by Martin Doyle
California, 125, 138
Flood Control Act and, 81
gold mining in, 121–22, 123, 141
on interest rate swaps, 210
interstate conflicts over water, 128–29, 130–31, 133–35, 136, 151, 323n
levee districts in, 109
milk produced by, 145
stream restoration in, 270, 286
water market in, 142
California Debris Commission, 317n
Calumet River, 179
Campbell, Sandy, 300
Campbell, Scott, 298, 299–300, 301–2, 303–4, 305
Camp Creek, 304
Canada, 18
canal companies, 28, 29, 33, 163–64
canals, 29–30, 33, 41, 163–64
see also specific canals
CAP (Central Arizona Project), 135–36, 142–43, 144, 151
cap and trade approach, 291, 293
Cape Fear Navigation Company, 29
Carbonton Dam, 296, 297, 298
Carson, Rachel, 279
Carter, Jimmy, 253
Catskill Mountains, 258, 270, 333n
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), 193–94, 265, 269–70, 275, 286, 302
Central Arizona Project (CAP), 135–36, 142–43, 144, 151
channelization, 272–75, 292
Chase, Edith, 196–97, 198, 200, 201
Chertoff, Michael, 106
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 30, 70
Chesapeake Bay, 22
Chesbrough, Ellis Sylvester, 161–62, 164, 166–69, 170–71, 172, 175–76, 177, 191
Chicago, Ill.
Chesbrough’s approach to issues of, 166, 167–69, 170–71, 175–76, 177
factories’ shift to electric power in, 232
Great Depression and, 193
Great Fire of 1871, 78
rapid growth in mid-nineteenth century, 165–66
Sanitary District of, 182–83, 184, 214
waterworks, 166, 167, 168–69, 170–71, 177–81, 182
Chicago River, 167–68, 169, 171, 177–79, 178, 180, 193, 325n
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, 178, 178–79
cholera outbreak, 171
Christopher Parsonage, 43, 44–45, 46, 55–56, 57
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 193–94, 265, 269–70, 275, 286, 302
Civil War, 33, 53, 71, 76, 78, 196, 296
Clean Air Act (1970), 202, 247, 250, 292
Clean Water Act (1972), 194, 202, 230, 247, 272, 326n
blind spot of, 203
Corps’ role in implementation of, 42
Jefferson County and, 210
violations of, citizens’ ability to sue in, 207
Clemens, Samuel, see Twain, Mark
Cleveland, Ohio, 165, 196, 199, 200–202, 258
climate change, 149–52
Clinton, Bill, 90
Clinton administration, 93
Coase, Ronald, 290–91
Coast Guard, U.S., 55, 56, 57, 105–6
Colorado, Kansas v., 127
Colorado River, 10, 244, 245
climatological gradients spanned by, 9
interstate conflicts over water, 115, 125–26, 127, 128–35, 138–39, 144, 151
as a water market, 141
water rights of Native American tribes, 152–53
Colorado River Basin, 125, 125, 132, 150–51
Colorado River Commission, 129–30, 131–32
Colorado River Compact (1922), 132–35, 138–39, 144, 151
Colorado River Storage Project, 139
Colorado Springs, Colo., 141–42
Colorado State University, 259
Columbia River, 9–10, 12, 42, 244, 245, 260
commerce, interstate, 22–23, 26, 27–28, 39–41, 42
Commonwealth & Southern Company, 236–37, 241, 244
Concord River, 220
Condit Dam, 234
Congress, U.S.
