. Fest, Hitler, 214.

  18. Otto Strasser in Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, 242.

  19. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, 241.

  20. Eberhard Jäckel, Hitlers Weltanschauung (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1981), 7.

  21. Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Depair: A Study in the Rise of the German Ideology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961, 1974), xi.

  22. Zehnpfenning, “Nationalsozialismus,” 82.

  23. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 358.

  24. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 313.

  25. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 70.

  26. Barbara Zehnpfennig, Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf: Weltanschauung und Programm: Studienkommentar (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 2011), 247.

  27. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 50, footnote to Bundesarchiv Bern (Switzerland), Nachlass Hess (Hess Papers), 1.211–1989/148, 33.

  28. Letter from Ilse Hess to Werner Maser, December 28, 1952. “Fahrplan eines Welteroberers: Adolf Hitlers ‘Mein Kampf,’” von Werner Maser, Der Spiegel, Nr. 32, August 1, 1966, p. 38.

  29. Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 115.

  30. Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 115.

  31. Hess, Briefe, 346.

  32. Barbara Zehnpfenning, “Nationalsozialismus,” 79–99.

  33. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 149.

  34. Hitler, Monologe, 58.

  35. Hess, Briefe, 341–43.

  36. Weber, Hitler’s First War, 28ff.

  37. Hess, Briefe, 324.

  38. Hess, Briefe, 330.

  39. Hemmrich, “Adolf Hitler,” 44.

  40. Edmund A. Walsh, S. J., “The Mystery of Haushofer,” Life, September 16, 1946, 107.

  41. Frank, Im Angesicht, 46.

  42. Hess, Briefe, 322.

  43. Toland, Adolf Hitler, vol. 1, 208, footnote to testimony at Nuremberg, Oct. 7, 1945, 7.

  44. Hess, Briefe, 345.

  45. Jäckel, Weltanschauung, 38; Jäckel and Kuhn, Hitler: Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 96.

  46. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 52.

  47. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 334–337.

  48. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 333.

  49. Deuerlein, Aufstieg, 236.

  50. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 53.

  51. Hess, Briefe, 347.

  52. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 55.

  53. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 54.

  54. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 229.

  55. Hitler, Monologe, 262.

  56. Beierl and Plöckinger, “Neue Dokumente,” 293.

  57. Beierl and Plöckinger, “Neue Dokumente,” 294.

  58. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 317.

  59. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 324.

  60. Kellerhoff, Mein Kampf, 86.

  61. Jäckel and Kuhn, Hitler: Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen, 1242.

  62. Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History, 37.

  63. Kurt G. W. Ludecke, I Knew Hitler: The Lost Testimony by a Survivor from the Night of the Long Knives (Barnesly: Pen & Sword, 2011 [orig. 1938]), 175.

  64. Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, 179.

  65. Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus, 91.

  66. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 379.

  67. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 376.

  68. Kallenbach, Mit Hitler, 150.

  69. Hess, Briefe, 338.

  70. Staatsarchiv München, JVA 12437.

  71. Hess, Briefe, 347.

  Chapter 12. A Second Chance

  1. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 256.

  2. Weinberg, Hitler’s Table Talk, 216.

  3. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936, 237.

  4. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 116–17.

  5. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 61, footnote, Das Buch der Deutschen, 3ff.

  6. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 56.

  7. Hess, Briefe, 353.

  8. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 126.

  9. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 129.

  10. Gritschneder, Bewährungsfrist, 130.

  11. Hitler, Monologe, 259–60.

  12. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 62; Hess, Briefe, 359.

  13. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 62.

  14. Weinberg, Hitler’s Table Talk, 217.

  Chapter 13. Starting Over

  1. Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 125.

  2. Weinberg, Hitler’s Table Talk, 217.

  3. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 63.

  4. Hanfstaengl, Hitler, 125.

  5. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 67–68.

  6. Large, Where Ghosts Walked, 203.

  Epilogue. What Finally Happened

  1. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 772.

  2. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 772.

  3. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 741.

  4. Kellerhoff, Mein Kampf, title page.

  5. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 175.

  6. “Erledigung Hitlers,” Frankfurter Zeitung und Handelsblatt (Erstes Morgenblatt), 70, no. 841 (November 11, 1925).

  7. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 183.

  8. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 184–86.

  9. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 419ff.

  10. Plöckinger, Geschichte, 154–55.

  11. Interview with the author, June 12, 2014.

  12. Sven Felix Kellerhoff, “‘Mein Kampf’zeigt Hitler als systematischen Denker,” Die Welt (interview with Barbara Zehnpfennig), January 17, 2012. http://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article13819610.

  13. Claus Christian Malzahn, Deutschland, Deutschland: Kurze Geschichte einer geteilten Nation (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 2005), 7.

  * Völkisch is very hard to define and almost untranslatable into English. The word has been rendered as popular, populist, people’s, racial, racist, ethnic-chauvinist, nationalistic, communitarian (for Germans only), conservative, traditional, Nordic, romantic—and it means, in fact, all of those. The völkisch political ideology ranged from a sense of German superiority to a spiritual resistance to “the evils of industrialization and the atomization of modern man,” wrote scholar David Jablonsky. But its central component, as Harold J. Gordon, Jr., noted, was always ra
cism.

  * Pour le Mérite was created in 1740 by Frederick the Great. He named it in French, the preferred language at his court.

  * By national standards, the party was weak, with only a small membership outside Bavaria. The Communists, by contrast, were a national party with more than three hundred thousand members and more than one million votes in federal elections.

  * Numerous books have mistakenly referred to an old fortress at Landsberg, but there was none there.

  † “Fortress” will be used from now on without quotation marks to denote the modern square building described above.

  * Democratic in this context is code for Socialist or left-leaning.

  † Not to be confused with the highly respected postwar Munich newspaper by the same name. Today’s Süddeutsche Zeitung is Germany’s leading center-left daily.

  * Ehard did not mention the fifteen dead Nazis, the four dead policemen, and the one dead bystander. Everyone already knew. Besides, there had been no indictments for homicide; it was impossible to know who shot whom in the melee.

  * Embonpoint is generally translated from the French as “corpulent.”

  * Even Hitler’s title for his Vienna chapter, “Wiener Lehr-und Leidensjahre” (“Apprenticeship Years and Suffering in Vienna”), echoes the title of the original bildungsroman, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship), written by Germany’s greatest man of letters, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). Hitler’s chapter title also neatly brings in Goethe’s most popular novel, Die Leiden des jungen Werther (The Sorrows of Young Werther). If intentional, this subtle choice of words was a clever piece of self-marketing.

  * One school of thought, the intentionalists, has argued that Hitler foretold and directly ordered the Holocaust—the top-down theory. The other, called functionalists, has contended that the killing began at much lower levels through local officials or small-unit military commanders and expanded into mass murder—the bottom-up theory. Today there is growing consensus that ideology drove action and that Mein Kampf was the blueprint.

  * The frightful day came on June 30, 1934, when Hitler used the excuse of a purported putsch attempt by Ernst Röhm to unleash a bloodbath that saw more than one hundred of his presumed enemies, including former chancellor General Kurt von Schleicher, Gustav von Kahr, and Röhm himself cold-bloodedly murdered in the Night of the Long Knives.

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