Unthinkable

  4.Keck, P. E., et al., “Lycanthropy: Alive and Well in the Twentieth Century,” Psychological Medicine, 18(1), 1988, pp. 113–20.

  5.Toyoshima, M., et al., “Analysis of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Carrying 22q11.2 Deletion,” Translational Psychiatry, 6, 2016, e934.

  6.Frith, C. D., et al., “Abnormalities in the Awareness and Control of Action,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 355, 2000, pp. 1771–88.

  7.Lemaitre, A.-L., et al., “Individuals with Pronounced Schizotypal Traits Are Particularly Successful in Tickling Themselves,” Consciousness and Cognition, 41, 2016, pp. 64–71.

  8.Large, M., et al., “Homicide Due to Mental Disorder in England and Wales Over 50 Years,” British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(2), 2008, pp. 130–33.

  9.The science writer Mo Costandi has written a wonderful description of Penfield’s life and work in his blog: “Wilder Penfield, Neural Cartographer,” www.neurophilosophy.wordpress.com, August 27, 2008.

  10.McGeoch, P. D., et al., “Xenomelia: A New Right Parietal Lobe Syndrome,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 82(12), 2011, pp. 1314–19.

  11.Case, L. K., et al., “Altered White Matter and Sensory Response to Bodily Sensation in Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals,” Archives of Sexual Behavior, pp. 1–15.

  LOUISE

  1.Amiel’s Journal: The Journal Intime of Henri-Frédéric Amiel, trans. Mrs. Humphrey Ward, A. L. Burt Company, 1900.

  2.As recalled by Gerd Woll, senior curator at the Munch Museum, in Arthur Lubow’s Edvard Munch: Beyond The Scream, Smithsonian, 2006.

  3.As translated by the Munch Museum, www.emunch.no.

  4.http://www.dpselfhelp.com/forum.

  5.Couto, B., et al., “The Man Who Feels Two Hearts: The Different Pathways of Interoception,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(9), 2014, pp. 1253–60.

  6.Damasio, Antonio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain, Vintage Digital, 2008.

  7.You can hear more from Damasio on this subject here: www.scientificamerican.com/article/feeling-our-emotions.

  8.Medford, N., et al., “Emotional Experience and Awareness of Self: Functional MRI Studies of Depersonalization Disorder,” Frontiers in Psychology, 7(432), 2016, pp. 1–15.

  9.Medford, N., “Emotion and the Unreal Self: Depersonalization Disorder and De-affectualization,” Emotion Review, 4(2), 2012, pp. 139–44.

  10.Khalsa, S. S., et al., “Interoceptive Awareness in Experienced Meditators,” Psychophysiology, 45(4), 2007, pp. 671–77.

  11.Ainley, V., et al., “Looking into Myself: Changes in Interoceptive Sensitivity during Mirror Self-Observation,” Psychophysiology, 49(11), 2012, pp. 1504–8.

  GRAHAM

  1.Pearn, J., and Gardner-Thorpe, C., “Jules Cotard (1840–1889): His Life and the Unique Syndrome which Bears His Name,” Neurology, 58, 2002, pp. 1400-3.

  2.Ibid.

  3.Cotard, J.-M., “Du Délire des Négations,” Archives de Neurologie, 4, 1882, pp. 152–70. (Thank you to Jennifer Halpern, who translated the chapter from French to English for me.)

  4.Pearn and Gardner-Thorpe, “Jules Cotard.”

  5.Clarke, Basil, Mental Disorder in Earlier Britain: Exploratory Studies, University of Wales Press, 1975.

  6.Lemnius, Levinus, The Touchstone of Complexions, Marshe, 1581, title page.

  7.Ibid.

  8.Ibid., p. 152.

  9.Owen, A. M., et al., “Detecting Awareness in the Vegetative State,” Science, 313, 2006, p. 1402.

  10.Yu, F., et al., “A New Case of Complete Primary Cerebellar Agenesis: Clinical and Imaging Findings in a Living Patient,” Brain, 138(6), 2015, e353.

  11.Kelly Servick, “A Magnetic Trick to Define Consciousness,” Wired, August 15, 2013.

  12.Casali, A. G., et al., “A Theoretically Based Index of Consciousness Independent of Sensory Processing and Behavior,” Science Translational Medicine, 5(198), 2013.

  13.Koubeissi, M. Z., et al., “Electrical Stimulation of a Small Brain Area Reversibly Disrupts Consciousness,” Epilepsy & Behavior, 37, 2014, pp. 32–35.

