The Source
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Jay, John, 26, 27, 42, 313n
Jefferson, Thomas, 18, 19, 35, 37, 38, 47, 160–61, 163
Jefferson County, Ala., 207–8, 210–14
Jefferson Parish, 104, 105
Journal of Political Economy, 71
J.P. Morgan, 211–12, 213, 214, 234
judicial branch, role of, 40
Kanawha River, 80
Kansas, 11, 79, 80, 127, 128, 153
Kansas City, Kans., 11
Kansas River, 11, 90
Kansas v. Colorado, 127
Karuk Tribe, 117, 119, 120, 154
Kennedy, Ted, 200, 201–2
Kent, Ohio, 196, 197
Kingston, N.Y., 35
Kissimmee River, 286
Klamath County, Ore., 116
Klamath Falls, Ore., 119
Klamath River, 115–18, 119–20, 125, 127, 153–54
Klamath watershed, 116
Koonce, Greg, 283–85, 297–98
Kopechne, Mary Jo, 201
Lake Erie, Requiem or Reprieve, 198–99
Lake Erie Basin Committee, 198
Lake Powell Research Project Bulletin, 150
Lamm, Richard, 151
Laramie River, 131, 251
Law of the River, 133, 134
Lawrence, Mass., 172
League of Women Voters, 197, 198–99, 200
Lee, Robert E., 38
Lee’s Ferry, 125, 127, 132, 133, 138, 150, 151, 322n
legislative branch, 40
see also Congress, U.S.
Leopold, Aldo, 279
Leopold, Luna, 277, 277–79, 280–81, 282, 284, 285, 286, 300
levee districts
formation of, 66, 76, 109
in Illinois, 67–68, 109, 316n
local governments and, 66–68, 69, 74
lower Mississippi River Valley, 61, 68, 83–84, 85–86
role of, 62, 64–65, 66–67
Upper Midwest, 316n
see also Mississippi Levee Board
levees, 59–60
Corps’ role in, 60–62, 64, 76, 81, 101–2, 318n
failures in, 78–80, 84–86, 85, 98, 98, 105–7, 317n
growth in, 76
Lewis, Meriwether, 21
Life on the Mississippi (Twain), 271
Lilienthal, David, 13, 236, 236, 237–42, 243–44, 245, 246
Lincoln, Abraham, 71
Lincoln Memorial, 80
Little Tennessee River, 248–49
Livingston, Robert, 39
local government
debt of, 163, 181
dependency on federal government funds, 203, 207–14
disaster relief and, 93, 96
in federalism, 103
levees districts and, see levee districts
municipal bonds and, 30, 162–64, 165, 181–82, 193, 199, 207–14
locks, 24–25, 29
London Times, 164
looting after Hurricane Katrina, 107–8
Los Angeles River, 266
Louisiana, 66, 75, 79, 85, 107, 108, 195
see also New Orleans, La.
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 105
Louisiana Purchase, 13, 47, 138
Lowell, Mass., 220–21, 222, 225–26, 230, 245
Madison, James, 22, 26, 36, 42, 111, 313n
Maine, 229
Mallams, Tom, 116–17, 118, 119, 153–54
Malone, Patrick, 225
Manhattan Project, 246–47
Marshall, James, 121
Marshall, John, 40, 41, 50, 52
McClellan, George B., 71
McPhee, John, 287
Mead, John Elwood, 323n
Mead, Lake, 151
meanders
depth of, 260
fly-fishing and, 285
problems with, 260–61
removing, 54, 68–69, 74, 76, 260, 261, 271–72
see also re-meandered rivers
Memphis, Tenn., 11, 45, 59, 66, 273
Merrimack Manufacturing Company, 223, 224–25
Merrimack River, 12, 172, 220–22, 223, 224, 226, 254
Methods for the Improvement of Michigan Trout Streams (Hubbs, Tarzwell, and Greely), 267
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 183, 184
Mexico, 10, 128, 132–33, 323n
Michigan, Lake, 166, 167–68, 169, 171, 177, 178–79, 183, 190
microbes, 187–90
microbial ecology, 172
Military Academy, U.S., 35, 38
mill acts, 226, 229
Miller, Dale, 284
Miller, Grant, 182
Miller, John, 278
mills
flour, 219, 221–22, 227–28
grist, 221–22, 223, 227, 232, 233
steam-powered, 230
textile, 12, 225–26, 296
water-powered, 221–22
