by Craig Murray
conquering Kashmir ref1
death of ref1
delight at dray horses ref1, ref2
encouraged by Auckland ref1
jihad from Dost ref1
keen to open Indus ref1
losing ground ref1, ref2
meeting Burnes ref1, ref2
meeting Lord Bentinck ref1
sexual prowess ref1, ref2
signing treaty ref1, ref2
status of ref1, ref2
suffering a stroke ref1
taking Kashmir ref1
taking Peshawar ref1
Rattray (deserter) – see Fida
Rawalpindi ref1
Rawlinson, Henry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Reform Act, 1832 ref1
Robert, Capt ref1
Robert the Bruce, King ref1, ref2
Roberts, Brig ref1
Robertson, Thomas ref1
Roebuck, Thomas ref1
Romer, John ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Rosslyn Chapel ref1, ref2, ref3
Rotas, stronghold of ref1
Royal Arch Freemasonry ref1, ref2
Royal Asiatic Society ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Royal English Muscovy Co ref1
Royal Geographical Society ref1, ref2, ref3
Royal Society of London ref1, ref2, ref3
Rubica (Burnes’ servant) ref1
Rupar ref1, ref2
Russell, Lord John ref1, ref2
Russia
alliance with Kandahar ref1
attacking Herat ref1, ref2, ref3
attacks on Khiva ref1, ref2, ref3
British view of aims ref1
conflict over Kabul ref1
controlling the Bosphorus ref1
designs towards India ref1
designs on Persia ref1, ref2
failure of Khiva mission ref1
growth of empire ref1
offering Jabbar Khan money ref1
promising aid to Kabul ref1
withdrawing agents ref1
Rustam Khan, Amir of Khairpur ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7; ceding Baikhar ref8, ref9
Saduzai royal house ref1, ref2
Saduzai, Prince Fatth Jung Khan ref1
Saduzai, Sagdar Jang ref1
Saduzai, Shah Shuja ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32
aiming to recapture Afghanistan ref1
alliance with Ranjit Singh ref1, ref2, ref3
attacked at Ghazni ref1
backed by Auckland ref1, ref2
ceremonial entry to Kabul ref1
coming to power ref1
coronation of ref1
description of court ref1
exiled ref1, ref2
new treaty ref1
receiving tribute from Amirs ref1
restored to power ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
threat from ref1
Saduzai, Taj Mahomed ref1
Saduzai, Prince/Shahzada Timur ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Saigan ref1
St Andrews University ref1
St Columba’s Church, Bombay ref1
St John of Jerusalem, Order of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
St Peter’s Lodge, Montrose ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Sale, Brig Sir Robert ‘Fighting Bob’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Salter, Col ref1
Salu Khan Achakzai ref1
Sanders, Major ref1
Sarafraz Paydanah Khan ref1
Sarwar Khan ref1, ref2, ref3
Scott, Sir Walter ref1, ref2, ref3
Scottish Enlightenment ref1, ref2
Scottish Freemasonry ref1
Scottish Reform Act, 1832 ref1
Semiramis (ship) ref1, ref2
Semund Khan ref1
Sesostris (ship) ref1
Seton, Capt David ref1
sexual morality and practices of Avitabile ref1
among British officers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
of British society ref1
among British soldiers ref1
in Kashmir ref1
among married women ref1, ref2
one cause of British failures ref1
of Ranjit Singh ref1, ref2
Shakespear, Richmond ref1, ref2
Sharif Khan, Mohammed ref1
Shee, Capt ref1
Shelton, Col ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Sher Afzul ref1
Sher Mohammed Khan ref1
Sherif, Sayyid Mohammed ref1
Sherif Khan ref1, ref2
Sheriffmuir, Battle of ref1
Shikarpur ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
Shirin Khan ref1, ref2
Shuja, Shah – see Saduzai
Shukhr, Mullah ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Shupaiyan, Battle of ref1
Sikunder Khan – see Burnes, Alexander
Simla Declaration 1838 ref1
Simonicz, Count General ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13
Simpson, Brig ref1, ref2
Simpson, Lt ref1
Sinclair, Capt ref1
Sinclair, Lord (of Rosslyn) ref1, ref2
