12. Sergio L. Sanabria, “A Late Gothic Drawing of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo at the Prado Museum in Madrid,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 51, no. 2 (June 1992), pp. 161–73.
13. Jack Freiberg, Bramante’s Tempietto and the Spanish Crown (Rome: American Academy in Rome, 2005), p. 1:154.
14. Ibid., p. 1:155.
15. John Julius Norwich, The World Atlas of Architecture (New York: Portland House, 1988), p. 276.
16. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Destiny in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 15.
17. Tremlett, Catherine of Aragon, pp. 26–27.
18. María del Cristo González Marrero, La casa de Isabel la Católica: espacios domésticos y vida cotidiana (Ávila: Diputación de Ávila, Institución Gran Duque de Alba, 2004), p. 40.
19. Ibid., pp. 42, 43.
20. Malcolm Letts, ed. and trans., The Travels of Leo of Rozmital through Germany, Flanders, England, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy, 1465–1467 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1957).
21. Erasmus, Opus Epistolarum (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).
22. Mark P. McDonald, Ferdinand Columbus: Renaissance Collector (London: British Museum Press, 2000), p. 35.
23. Ibid., p. 36.
24. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias (Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1851), part 1, p. 71.
25. McDonald, Ferdinand Columbus, p. 42.
26. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand, trans. Benjamin Keen (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. vii.
27. Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), p. 11.
28. Aram, Juana the Mad, p. 21.
29. Ibid., pp. 18–19.
30. Fraser, Wives of Henry VIII, p. 11.
31. Ibid., p. 16.
32. James Gairdner, ed., “Journals of Roger Machado,” in Historia Regis Henrici Septimi (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, 1858), pp. 157–99.
TWELVE: THE WHOLE WORLD TREMBLED
1. John Freely, The Grand Turk (New York: Overlook Press, 2009).
2. Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 1430–1950 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), p. 30.
3. Ibid.
4. Marios Philippides, Emperors, Patriarchs and Sultans of Constantinople: A Short Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century (Brookline, Mass.: Hellenic College Press, 1990), p. 31. Translation from an anonymous Greek chronicle of the sixteenth century.
5. Freely, The Grand Turk, p. 20.
6. Ibid., p. 12.
7. Ibid., p. 21.
8. Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conquerer and His Time (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 430.
9. Giacomo de Langushi, cited in Freely, Grand Turk, p. 59.
10. Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600 (London: Phoenix Press, 2000), p. 26.
11. Marios Philippides, ed., Mehmed II the Conquerer: And the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2007), p. 171.
12. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 93.
13. Ibid.
14. Kritoboulos quoted in Freely, Grand Turk, p. 43.
15. Evlyia Celebi quoted in Freely, Grand Turk, p. 46.
16. Philippides, Mehmed II the Conquerer, pp. 37–40.
17. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 48.
18. Ibid., p. 49.
19. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, p. 29.
20. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 60.
21. Ibid., p. 69.
22. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 280.
23. Marin Barleti, The Siege of Shkodra: Albania’s Courageous Stand Against the Ottoman Conquest 1478, trans. David Hosaflook (Tirana, Albania: Onufri, 2012), p. 184.
24. Ibid., p. 51.
25. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 181.
26. Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 390.
27. Ibid., pp. 390–92.
28. Carta de Reina de Sicilia al Conde de Cardona, Sitio de Otranto, 1481, in Antonio Paz y Meliá, El cronista Alonso de Palencia, su vida y sus obras, sus decadas y las crónicas contemporáneas (Madrid: Hispanic Society of America, 1914), pp. 310–11.
29. Freely, Grand Turk, p. 170.
30. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos por su secretario Fernando del Pulgar, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1943), vol. 1, p. 435.
31. Ibid.
THIRTEEN: THE QUEEN’S WAR
1. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, ed., The Legacy of Muslim Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1994), p. 1:83.
2. José Antonio Conde, Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias arábigas (Madrid: Biblioteca de Historiadores Españoles, Marín y Compañía, 1874), p. 309.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 310.
5. Peter Martyr, Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library), epistle 32, August 13, 1488.
6. L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 268.
7. Alonso Fernández de Palencia, Guerra de Granada (Barcelona: Linkgua Ediciones, 2009) bk. 1, pp. 13–14.
8. Don Jose Antonio Conde, Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en Espana: sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias arábigas (Madrid: Marin y Co., 1874), p. 310.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 310.
11. Condesa de Yebes, La marquesa de Moya: la dama del descubrimiento, 1440–1511 (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1966), p. 58.
12. Jerónimo Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, p. 406.
13. Conde, p. 310.
14. Palencia, Guerra de Granada, p. 33.
15. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de Los Señores Reyes Católicos, Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón (Valencia: Imprenta de Benito Monfort, 1780), p. 173.
16. Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, pp. 414–15.
17. Ibid., pp. 406–10.
18. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 268.
19. Juan Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, Los relieves de la guerra de Granada en la sillería del coro de la Catedral de Toledo (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 1985), p. 33.
20. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 194.
21. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 273.