mill villages, 228, 258
mining, 121–22, 123
Mississippi
flooding in 1927 in, 79, 90
Greenville, 45, 61, 62–64, 63, 103
levee districts in, formation of, 66
Natchez, 11, 56–57
National Guard, 107, 108
Vicksburg, 11, 45, 59, 60, 62, 66
water pollution in, 195
Yazoo Backwater Project in, 86–87, 88
Mississippi Levee Board, 111
area protected by, 78
creation of, 65, 66
flood of 2011 and, 82, 85–86
headquarters of, 62–63
responsibilities of, 64–65, 68, 101, 104
Mississippi Power, 241
Mississippi River, 11, 18, 46, 47–48
Corps’ role in improving navigation of, 41, 52–53, 54, 55–56
flood control for, 13, 38, 60–62, 64, 81, 101, 318n
flooding from, 78, 79, 83, 85–86
Lower, 44, 48, 54, 70, 72, 78, 82, 83–84, 101, 272
piloting barge tows on, 44–46
steamboat pilots on, 49–50
Twain on, 271
Upper, 53–54, 76, 83
Mississippi River basin, 47–48, 60
Mississippi River Commission, 317n
Mississippi River survey, 70, 72, 73–77, 81, 89, 95, 96
Mississippi River Valley, levee districts of lower, 61, 68, 83–84, 85–86
Missouri River, 11, 21, 49
channelization of, 275
dams on, 53, 87–88
flood in 1993, 90, 94
Missouri River basin, 13, 47
mitigation banks, 294–95, 297
Mohawk River, 23–24, 31
Monongahela River, 11, 17
Monsanto Chemical Company, 195
Montana, 53, 195, 234, 283, 285, 289, 295, 297
Montana Power, 234
Moody’s, 208, 213, 214
moral hazard effect, 95–96
Morgan, J. P., Jr., 234
Mormon settlers, 124, 125, 137, 322n
Mount Vernon, 17, 21, 22
Mount Vernon Compact, 22
municipal bonds, 30, 162–64, 165, 181–82, 193, 199, 207–14
municipal debt markets, 210–14
municipal waste, 197–98, 203
Muscle Shoals, Ala., 235–36
Nashua, N.H., 226
Natchez, Miss., 11, 56–57
National Academy of Sciences, 266, 279, 280
National Environmental Policy Act (1970), 202, 247
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), 94
National Guard, 106–8
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 196, 251
National Response Plan, 106
National Weather Service, 82, 83, 86
Native Americans, 115–18, 119–20, 126, 127, 152–54
The Nature Conservancy, 263
Navajo Lake Reservoir, 138
navy, standing, 36–37
Neuse River Company, 29
Nevada, 119, 125, 132, 134, 136
New Deal, 53–54, 82, 192, 193–94
, 202, 241–42, 243
New Hampshire, 29, 223, 226
New Jersey, 39–40, 41, 44, 195, 233
New Mexico, 125, 131, 132, 134, 140, 278
New Orleans, La., 11, 44, 48, 57, 58, 70, 97–99, 315n
flood control infrastructure of, 60, 69, 97, 99–105
under French control, 47
Hurricane Katrina and, 98, 98, 105–7
rainfall in, 99–100
under Spanish control, 18, 47
New York, 19
Buffalo River fire in, 200
Erie Canal in (see Erie Canal)
Flood Control Act of 1936 and, 81
floods in 1935 in, 80
glacial erosion in, 31
guano shipments to, 204
monopoly on steamboat traffic, 39–41
see also specific cities
New York City, 32, 48, 140, 171, 315n
New York State Thruway, 24, 26
New York Times, 239
New York Times Magazine, 244
NFIP (National Flood Insurance Program), 94
Niagara Falls, 198
Niagara River, 197–98
Nimrod, Peter, 63–64, 82, 85–86, 87, 90, 103, 108
nitrogen fertilizer, 203–5, 206
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 196, 251
no net loss policy, 292–94
Norris Dam, 246
North Carolina, 29
dam removal in, 289, 295–96
Durham wastewater treatment plant, 185–86, 188–89, 190–91, 193, 194, 205–6
floods in the 1990s in, 96
stream credits in, 294
stream restoration in, 270, 295, 296–97
Unnamed Tributary 1 in, 257
