2. Song, M., et al. “Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality.” JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (2016): 1453–63.
3. Bouvard, V., et al., on behalf of the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. “Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat.” Lancet Oncology 16 (2015): 1599–1600.
4. Farvid, M. S., et al. “Adolescent Meat Intake and Breast Cancer Risk.” International Journal of Cancer 136 (2015): 1909–20.
5. Preis, S. R., et al. “Dietary Protein and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Middle-aged Men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (2010): 1265–72.
6. Kelemen, L. E., et al. “Associations of Dietary Protein with Disease and Mortality in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Women.” American Journal of Epidemiology 161 (2005): 239–49.
7. Iocono, G., et al. “Intolerance of Cow’s Milk and Chronic Constipation in Children.” New England Journal of Medicine 339 (1998): 1100–4.
8. Smith, J. D., et al. “Changes in Intake of Protein Foods, Carbohydrate Amount and Quality, and Long-Term Weight Change: Results from 3 Prospective Cohorts.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (2015): 1216–24.
9. Darling, A. L., et al. “Dietary Protein and Bone Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90 (2009): 1674–92.
10. Estruch, R., et al. for the PREDIMED Study Investigators. “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet.” New England Journal of Medicine 368 (2013): 1279–90.
11. Song, Y., et al. “Whole Milk Intake Is Associated with Prostate Cancer-Specific Mortality Among U.S. Male Physicians.” Journal of Nutrition 143 (2013): 189–96; Aune, D., et al. “Dairy Products, Calcium, and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (2015): 87–117.
12. Sorensen, A. C., et al. “Interplay Between Policy and Science Regarding Low-Dose Antimicrobial Use in Livestock.” Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2014): 86.
13. Food and Drug Administration. FDA’s Strategy on Antimicrobial Resistance—Questions and Answers. www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm216939.htm
14. Anderson, J. W., et al. “Meta-analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids.” New England Journal of Medicine 333 (1995): 276–82.
15. Lee, S. A., et al. “Adolescent and Adult Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (2009): 1920–6.
16. Franco, O. H., et al. “Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” JAMA 315 (2016): 2554–63.
17. Hwang, Y. W., et al. “Soy Food Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.” Nutrition and Cancer 61 (2009): 598–606.
18. Soni, M., et al. “Phytoestrogens and Cognitive Function: A Review.” Maturitas 77 (2014): 209–20.
19. McMichael-Phillips, D. F., et al. “Effects of Soy-Protein Supplementation on Epithelial Proliferation in the Histologically Normal Human Breast.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68 (supplement) (1998): 1431–36.
20. White, L. R., et al. “Brain Aging and Midlife Tofu Consumption.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (2000): 242–55.
21. Morris, M. C., et al. “Association of Seafood Consumption, Brain Mercury Level, and APOE ε4 Status with Brain Neuropathology in Older Adults.” JAMA 315 (2016): 489–97.
Chapter Eight: Eat Plenty of Fruits and Vegetables
1. U.S. Supreme Court. Nix v. Hedden. caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/149/304.html
2. Moore, L. V., et al. “Adults Meeting Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations—United States, 2013.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64 (2015): 709–13.
3. World Health Organization. A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis. Geneva, 2013. www.ish-world.com/downloads/pdf/global_brief_hypertension.pdf
4. Borgi, L., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertension in Three Prospective Cohort Studies.” Hypertension 67 (2016): 288–93.
5. Joshipura, K. J., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Relation to Risk of Ischemic Stroke.” JAMA 282 (1999): 1233–9.
6. Huo, Y., et al. “Efficacy of Folic Acid Therapy in Primary Prevention of Stroke Among Adults with Hypertension in China: The CSPPT Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA 313 (2015): 1325–35.
7. Appel, L. J., et al. “A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure.” New England Journal of Medicine 336 (1997): 1117–24.
8. Wu, J., et al. “Intakes of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Other Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration During 2 Decades of Prospective Follow-up.” JAMA Ophthalmology 133 (2015): 1415–24.
9. Aldoori, W. H., et al. “A Prospective Study of Dietary Fiber Types and Symptomatic Diverticular Disease in Men.” Journal of Nutrition 128 (1998): 714–719.
10. Crowe, F. L., et al. “Source of Dietary Fibre and Diverticular Disease Incidence: A Prospective Study of UK women.” Gut 63 (2014): 1450–6.
11. Bertoia, M. L., et al. “Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Prospective Cohort Studies.” PLoS Medicine 12 (2015): e1001878.
12. Hung, H. C., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Major Chronic Disease.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96 (2004): 1577–84.