  14.Charland-Verville, V., et al., “Brain Dead Yet Mind Alive: A Positron Emission Tomography Case Study of Brain Metabolism in Cotard’s Syndrome,” Cortex, 49(7), 2013, pp. 1997–99.

  15.Lindén, T., and Helldén, A., “Cotard’s Syndrome as an Adverse Effect of Acyclovir Treatment in Renal Failure,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 333(1), 2013, e650.

  16.As referred to by Hans Forstl and Barbara Beats in “Charles Bonnet’s Description of Cotard’s Delusion and Reduplicative Paramnesia in an Elderly Patient (1788),” British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1992, pp. 416–18.

  17.Ryle, Gilbert, The Concept of Mind, Peregrine, 1949, pp. 186–89.

  JOEL

  1.di Pellegrino, G., et al., “Understanding Motor Events: A Neurophysiological Study,” Experimental Brain Research, 91(1), 1992, pp. 176–80.

  2.Perry, A., et al., “Mirroring in the Human Brain: Deciphering the Spatial-Temporal Patterns of the Human Mirror Neuron System,” Cerebral Cortex, 2017, pp. 1–10.

  3.Blakemore, S.-J., et al., “Somatosensory Activations during the Observation of Touch and a Case of Vision-Touch Synaesthesia,” Brain, 128(7), 2005, pp. 1571–83.

  4.Banissy, M. J., et al., “Superior Facial Expression, but Not Identity Recognition, in Mirror-Touch Synaesthesia,” Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 2011, pp. 1820–24.

  5.Ward, J., and Banissy, M. J., “Explaining Mirror-Touch Synesthesia,” Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(2–3), 2015, pp. 118–33.

  6.Santiesteban, I., et al., “Mirror-Touch Synaesthesia: Difficulties Inhibiting the Other,” Cortex, 71, 2015, pp. 116–21.

  7.Kramer, A. D. I., et al., “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks,” PNAS, 111(24), 2014, pp. 8788–90.

  8.Meffert, H., et al., “Reduced Spontaneous but Relatively Normal Deliberate Vicarious Representations in Psychopathy,” Brain, 136(8), 2013, pp. 2550–62.

  9.Singer, T., and Klimecki, O. M., “Empathy and Compassion,” Current Biology, 24(18), 2014, R875–78.

  CONCLUSION

  1.Beard, G., “Remarks upon Jumpers or Jumping Frenchmen,” Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 5, 1878, p. 526.

  2.Beard, G., “Experiments with the Jumpers of Maine,” Popular Science Monthly, 18, 1880, pp. 170–78.

  3.Saint-Hilaire, M.-H., et al., “Jumping Frenchmen of Maine,” Neurology, 36, 1986, p. 1269.

  4.“The most easily scared guy in the world?”, December 14, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfQ4t2E7iAU.

  Index

  The pagination of this digital edition does not match the print edition from which the index was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your ebook reader’s search tools.