Northern Command, U.S., 107
Northwestern Electric Company, 234
Oahe Dam, 88
Oak Ridge, Tenn., 246
Obama administration, 93
O’Brien, Bob, 284
Ogden, Aaron, 39
Ogden, Gibbons v., 39–41, 42
Ohio Environmental Council, 196
Ohio River, 10, 11, 17, 18, 46, 50
Corps’ role in improving navigation of, 41, 52
Flood Control Act of 1936 and, 81
floods on, 78–79, 80
Oklahoma, 115, 122–23
Olney, Richard, 128
Olympic National Forest, 289
Ondaatje, Michael, 277
Ontario, Lake, 32, 290
Oregon
beaver dams in, 301
cattle branding in, 298–99
dam removal in, 288–89
droughts in, 153, 155, 303
Klamath River and, 115, 119–20, 154
re-meandered rivers in, 283, 285
Silvies Valley Ranch in, 299, 301–2, 303–4
Orleans Levee District, 101, 104
Orleans Parish, 104
Oswego Canal, 32
Palestine, 126
Panama Canal, 80
Panic of 1837, 33–34, 53, 163, 165, 181, 182, 191
Panic of 1893, 182
Parker Dam, 138
Parrish, Kent, 60, 61–62, 64, 82, 83, 87, 108
Pawtucket Canal, 223–24
Pawtucket Falls, 220–21, 222, 223
Pennsylvania, 11, 78, 80, 164, 195, 228, 287
Pennsylvania Power and Light, 233
PetSmart Stores, 300
Philadelphia Electric, 233
Phoenix, Ariz., 135, 136, 143, 144, 220
phosphorus fertilizer, 203, 204, 206
Piedmont, 10, 28, 30, 31
Pinchot, Gifford, 265–66
Pisgah National Forest, 268
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11, 78, 80
PJN Interchange, 233
plantations, riverfront, 50
Pocomoke River, 22
pollution, water, see water pollution
Pontchartrain, Lake, 98, 99, 100, 101–2
pool–riffle sequence, 260, 261, 280
population growth, 141, 165
Potomac Company, 21–22
Potomac River, 11, 18, 19, 21–22, 32, 33, 80
Powell, John Wesley, 323n
power companies, 224–29, 232–35, 238, 247, 249–53, 254
Preyer, John, 293–94, 295–96, 297
privy vault system, 166, 168, 180
property, 120–21, 141
property rights
eminent domain vs. private, 226–27, 229, 329n
for water, 120–21, 123–24, 128
property taxes, 183–84, 192, 193
Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, 223, 224–25, 226
Public Service Electric and Gas, 233
Public Services Commission, 238–39
public utilities, 223
Public Works Administration (PWA), 193–94, 242
Pullman, George, 170
Quantitative Settlement Agreement, 323n
Raleigh News & Observer, 96
Randleman, Donnie, 43, 44, 45–46, 51, 55, 56–57
Rather, Dan, 250
Reagan, Ronald, 119, 207, 209, 292
Reagan Revolution, 88, 203, 206, 207
Red River, 10, 92
regulation, government, 219–20, 253, 286
of holding companies, 234–35, 238–39
of mills, 222–23, 232, 233
of power companies, 226–29, 232–35, 238–42, 247, 249–54, 330n
re-meandered rivers, 275–77, 279, 280–82, 283–86, 289
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 37
reservoirs, 69, 73–75, 76, 81–82, 83, 86, 138–39
Restoration Systems, 293, 294, 295–97
Revolutionary War, 34–35, 47, 160
Richmond, Va., 11, 57
riffles, 260, 261, 264, 265, 280, 285, 295, 297
Rio Grande River, 10, 128
riparian doctrine, 121, 227
riverfront plantations, 50
river navigation companies, 28, 29, 33
river restoration
consulting firms on, 283–86, 290
funding of, 290
stream restoration markets in, 292–98
see also re-meandered rivers; stream restoration
rivers
channelization of, 272–75, 292
conflicts over, see water wars
fluvial geomorphology and, 276–77, 279, 280–82, 284–86
industrial, fires on, 200
industrial wastes polluting, 195–96, 199–203
meanders of, see meanders
microbial ecosystems in, 171–72