Central Arizona Project and, 135
channelization hearing of, 274
Colorado River Compact and, 133–35
Corps of Engineers and, 41, 42, 52, 54, 55, 101
Erie Canal and, 42
Flood Control Acts and, 80–81
Mississippi River survey and, 70
Sixteenth Amendment and, 191
U.S. Guano Act and, 204
Yazoo Backwater Project and, 87, 88
Connecticut River, 80, 167
Conowingo hydroelectric project, 233
conservation
environmental, capitalism and, 283–86, 290–98
species, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252–53, 286
women as activists in, 196–97, 198–99, 200
Conservation Department, 270, 333n
Constitution, U.S., 23
on armies, 35–36
commerce clause of, 40–41
Federalist Papers on, 26, 27–28, 42, 109
framers of, 26, 57, 65, 108–9
judiciary in interpreting, role of, 40
in understanding water conflicts, 120
Constitutional Convention, 22–23, 26, 40, 322n
consulting firms in river restoration, 283–86, 290
contaminated water and disease, 171, 173
Cornwallis, Siege of, 35
Corps of Engineers, 38, 41–42, 52, 70, 317n
channelization by, 272, 274–75
establishment of, 37, 38
flood control, role in, 80–83, 86, 87, 101–3, 104, 110
funding for, 54
interstate commerce and, 318n
levees, role in, 60–62, 64, 76, 81, 101–2, 318n
Mississippi River, improving navigation of, 41, 52, 54, 55–56
no net loss permits issued by, 292–93, 294, 298
Ohio River, improving navigation of, 41, 52
re-meandering by, 286
Wilson Dam and, 236
workforce employed by, 54
Cumberland River, 83
Cuyahoga River, 196, 200–202, 201, 290
Dales, John, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295
dams
beaver, 300–301
building of, 136, 138–39
on the Columbia River, 42
federal regulation of, 219
on the Missouri River, 53, 87–88
removal of, 287, 288–89, 295–96, 297, 298
settlers’ use of, 12
in U.S. industrialization, 220–21, 223–29
see also specific dams
Deep River, 296–97
Delaware County, Pa., 228
Delaware River, 11
dendrochronology, 147–52
Department of Homeland Security, 106, 319n
depressions
Great Depression, see Great Depression
Panic of 1837, 33–34, 53, 163, 165, 181, 182, 191
Panic of 1893, 182
desegregation, 107
Des Plaines River, 179
Detroit, Mich., 165, 196, 230
disaster relief, 92–93, 94, 95–96, 105–6, 107–8
disease, contaminated water and, 171, 173
Dodson, John, 185, 186, 187, 188–89, 190–91, 194, 206
drainage districts, 316n
droughts, 118–19, 150, 151, 153, 155, 299, 303
Duncan, John, 252
DuPont, E.I., 228
Durham, N.C., 185–86, 188, 190–91, 193, 194, 205–6
Duty, Robert (“Howdy Duty”), 43–44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 55–57, 58
Eastern Municipal Water District (Riverside, Calif.), 210
École des Ponts et Chaussées, 71
economy, 29, 30, 56, 70
colonial, 221–22
free-market environmentalism and, 283–86, 290–98
Great Depression and, see Great Depression
Great Economic Recession of 2008, 95, 213
industrialization and, 224–29
interest rate swaps and, 207–14
of Mississippi River basin, 48–49
Panic of 1837 and, 33–34, 53, 163, 165, 181
, 182, 191
Panic of 1893 and, 182
Reagan Revolution and, 88, 203, 206, 207
stream restoration markets and, 258, 292–98
taxation and, see taxation
water markets and, 142–47
ecosystem, restoration of, 300, 301–3, 305
Edison, Thomas A., 232
Eisenhower, Dwight, 107, 245
Elam, William, 63
Electric Bond & Share, 234
electric power, 231–32
consolidation of companies providing, 233–35, 238
increase in demand for, 245–46
regulation of, 232–33, 240–41, 242, 330n
TVA and, see Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Ellerbe Creek, 186, 188, 190
Ellet, Charles, Jr., 70–72, 73, 74–77, 81, 82, 89, 96
Elwha River, 289, 297
eminent domain, rights of, 226–27, 229, 329n