22. Ibid., p. 312.
23. Jerónimo Münzer, Viaje por España y Portugal, 1494–1495 (Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo, 1991), pp. 117–19.
24. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 309.
25. Conde, Historia de la dominación, p. 310.
26. Ibid., p. 311.
27. Ibid., p. 274.
28. Ibid., p. 313.
29. Ibid., p. 312.
30. Ibid., p. 315.
31. Ibid., p. 288.
32. Isabella to Ferdinand, May 18, 1486, Cartas autógrafas de los reyes católicos de Espana, Don Fernando and Doña Isabel que conservan en el archivo de Simancas, 1474–1502, ed. Amalia Prieto Cantara (Valladolid: Instituto “Isabel la Católica” de Historia Eclesiástica, 1971), letter 9, p. 57.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, Los relieves de la guerra de Granada, p. 58.
36. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 216.
37. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 301.
38. Liss, Isabel the Queen, p. 218.
39. Ibid., pp. 219–20.
40. Peter Martyr to Sforza, August 14, 1489, in Martyr, Opus Epistolarum.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 301.
44. Mata Carriazo y Arroquia, Los relieves de la guerra de Granada, p. 112.
45. Marilyn Yalom, Birth of the Chess Queen (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005), p. 195.
4
6. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 310.
47. Harvey, Islamic Spain, p. 312.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., p. 322.
50. Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, p. 602.
51. Bernarndo Del Roi to Italy, January 7, 1492, cited in Arnold Harris Mathew, The Diary of John Burchard of Strasburg (London: Francis Griffiths, 1910), pp. 1:407–8.
52. Hieronymus Münzer, Viaje por España y Portugal (Granada: Asociación Cultural Hispano Alemana, 1981), pp. 19–20.
53. Mathew, Diary of Burchard, pp. 1:407–8.
54. Münzer, Viaje por España y Portugal, p. 95.
55. Zurita, Anales de Aragón, vol. 8, p. 603.
56. Mathew, Diary of Burchard, pp. 1:317–18.
FOURTEEN: ARCHITECTS OF THE INQUISITION
1. Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997), p. 82.
2. Archivo Histórico Nacional, Catálogo de las causas contra la fe seguidas ante el tribunal de Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Toledo (Madrid, 1903).
3. Lu Ann Homza, ed. and trans., The Spanish Inquisition, 1478–1614: An Anthology of Sources (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006), p. xi.
4. Benzion Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel: Statesman and Philosopher (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1982), p. 3.
5. Elias Hiam Lindo, The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal (1848; repr. New York: Burt Franklin, 1970), p. 6.
6. Ibid., p. 51.
7. Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel, p. 6.
8. Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 30.
9. Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel, p. 52.
10. Yolanda Moreno Koch, El judaísmo hispano, según la crónica hebrea de Rabi Eliyahu Capsali (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2005), pp. 133–35.
11. Jerónimo Zurita, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (1927), p. 1:127, cited in Netanyahu, Origins of the Inquisition, p. 899.
12. Ian MacPherson and Angus MacKay, Love, Religion and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Spain (Leiden: Brill, 1998), p. 183.
13. Ibid., p. 184.
14. Charles Berlin, Elijah Capsali’s Seder Eliyyahu Zuta, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, September 1962, p. 82.
15. Charles Berlin, “A Sixteenth Century Hebrew Chronicle of the Ottoman Empire: The Seder Eliyahu Zuta of Elijah Capsali and Its Message,” in Studies in Jewish Bibliography, History, and Literature, ed. Charles Berlin (New York: KTAV Publishing, 1971), pp. 23–31.
16. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1943), p. 1:309.
17. Ibid., pp. 1:310–11.
18. Ibid., p. 1:314.
19. Ibid., p. 1:313.
20. Rafael Sabatini, Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition: A History (London: Stanley Paul, 1924), p. 98.
21. Ibid., pp. 98–99.
22. Ibid., pp. 102–3.
23. Ibid., p. 108.
24. Peggy Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 196.
25. Henry Charles Lea, History of the Inquisition in Spain (London: Macmillan, 1906), p. 1:587.
26. Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 49–50.
27. Sabatini, Torquemada, pp. 120–21.
28. Ibid., pp. 121–24.
29. Ibid., p. 125.
30. Benzion Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 1035.
31. José Martínez Millán, “Structures of Inquisitorial Finance,” in The Spanish Inquisition and the Inquisitorial Mind, ed. Ángel Alcalá (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).
32. Netanyahu, Origins of Inquisition, p. 898.
33. Ibid., p. 972.
34. Ibid., p. 930.
35. Renée Levine Melammed, Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-Jewish Women of Castile (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 174.
36. Archivo Histórico Nacional, Catálogo, pp. 198, 228, 239.
37. David Martin Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002), p. 576.
38. Ibid.
39. Gretchen D. Starr-LeBeau, In the Shadow of the Virgin: Inquisitors, Friars, and Conversos in Guadalupe, Spain (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), p. 39.
40. Ibid., p. 172.
41. Ibid., p. 217.
42. Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 42.