re-meandered, 275–77, 279, 280–82, 283–86, 289
self-purification of, 172, 173–74, 179–80, 186, 273
of the United States, overview of, 9–14, 10, 19
see also water; specific rivers
Riverside, Calif., 210
Roanoke River Company, 29
Rochester, N.Y., 31
Rockefeller, John D., 196
Rome Sports Hall of Fame Museum, 23
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 53, 192, 214, 235, 239–40, 241–42, 244
Roosevelt, Theodore (“Teddy”), 23, 136, 234–35, 265, 266
Rouge River, 200
Sacramento, Calif., 11, 67
Sacramento River, 11, 79, 80, 81, 115, 259, 318n
Sacramento Valley, 76
sagebrush rebellions, 119
sand boils, 84–86, 85
Sand County Almanac, A (Leopold), 279
Sanitary District of Chicago, 182–83, 184, 214
sanitary engineers, 174–76
sanitary sewers, 168, 176
San Joaquin River, 115
San Juan River, 138
Savannah, Ga., 38
sawmills, 221, 222
Schuylkill River, 71, 200
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 214
Sedgwick, William, 172–74, 179, 180, 186, 191
self-purification, river, 172, 173–74, 179–80, 186, 273
September 11, 2001, terrorist attack, 1
06, 107
settlers
dams used by, 12
in Fall Line ports, 10–11
irrigation used by, 137
in Mississippi valley, 66
Mormon, 124, 125, 137, 322n
sewage
in Chicago, 166, 167, 170–71, 177–80
debate over treatment before disposal of, 174–76
produced by a typical New England mill village, 167
sewage treatment plants, see wastewater treatment plants
sewer systems, 214–15
in Chicago, 166, 168–69, 171, 174, 177, 180–81
Jefferson County’s use of swaps to finance, 207–8, 210–14
water-carriage, 168, 169, 174, 180, 205
see also wastewater treatment plants
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 296
Silent Spring (Carson), 279
Silver Bow Creek, 283, 286, 289
Silvies Valley Ranch, 299, 301–2, 303–4
Sixteenth Amendment, 191
Smith, Adam, 258, 291, 298
snail darters, 248–49, 250–51, 252, 253
Snake River, 149
Soil Conservation Service, 272
“Sooners,” 122
sovereignty, 120, 124, 126–29, 130, 152–54
Spain, 18, 36, 47
St. Lawrence River, 18, 244–45
St. Louis, Mo., 11, 38, 66, 90, 179–80, 195, 203
Stafford Act (1988), 93
Standard & Poor’s, 208, 213, 214
Starling, William, 63
state governments
asset incomes as fiscal strategy for, 162–63
canal and river navigation companies and, 28, 29, 30
Constitution and, 28
debt, 33–34, 163–64
dependency on federal government funds, 203
disaster relief and, 93, 96
flood control by, 65–69, 74, 76–77, 80, 86, 88, 95, 97
mills, regulation of, 222–23
power companies, regulation of, 226–29, 232–33
sovereignty in water wars, 124, 127, 153–54
steamboat pilots, profession of, 49–50
steamboats, 38–40, 41, 42, 48–50, 51, 261
steam power in manufacturing, 230–31
Stockton, Charles, 150–51
storm sewers, 168, 176
Stream Conservation Handbook (Migel), 275–76
stream credits, 293, 294, 295, 296–97, 298
streamflow, tree-ring widths in calculating, 149–50
stream restoration, 258
by the CCC, 269–70
dam removal as part of, 289
funding of, 290
by Hubbs and the Michigan School, 266–68, 269–70, 271, 303
markets, 292–98
no net loss policy and, 292–94
in the 1990s, 284–87
at Silvies Valley Ranch, 300, 301–2, 303, 304, 305
by Van Cleef and Catskills fishermen, 261–63, 266, 267, 303
streams
channelization of, 272–75, 292
clearing gravel bars, snags, and boulders in, 261
meanders of, see meanders
re-meandered, 275–77, 279, 280–82, 283–86, 289
trout, see trout streams