Encounters with the Archdruid (McPhee), 287
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 248, 249, 250, 251, 252–53, 286
Endangered Species Committee (“God Committee”), 247, 251–52
Engineering News, 176
Engineering Record, 176
engineers
environmental, 174–76
training for, 35, 36–38, 70–71
England, 121, 227, 231
English Patient, The (Ondaatje), 277
environmental conservation, see conservation
environmental engineers, 174–76
environmental markets, 290–98
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 190, 202, 205, 286
environmental regulation, 247–48, 249–51, 252–53, 254
see also Clean Water Act (1972)
Erie, Lake, 32, 196, 197–99
Erie Canal, 24, 30–32, 34, 41–42, 48
completion of, 32
dimensions of, 49
financing of, 34, 162–63
modern, 23, 24–26, 34
route, 23–24, 25, 30–31, 34
success of, 31–32, 163
traffic on, 32–33
types of transport on, 32, 314n
Erie Canal Village Museum, 23, 34
ESA (Endangered Species Act), 248, 249, 250, 251, 252–53, 286
Etnier, David, 248, 249
Everglades, 42, 80
executive branch, 40, 41, 42
Fall Line, 17–18, 19, 31, 34, 49, 221
Falls Lake, 190
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 92–93, 106, 107, 319n
federal government
channelization funding by, 273–74
Constitution and, 28, 65
debt by the 1830s, 163, 164
in disaster relief, 92–93, 95–96, 106, 107–8
flood control and, 80–83, 87–88, 110, 317n
during the Great Depression, 53–54, 87, 298
see also Great Depression
levee districts and, 66, 69
Mississippi River survey and, 70
overreach by, perceived, 119
stream restoration and, 265–66, 269–70, 290, 333n
taxation, use of, 51–52
see also taxation
TVA and, see Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Federal Highway Administration, 274
federalism, 14, 65, 103
adaptability of, 108–10
Constitution and, 28
for flood control, 65–68, 69, 74, 75, 76–77, 80, 86, 88, 108
Hurricane Katrina and, 106–8
Panic of 1837 and, 33–34
Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Jay, and Madison), 53
on the Constitution, 26, 27–28, 42, 109
No. 41 on armies, 36
No. 11 on commerce, 27
No. 51 on government, 111
No. 78 on judicial branch’s role, 40
No. 2 on nation as a union, 27, 58
on taxation, 51–52
Federal Power Commission, 266
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 92–93, 106, 107, 319n
Ferguson, S. W., 63
fertilizers, runoff from, 203–6
fires on industrial rivers, 200–201
fish
impacts of channelization on, 273, 274–75
snail darters, 248–49, 250–51, 252, 253
see also trout streams
fishing, 260, 285
fixed-rate bonds, 209–11, 212
Flaming Gorge Reservoir, 138
Flat Creek, 301, 302, 303, 304
flood control, 78–111
channelization in, 272
cost-benefit ratio in justifying, 91–92, 93
Ellet on, 74–75, 76, 77
by federal government, 80–83, 87–88, 110, 317n
federalism for, 65–68, 69, 74, 75, 76–77, 80, 86, 88, 108
in flood in 2011, 83, 85–86
Galloway Report on, 94–97, 320n
Humphreys on, 73–74, 76–77
levees for, see levees
Mississippi River survey on, 70, 72, 73–77, 81, 89, 95, 96
in New Orleans, 60, 69, 99–105
outlets or bypasses in, 69, 73–74, 81–82
removing meanders for, 54, 68–69
reservoirs in, 69, 81–82, 83, 86
Flood Control Act (1917), 318n
Flood Control Act (1928), 80, 81
Flood Control Act (1936), 80–81, 87, 88, 91, 272
Flood Control Act (1944), 87
flood disaster relief, 92–93, 94, 95–96, 105–6, 107–8
floodplain management, 94–97, 320n
floodplains
development of, 91–92, 96
as environmental corridors, 97
insurance for properties in, 93–94
floods
in 1927, 63, 79, 85, 90
in 1993, 90, 92, 94, 97–98
in 2011, 82, 83, 85–86
federal funding of research on, 70
in Hurricane Katrina, 98, 98, 105–7