43. Ibid.
44. Netanyahu, Origins of Inquisition, p. 1010.
45. Ibid., p. 795.
46. Ibid., p. 903.
47. Ibid., p. 921.
48. Ibid., p. 1032.
49. Ibid., p. 918.
50. Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel, p. 56.
51. Lindo, History of Jews of Spain, p. 284.
52. Charles Berlin, Elijah Capsali’s Seder Eliyyahu Zuta, p. 154.
53. Andrés Bernáldez, Historia de los Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel: crónica inedita del siglo XV (Granada: Imprenta y Librería de Don José María Zamora, 1856), quoted in Lindo, History of Jews of Spain, p. 285.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., p. 290.
56. Ibid., p. 291.
FIFTEEN: LANDING IN PARADISE
1. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 20.
2. Bartolomé de Las Casas, History of the Indies, trans. and ed. Andrée Collard (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), p. 19.
3. Ibid.
4. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 4.
5. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 22.
6. Capitan Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Historia general y natural de las Indias (Madrid: Imprenta de la Real Academia de la Historia, 1851), pt. 1, p. 19.
7. Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), p. 118.
8. Ibid., p. 130.
9. Duke of Medina Celi to Grand Cardinal of Spain, March 19, 1493, in Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, ed. and trans. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Limited Editions Club, 1963), p. 20.
10. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 41.
11. Ferdinand Columbus, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus: By His Son Ferdinand, trans. Benjamin Keen (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1959), p. 9.
12. Ibid., p. 284.
13. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, vol. 1, p. 133.
14. Ibid., p. 135.
15. Ibid., p. 136.
16. Columbus, Life of Columbus, p. 42.
17. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, vol. 1, p. 137. Morison calculated that 2 million maravedis would be $14,000 in 1942 dollars (when he performed the calculation); that would be $195,000 in 2012.
18. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 62.
19. Alice Bache Gould, cited in Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1949), pp. 141–42.
20. Royal decree requiring the people of Palos to provide Columbus with caravels Pinta and Niña, April 30, 1492, Archives of the Indies, in Samuel Eliot Morison, ed. and trans., Journals and Other Documents, pp. 31–32.
21. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 62.
22. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 23.
23. Alice Bache Gould, cited in Morison, Journals and Other Documents, pp. 33 and 34.
24. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, one-volume edition (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1949), pp. 158–59.
25. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, pp. 22, 23.
26. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 80.
27. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 24.
28. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, one-volume edition, p. 229.
29. Morison, trans., Journals and Other Documents, pp. 65, 67, 68.
30. Ibid., p. 142.
31. Ibid., p. 146.
32. Morison,
Admiral of the Ocean Sea, one-volume edition, p. 2:7.
33. Ibid., p. 2:8.
34. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 37.
35. Columbus, Life of Columbus, p. 100.
36. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 29.
37. Ibid.
38. Las Casas, History of the Indies, p. 38–39 (book 1, chapter 78).
39. Ibid., p. 42 (book 1, chapter 80).
40. Oviedo, Historia general y natural, p. 71.
41. Fernández-Armesto, Columbus, p. 61.
42. Columbus’s Letter to the Sovereigns on His First Voyage, February 15 to March 4, 1493, New York Public Library, in Morison, ed. and trans., Journals and Other Documents, pp. 180–86.
43. Ibid.
44. Morison, ed. and trans., Journals and Other Documents, p. 181.
SIXTEEN: BORGIA GIVES HER THE WORLD
1. Michael Mallett, The Borgias: The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Dynasty (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969), p. 120.
2. John Fyvie, The Story of the Borgias (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), p. 29.
3. Paul Strathern, The Artist, the Philosopher and the Warrior: The Intersecting Lives of Da Vinci, Machiavelli, and Borgia and the World They Shaped (New York: Bantam Books, 2009), p. 69.
4. Mary Hollingsworth, The Cardinal’s Hat: Money, Ambition and Everyday Life in the Court of a Borgia Prince (Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2005), p. 230.
5. Peter Martyr to Count of Tendilla, September 23, 1492, in Opus Epistolarum: The Work of the Letters of Peter Martyr (London: Wellcome Library).
6. Peter Martyr to Franciscus Pratensis Griolanus, September 18, 1492, ibid.
7. Peter Martyr to Ascanio Sforza, September 27, 1492, ibid.
8. Peter de Roo, Material for a History of Pope Alexander VI, His Relatives and His Time, vol. 2 (New York: Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1924). pp. 308–14.
9. Vatican Secret Records, ASV, A.A. ARM I-XVIII, 5023, ff 61v–64r, cited in Sarah Bradford, Lucrezia Borgia (New York: Viking, 2004), pp. 22 and 23.
10. Ibid., p. 24.
11. Jean Lucas-Dubreton, The Borgias (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1955), pp. 82–83.
12. Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, one-volume edition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949), p. 2:22.
13. Paul Gottschalk, The Earliest Diplomatic Documents on America: The Papal Bulls of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas (Berlin: Paul Gottschalk, 1927), p. 35.
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