  acquired savant syndrome, 8, 9

  acyclovir, 209–210

  agency, sense of, 153–155, 203

  agreeableness (personality trait), 103

  Ainley, Vivien, 187

  alphabet synesthesia, 79, 80, 82, 220, 233, 237

  Amiel, Henri Frédéric, 171–172

  amnesia, 37–38

  amputated limbs, 164–167, 226

  amygdala, 8, 33

  Andersen, Basse (Hans Christian), 246–249

  anechoic chambers, 142–143

  animals, turning into. See clinical lycanthropy

  anorexia, 188

  anterior insula, 183–184, 188

  anxiety

  autobiographical memory and, 35

  clinical lycanthropy and, 157–158, 159–160, 168–170

  depersonalization disorder and, 176, 185–187

  empathy and, 230

  mirror-touch synesthesia and, 230

  neuroticism as, 103–104

  Aristotle, 2–3, 187

  artistic output, 118–123

  asylums, 9–10

  auditory cortex, 140, 154

  auditory hallucinations, 134–138, 140–146

  A
ujayeb, Avinash, 129–130, 133–134

  auras, 75–77. See also synesthesia

  autobiographical memory, 17–44

  background, 14, 17–19

  case study, 23–24, 28–30, 33–36, 40–42, 44

  coping mechanisms, 35–36

  emotions and, 32–33

  false memories, 38–40

  memorizing strategies, 22–23, 25–28

  memory storage, 19–21, 32, 34–38, 40–44

  nature of memories, 21–28

  neurological explanation, 31–32, 37, 42–44

  obsessive compulsive tendencies and, 41–44

  synesthesia and, 22

  vivid memories and, 32–34, 35–36

  aviators, 140

  Banissy, Michael, 225–226

  Barton, Jason, 49

  Barton, Robert, 84–85

  Bauer, Patricia, 37

  Beard, George Miller, 12, 242–243

  Bethlem (Bedlam) Hospital, 9

  Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne, 217

  Blom, Jan Dirk, 149

  body illusions. See clinical lycanthropy; phantom limb; xenomelia

  Bonnet, Charles, 132–133, 211

  Bor, Daniel, 80

  border cells, 56

  bottom brain, 113–115, 126–128

  brain and brain disorders

  auras, 73–97. See also synesthesia

  autobiographical memory, 17–44. See also autobiographical memory

  case study approach to, 7–8, 12–15, 249–251

  clinical lycanthropy, 147–170. See also clinical lycanthropy

  Cotard’s syndrome, 189–214. See also Cotard’s syndrome

  creativity and, 8, 9, 114, 118–121, 122

  depersonalization disorder, 171–188. See also depersonalization disorder

  description of, 1–2, 6–7

  developmental topographical disorientation disorder, 45–72. See also developmental topographical disorientation disorder