13. Alberts, D. S., et al., for the Phoenix Colon Cancer Prevention Physicians’ Network. “Lack of Effect of a High-Fiber Cereal Supplement on the Recurrence of Colorectal Adenomas. New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 1156–62 and Lanza, E., et al., for the Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. “The Polyp Prevention Trial Continued Follow-up Study: No Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber, High-Fruit, and -Vegetable Diet on Adenoma Recurrence Eight Years After Randomization.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 16 (2007): 1745–52.
14. Boffetta, P., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Overall Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 21 (2010): 529–37.
15. Smith-Warner, S. A., et al. “Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies.” JAMA 285 (2001):769–76.
16. Hendrickson, S. J., et al. “Plasma Carotenoid- and Retinol-Weighted Multi-SNP Scores and Risk of Breast Cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 22 (2013): 927–36.
17. Giovannucci, E. “Tomatoes, Tomato-Based Products, Lycopene, and Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91 (1999): 317–31.
18. Farvid, M. S., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Risk of Breast Cancer: Population Based Cohort Study.” BMJ 353 (2016): i2343.
19. Park, Y., et al. “Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” JAMA 294 (2005): 2849–57.
20. Muraki, I., et al. “Fruit Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from Three Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Studies.” BMJ 347 (2013): f5001.
21. Ames, B. N. “Dietary Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens. Oxygen Radicals and Degenerative Diseases.” Science 221 (1983): 1256–64.
22. Taylor, E. N., and G. C. Curhan. “Oxalate Intake and the Risk for Nephrolithiasis.” Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 18 (2007): 2198–2204.
23. Koushik, A., et al. “Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies.” American Journal of Epidemiology 176 (2012): 373–86.
24. Borgi, L., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertens
ion in Three Prospective Cohort Studies.” Hypertension 67 (2016): 288–93.
25. Wang, X., et al. “Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Mortality from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” BMJ 349 (2014): g4490.
26. Bhupathiraju, S. N., et al. “Quantity and Variety in Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98 (2013): 1514–152.
27. National Potato Council/USDA, U.S. per Capita Utilization of Potatoes, by Category: 1970–2014. http://www.nationalpotatocouncil.org/files/6414/4223/8719/Pg._76_US_per_capita_Utilization_of_Potatoes_by_category_1970-2014.pdf
28. Muraki, I., et al. “Potato Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies.” Diabetes Care 39 (2016): 376–84.
29. Borgi, L., et al. “Potato Intake and Incidence of Hypertension: Results from Three Prospective US Cohort Studies.” BMJ 353 (2016): i2351.
Chapter Nine: You Are What You Drink
1. Valtin, H. “ ‘Drink at Least Eight Glasses of Water a Day.’ Really? Is There Scientific Evidence for ‘8 x 8’?” American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283 (2002): R993–1004.
2. Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended Dietary Allowances, Revised 1945. National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series, no. 122, 1945 (August), p. 3–18.
3. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2004.
4. Imamura, F., et al. “Consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Artificially Sweetened Beverages, and Fruit Juice and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Estimation of Population Attributable Fraction.” BMJ 351 (2015): h3576.
5. Fung, T. T., et al. “Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (2009): 1037–42.
6. Ferraro, P. M., et al. “Soda and Other Beverages and the Risk of Kidney Stones.” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 9 (2013): 1389–95.
7. Food and Drug Administration. “Additional Information About High-Intensity Sweeteners Permitted for Use in Food in the United States.” www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm397725.htm
8. Burke, M. V., and D.M. Small. “Physiological Mechanisms by Which Non-Nutritive Sweeteners May Impact Body Weight and Metabolism.” Physiology and Behavior 152 (2015): 381–8.
9. Mozaffarian, D., et al. “Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men.” New England Journal of Medicine 364 (2011): 2392–404.
10. de Ruyter, J. C., et al. “A Trial of Sugar-Free or Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Body Weight in Children.” New England Journal of Medicine 367 (2012): 1397–406.
11. Chen, M., et al. “Effects of Dairy Intake on Body Weight and Fat: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96 (2012): 735–47.
12. Adebamowo, C. A., et al. “High School Dietary Dairy Intake and Teenage Acne.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 52 (2005): 207–14.
13. Aune, D., et al. “Dairy Products, Calcium, and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101 (2015): 87–117.
14. Ganmaa, D., et al. “Milk, Dairy Intake and Risk of Endometrial Cancer: A 26-Year Follow-up.” International Journal of Cancer 130 (2012): 2664–71.
15. Missmer, S. A., et al. “Meat and Dairy Food Consumption and Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Cohort Studies.” International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (2002): 78–85.
16. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Cancer Research., 2007.
17. Berkey, C. S., et al. “Milk, Dairy Fat, Dietary Calcium, and Weight Gain: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents.” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 159 (2005): 543–50.
18. Hemenway, D., et al. “Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in US Men Aged 40 Through 75 Years.” American Journal of Public Health 84 (1994): 1843–5.