Sind ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
annexation of coast ref1
mission to ref1
possible purchase by Britain ref1
surrendered to Britain ref1
threat of war in ref1
Sind, Amirs of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
links to Persia ref1
opposing Burnes’ travel by river ref1, ref2, ref3
paying tribute to Shuja ref1
plans for attack ref1
treaties with ref1
Sind Field Force ref1
Sind Irregular Horse ref1
Sinyavin, L.G. ref1
Sirafrauz Khan ref1
Skinner, James ref1
smallpox ref1
Smith, Adam ref1
Smith, Sidney (writer) ref1, ref2
Smith, Admiral Sir Sydney ref1
Sobdar Khan ref1, ref2, ref3
Sobieski, Jan ref1
Soda tribes ref1, ref2
Somnath, temple of ref1
Stacey, Col ref1
Stevenson, Brig ref1
Stewart, Capt Charles Samuel ref1
Stirling, Edward ref1, ref2, ref3
Stoddart, Col ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13
Sujit Singh ref1
Sukhtelen, Count Pavel ref1
Sukkur ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Sultan Mahommed Khan (brother of Dost) – see Barakzai
Surat ref1, ref2
Sutlej river ref1, ref2, ref3
Taliban ref1
Tashkent ref1
Tatta ref1, ref2, ref3
Tehran ref1, ref2
Tezin Pass ref1, ref2
Thackwell, Gen ref1
Thakuri, Pitumba ref1
Thar desert ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Thomson, Capt ref1, ref2, ref3
Times of India ref1
Timur, Prince/Shahzada – see Saduzai
Timur, Shah ref1, ref2, ref3
Tipu Sultan ref1
Tiszkiewicz (Polish revolutionary) ref1
Toba, the ref1
Todd, Maj D’Arcy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Torrens, Henry ref1, ref2, ref3
Treaty of 1809 ref1
Trebeck, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3
Trevelyan, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Trevor, Capt R.S. ref1, ref2, ref3
Troup, Capt ref1
Tucker, Henry ref1
Turkestan ref1, ref2
Turkmen people ref1
Turkmenchai, Treaty of ref1, ref2
Turnuk river ref1
Tutundera ref1, ref2, ref3
Uch ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Ullah, Amir ref1
Ullah Dad Khan ref1
Ullah, Nazir Khan ref1, ref2, ref3
Undaunted, HMS ref1
Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of ref1
Urquhart, David ref1, ref2
Usman Khan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Uzbek, Abdul Salam Khan ref1
Uzbek peoples ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Uzbekistan ref1, ref2
Valentia, Lord ref1
Vellore mutiny ref1
Ventura, General ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Victoria, Princess/Queen ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Victoria and Albert Museum ref1
Wade, Capt Claude ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24
Wade, Maj Hamlet ref1, ref2
Waghorn (steamship operator) ref1
Waiz, Mir ref1, ref2
Wali, Mir ref1, ref2, ref3
Wallich, Dr ref1
Walter, Captain ref1
Ward, Capt William ref1, ref2
Warsaw, Grand Duchy of ref1
Waterfield, T.M. ref1
Waterloo, Battle of ref1
Wellesley (ship) ref1
Wellesley, Arthur – see Wellington
Wellesley, Lord ref1
Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Westminster Review ref1
Whish, Maj Richard ref1, ref2
Whitteridge, Gordon ref1
William IV, King ref1, ref2, ref3
death of ref1
granting Masson Royal pardon ref1;
illegitimate children of ref1
Williamson, Capt Thomas ref1
Willis, Sgt ref1
Wilshire, Gen ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Wilson, Capt ref1
Witkiewicz, Jan Prosper ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19
death of ref1
influence in Kabul ref1
nightmare of the Raj ref1
Wolff, Joseph ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Wood, Lt John ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20
Woodburn, Capt ref1
Wymer, Col ref1
Yapp, Malcolm ref1, ref2, ref3
Yar Mohammed (Wazir of Herat) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Zabulistan ref1
Zeman, Shah ref1, ref2
Zoroastrianism ref1
Illustrations
Many of the Mandvi boatbuilders still know of Burnes, and claim their ancestors sailed with him.