  hallucinations, 129–146. See also hallucinations

  historical study of, 2–6

  mental illness and, 9–11. See also mental illness

  personality changes, 99–128. See also personality and personality changes

  schizophrenia. See schizophrenia

  startle response, 12–13, 242–249

  synesthesias, 73–97, 215–239. See also mirror-touch synesthesia; synesthesia

  Brain (journal), on mirror-touch synesthesia, 217

  brain stem, 7

  Brunelle, François, 105

  Buddhist monks, 231–232

  Buñuel, Luis, 21

  cab drivers, 54, 59

  Casali, Adenauer, 201

  Case, Laura, 166–167

  case study approaches, 7–8, 12–15, 249–251

  caudate nucleus, 42–43

  Caviedes, Rubén Díaz, 74–75, 77–78, 82–83, 85–90, 92–97. See also synesthesia

  central sulcus, 162

  cerebellum, 5, 7, 201

  cerebral cortex (cortex), 6–7, 32, 117, 201

  Charles Bonnet syndrome, 132–133, 144

  Charles I (king), 4

  Cicoria, Tony, 121

  Clarke, Basil, 196

  claustrum, 202–203

  Clemons, Alonzo, 8, 9

  clinical lycanthropy, 147–170

  background, 14, 147–150

  case study, 150–153, 156–161, 167, 168–170

  coping mechanisms, 152–153, 169

  neurological explanation, 161–168

  schizophrenia and, 149, 152–153, 161, 167–168

  CMMG (molecule), 209–210

  cognitive maps, 25–28, 44, 52–53, 55–57, 67–69, 70–71

  color blindness, 88–90, 91–95

  colors

  of auras, 73–77

  behaviors influenced by, 83–85, 169

  perception of, 88, 90–95

  synesthesia and, 78–79, 82–83, 86–89, 92–97, 220–224

  compassionate meditation, 231–232

  cones (photoreceptors), 88, 91, 94

  conscientiousness, 103

  consciousness, 140–141, 183–185, 199–203, 213–214

  Corkin, Suzanne, 20–21

  corpus callosum, 112, 206

  Correa, Angela, 39

  cortex (cerebral cortex), 6–7, 32, 117, 201

  Cortex (journal), on hallucination investigations, 139

  cortical maps, 162–164

  Cotard, Jules, 191–192

  Cotard’s syndrome, 189–214

  background, 190–193

  case study, 189–190, 193–195, 197–199, 203–205, 207–208, 211–214

  coping mechanisms, 195, 208

  neurological explanation, 199–203, 205–207, 208–213

  creativity, 8, 9, 114, 118–121, 122

  Crick, Francis, 202–203

  Cunningham, Steven, 39

  Damasio, Antonio, 182–183, 220

  dead, experience of being. See Cotard’s syndrome

  deafness, 135–136, 141–143

  default mode network, 205–206

  délire des négations, 191–192

  delusions of becoming an animal. See clinical lycanthropy

  depersonalization disorder, 171–188

  background, 171–173

  case study, 173–179, 185–187

  coping mechanisms, 174, 186–187

  neurological explanation, 180–185

  vs. schizophrenia, 176–177

  depression

  autobiographic memory and, 35

  clinical lycanthropy and, 167

  Cotard’s syndrome and, 193–194, 197, 210–213

  depersonalization disorder and, 178–179, 186–187, 188

  interoceptive awareness and, 188

  topographical disorientation disorder and, 64, 72

  Descartes, René, 4

  Deskovic, Jeffrey, 39

  developmental topographical disorientation disorder, 45–72

  background, 49–51

  case study, 45–52, 59–66, 69–71

  coping mechanisms, 46–47, 50, 51–52, 60–62, 69, 71

  defined, 50

  genetic link, 68–70

  landmarks and, 57–58

  neurological explanation, 25–28, 44, 53–59, 66–69, 70–71

  disinhibition, with dopamine, 122–123

  disorientation. See developmental topographical disorientation disorder

  dopamine, 122–123

  doppelgängers, 105

  dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 207

  dualism, 4

  Duchaine, Brad, 66

  early memories, 36–38

  Edwin Smith Papyrus, 2

  Egyptians (ancient), 2

  Elliot, Andrew, 84

  emotional contagion, 230–232

  emotion-color synesthesia, 82–83

  emotions

  colors and, 82–85, 86–87, 95–96

  defined, 182–183

  vs. feelings, 182–183

  memory and, 32–33

  numbing of, 179–180

  strokes and, 108–111

  synesthesia and, 82–83, 219–220

  empathy, 182, 216, 227–228, 230–232

  entorhinal cortex, 55–56

  epilepsy, 167

  Erasistratus, 3

  Esquirol, Jean-Étienne, 130

  excitatory neuronal activity, 143–144

  extroverts, 103, 117–118

  Eysenck, Hans, 117–118

  face-recognition cells, 132

  false confessions and memories, 38–40

  fear, lack of, 8–9

  feelings vs. emotions, 182–183

  Ffytche, Dominic, 131–132

  Flaherty, Alice, 116, 120, 122–123

  Foer, Joshua, 25

  foreshortening, 34–36

  Frankland, Paul, 37

  Freud, Sigmund, 37

  Frith, Chris, 141, 154

  frontal cortex, 6, 67, 113, 115

  frontal lobe, 116–118, 141

 
frontoparietal network, 202, 205–206

  fusiform gyrus, 132

  Gage, Phineas, 8, 9, 114–115

  Galen, Claudius, 3–4

  Gall, Franz Joseph, 5

  Galton, Francis, 79

  ganzfeld technique, 139, 143

  genes and gene mutations

  developmental topographical disorientation and, 68–69

  nature vs. nurture debate, 104–106

  research on, 9

  schizophrenia and, 153

  synesthesia and, 80

  George III (king), 10

  Giffords, Gabrielle, 158

  Gissurarson, Loftur, 75–77

  Gómez, Emilio, 89–90, 91–93

  grapheme-color synesthesia, 220–221

  Greeks (ancient), 2–3

  Grenier, Jean, 148

  grid cells, 55–56

  Griffiths, Timothy, 141–142

  Gunnarsson, Ásgeir, 76–77

  hallucinations, 129–146

  background, 129–131

  case study, 134–138, 141–142, 145–146

  with clinical lycanthropy, 152. See also clinical lycanthropy

  coping mechanisms, 138, 144, 145–146

  defined, 130

  induced, 138–140, 148

  of music, 130, 134–138, 141–146

  neurological explanation, 131–132, 140–144

  overview, 14

  prevalence of, 137–138

  schizophrenia and, 137, 144

  Hallucinations (Sacks), 130

  Hamdy (Moselhy), 149–150, 152, 156–161, 167–169

  Hannesson, Gudmundur, 76

  head direction cells, 56, 69

  hearing loss, 135–136, 141–143

  heart, as source of the mind, 2–3

  heart rate assessment, 93, 181–183

  Helldén, Anders, 209–210

  henbane, 148

  Herophilus, 3

  Heslin, Patrick, 180

  highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM), 28–29, 34–35, 42–43

  Hightower, William, 180–181

  hippocampus, 20, 31, 32, 37, 49, 54–55, 67

  homunculus, 163–164

  hypergraphia, 120

  hypnopompic hallucination, 131

  Iaria, Giuseppe, 49–50, 66–69, 70–71

  Indridason, Indridi, 76

  infantile amnesia, 37–38

  inhibitory neuronal activity, 81, 85, 143–144

  Innocence Project, 39–40

  insula, 183–184, 188, 231

  interoception, 181–185, 187–188

  introverts, 117–118

  Jahan, Spike, 94

  James, William, 34–35, 182

  Jay, Mike, 9

  Jenkins, William, 111–112

  Jim twins study, 104–105

  Jumping Frenchmen, 12, 242–245, 247