19. Feskanich, D., et al. “Milk Consumption During Teenage Years and Risk of Hip Fractures in Older Adults.” JAMA Pediatrics 168 (2014): 54–60.
20. Thoma, G., et al. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Milk Production and Consumption in the United States: A Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment.” International Dairy Journal 31 (2013): S3–S14.
21. Ferraro, P. M., et al. “Caffeine Intake and the Risk of Kidney Stones.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100 (2014): 1596–603.
22. Ding, M., et al. “Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysis.” Diabetes Care 37 (2014): 569–86.
23. Lucas, M., et al. “Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Completed Suicide: Results from Three Prospective Cohorts of American Adults.” World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 15 (2014): 377–86.
24. Qi, H., and S. Li. “Dose-Response Meta-analysis on Coffee, Tea and Caffeine Consumption with Risk of Parkinson’s Disease.” Geriatrics and Gerontology International 14 (2014): 430–9.
25. Petrick, J. L., et al. “Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by Sex: The Liver Cancer Pooling Project.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 24 (2015): 1398–1406.
26. Ding, M., et al. “Association of Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in 3 Large Prospective Cohorts.” Circulation 132 (2015): 2305–15; Freedman, N. D., et al. “Association of Coffee Drinking with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality.” New England Journal of Medicine 366 (2012): 1891–904.
27. Zhang, Y. F., et al. “Tea Consumption and the Incidence of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 24 (2015): 353–62.
28. Chen, W. Y., et al. “Moderate Alcohol Consumption During Adult Life, Drinking Patterns, and Breast Cancer Risk.” JAMA 306 (2011): 1884–90.
29. Mukamal, K. J., et al. “Roles of Drinking Pattern and Type of Alcohol Consumed in Coronary Heart Disease in Men.” New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003): 109–18.
Chapter Ten: Calcium: No Emergency
1. Tai, V., et al. “Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density: Systematic Review and Beta-analysis.” BMJ 351 (2015): h4183.
2. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., et al. “Dietary Calcium and Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Status in Relation to BMD Among U.S. Adults.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 24 (2009): 935–42.
3. Hegsted, D. M. “Calcium and Osteoporosis.” Journal of Nutrition 116 (1986): 2316–9.
4. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., et al. “Calcium Intake and Hip Fracture Risk in Men and Women: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (2007): 1780–90.
5. Jackson, R. D., et al., for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. “Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Fractures.” New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 669–83.
6. Moyer, V.A., et al. for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation to Prevent Fractures in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.” Annals Internal Medicine 158 (2013): 691–96.
7. Booth, A. O., et al. “Effect of Increasing Dietary Calcium Through Supplements and Dairy Food on Body Weight and Body Composition: A Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.” British Journal of Nutrition 114 (2015): 1013–25.
8. Larsson, S. C., et al. “Dietary Calcium Intake and Risk of Stroke: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (2013): 951�
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9. Michaëlsson, K., et al. “Long Term Calcium Intake and Rates of All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: Community Based Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.” BMJ 346 (2013): f228.
10. Feskanich, D., et al. “Calcium, Vitamin D, Milk Consumption, and Hip Fractures: A Prospective Study Among Postmenopausal Women.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (2003): 504–11.
11. Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., et al. “Fracture Prevention with Vitamin D Supplementation: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” JAMA 293 (2005): 2257–64.
12. Utiger, R. D. “The Need for More Vitamin D.” New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998): 828–29.
13. Shea, M. K., Booth, S. L. “Update on the Role of Vitamin K in Skeletal Health.” Nutrition Reviews 66 (2008): 549–57.
14. Feskanich, D., et al. “Vitamin K Intake and Hip Fractures in Women: A Prospective Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 (1999): 74–9.
Chapter Eleven: Take a Multivitamin for Insurance
1. Hennekens, C. H. “Micronutrients and Cancer Prevention.” New England Journal of Medicine 315 (1986): 1288–9.
2. Smithells, R. W., et al. “Vitamin Deficiencies and Neural Tube Defects.” Archives of Diseases in Childhood 51 (1976): 944–50.
3. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. “Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: Results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study.” Lancet 338 (1991): 131–7; Czeizel, A. E., et al. “Prevention of the First Occurrence of Neural-Tube Defects by Periconceptional Vitamin Supplementation.” New England Journal of Medicine 327 (1992): 1832–5.
4. Williams, J., et al. “Updated Estimates of Neural Tube Defects Prevented by Mandatory Folic Acid Fortification—United States, 1995–2011.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64 (2015): 1–5.
5. Feskanich, D., et al. “Vitamin A Intake and Hip Fractures Among Postmenopausal Women.” JAMA 287 (2002): 47–54.
6. Whelan, A. M., et al. “Herbs, Vitamins and Minerals in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Systematic Review.” Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 16 (2009): e407–29.
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