levee failures (1897–1938) and, 78–80, 83, 317n
Florida, 79–80, 115, 204, 210, 286
flour mills, 219, 221–22, 227–28
flumes, 259–60, 264
fluvial geomorphology, 259, 276–77, 279, 280–82, 284–85
Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology (Leopold, Miller, and Wolman), 280–81
fly-fishing, 260, 285
Fontana Dam, 246
Ford, Henry, 236
Forest and Stream, 262
Forest Service, U.S., 73, 122, 265, 266, 270, 299
Fort Benton, Mont., 48
Fort Peck Dam, 53, 87
Fort Randall Dam, 88
“forty-niners,” 67, 122
Fox River, 232
France, 47, 71
Franklin, Benjamin, 35
free-market environmentalism, 290–98
Friedman, Milton, 290–91, 295
Fulton, Robert, 38–39
Gallatin, Albert, 20–21
Gallatin River, 21
Galloway, Gerry (“the General”), 89–91, 94, 95, 96, 97
“Galloway Report, The,” 94–97, 320n
Garrison Dam, 88
Gavins Point Dam, 88
Geological Survey, U.S., 83, 132, 278
geomorphology, 259, 276–78, 280, 284–85
Georgia Power, 241
Gibbons, Thomas, 39–40, 41
Gibbons v. Ogden, 39–41, 42
Gila River, 323n
glacial erosion, 30–31
Glen Canyon Dam, 138, 331n
God Committee (Endangered Species Committee), 247, 251–52
Goettel, Herr, 32
gold mining, 121–22, 123, 141
Good Housekeeping, 197
Grand Canyon, 125, 133, 179, 322n
Grand Coulee Dam, 9, 287
Grayrocks project, 251–52
Great Britain, 34–35, 36, 37, 121, 164, 227, 231
Great Chicago Fire of 1871, 79
Great Depression, 77, 191, 26
4
floods during, 81, 110
labor for river projects during, 53–54, 87, 298
New Deal and, 53–54, 82, 192, 193–94, 202, 241–42, 243
stream restoration during, 269–70
taxation and, 192–93
Great Economic Recession of 2008, 95, 213
Great Falls, 19
Great Lakes, 18, 34, 164, 166, 177, 290–91
Greely, Colo., 124
Green River, 138
Greenville, Miss., 45, 61, 62–64, 63, 103
gristmills, 221–22, 223, 227, 232, 233
guano, 204
Gulf of Mexico, 69, 98, 177, 178, 204–5
Hamilton, Alexander, 26, 27, 36, 42, 51–52, 160, 161
Harmon, Judson, 128
Harmon Doctrine, 128, 130, 131
Harquahala Valley Irrigation District, 142–43
Havasu, Lake, 135, 138, 151
Hay Creek, 300
Hayek, Friedrich von, 290–91
Hillman, Leaf, 117–18, 119–20, 127, 154
Hillsborough, N.C., 257, 258
holding companies, 233–35, 237, 238–39, 241, 243
Homeland Security, Department of, 106, 319n
Hoover, Herbert, 129, 131–32, 134
Hoover Dam, 134, 135, 138, 236, 241, 287
Horowitz, Milton, 226
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 94
Howard, George, 293–94, 295–97
Hubbs, Carl, 266–69, 270, 271, 275, 285, 297, 303
Hudson River, 18, 23, 30–31, 34–35, 39–41
Hudson River School, 50–51
Hudson Valley, 31, 34–35
Humphreys, Andrew, 13, 72–74, 76–77, 95
Hurricane Andrew, 96
Hurricane Katrina, 97–98, 98, 105–7
hydropower, 12, 82
from Columbia River dams, 9
construction of dams for, 42
from Hoover Dam, 138
movement away from using, 230
regulation of, 219, 220, 226–29, 329n
in U.S. industrialization, 220–21, 223–29
see also dams
Idaho, 142, 149, 273, 283, 285, 301
Illinois
channelization in, 272
debt from canal building, 164
levee districts in, 67–68, 109, 316n
see also Chicago, Ill.
Illinois River, 49, 76, 166, 167, 179, 180, 275
immigrants, 10–11, 32
imports, taxation of, 52, 160–61, 163
income taxes, 191, 193, 203, 207
industrialization, dams and, 220–21, 223–29
industrial waste, 195–96, 199–203
Institute for Fisheries Research, 266–68, 269–70, 275
insurance, flood, 93–94, 95–96, 109–10
insurrection, 107–8
interest rate swaps, 207–14
Inter-Fluve, 284–87, 290
interstate commerce, 22–23, 26, 27–28, 39–41, 42
Iowa River, 49, 275
irrigation, 116–19, 136–39, 299
Jackson, Andrew, 109
Jacoby, Gordon, 150–51
James and Kanawha Canal Company, 71
James River, 11, 30, 57, 80