Large wooden boats are still built in Mandvi, where Burnes’ flotilla was specially constructed.
The British military cemetery at Bhuj consists predominantly of graves from the Burnes’ period, and reflects the unhealthy climate reported by James.
The Rao of Cutch’s bedchamber.
The hall of mirrors in the palace at Bhuj, where Burnes was frequently received by the Rao of Cutch.
The irascible Sir Henry Pottinger, who came to hate Burnes. Painted here as the first Governor of Hong Kong after satisfying his bellicosity in the Opium War. Copyright the Government Art Collection
Sans Pareil, the Governor’s Residence and seat of administration at Bombay, now the Cholera Institute.
An eighteenth-century painting of Sans Pareil still on the wall of the Cholera Institute, Mumbai.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the brilliant creator of the Sikh Empire, which Burnes foresaw could not outlive him. Wikimedia licence
The hall of audience in the Red Fort at Delhi where Burnes met the Moghul Emperor.
The accepted ‘image’ of Burnes is not him at all. The engraving was expressly altered so it is not his face.
This portrait of Burnes by William Brockedon shows him in the act of removing his red-lined Bokharan robe, and revealing the British uniform underneath. Copyright Mumbai Asiatic Society
Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, the oldest purpose-built Masonic building in the world. Adjoining is the Scottish HQ of the Order of St John. Copyright Historic Environment Scotland
Inset top left. The Order of the Dourrani Empire, a St John’s Cross.
The Man Who Would Be King. Alex claimed to have found the masonic inscription of the square and compasses on ruins in Central Asia. THE MAN WHO WOULD BE KING © 1975, renewed 2003 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Courtesy of Columbia Pictures.
The Russian Trade Fair at Nizhni Novgorod by Augustin de Betancourt 1824. Burnes and Auckland planned to replicate on the Indus this great mart for Central Asian goods.
The Chinese Pavilions at the Nizhni Novgorod Trade Fair.
The fortress of Baikhar on the Indus sketched by James Atkinson, 1839, from the British camp just after Burnes negotiated its surrender.
James Rattray 1841, Kabul Women in Indoor and Outdoor Dress.
James Rattray 1841, Kohistani Warriors.
Emily Eden’s sketch of Dost Mohammed in exile surrounded by three of his sons. Haidar Khan, Governor of Ghazni, is top left.
Three sketched portraits by Dr James Atkinson on the expedition, which show how the British leaders dressed in Afghanistan. Copyright the National Portrait Gallery.
(a) William Hay Macnaghten, Burnes’ pompous and overbearing boss
(b) Macnaghten’s nephew Arthur Conolly, whom Burnes considered a Christian fanatic
(c) Burnes’ friend the highly clubbable General Sir Willoughby Cotton
Mohan Lal journeyed to Scotland in 1843 to return Burnes’ papers to his family. This calotype, or early photograph, was taken in Edinburgh. Copyright Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
Bow Butts, Montrose, the now derelict Burnes house.
James Burnes senior, Alex’ father and Provost of Montrose.
By permission of Angus Council.
Montrose Academy, where Burnes was schooled.
Eighteenth-century masonic sign over the Royal Arch bar, Montrose.
Map of Montrose 1824 with the Burnes house clearly marked, just south of the Bowling Green.
Joseph Hume of Montrose, radical MP and Burnes’ assiduous patron. Copyright National Portrait Gallery
Mumbai Old Town Hall, centre of the social and intellectual life of the community. Here Burnes presented papers to the Asiatic, Geographical and Geological Societies.
The Governor’s ballroom at Sans Pareil is a pale reflection of its former glory.
Burnes’ official journal of his flotilla’s damage by storm, in the National Archive of India.
Two of Burnes’ loyal Arab bodyguards, drawn by Emily Eden in Simla August 1838. Courtesy of National Library of Scotland.
Charles Masson 1838, The Bala Hissar of Kabul
The Hooghly, the Calcutta-built ship on the Australian convict run, on which Burnes returned to Britain. Copyright City of Sydney Library
Kabul 1841 by Vincent Eyre (pub 1843) with Burnes house (W) clearly marked at centre top. This shows its position relative to the British cantonment.