287 Peter Wallsten, "Activists Cry Foul over FBI Probe," Washington Post (June 13, 2011), http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/activists-cry-foul-over-fbi-probe/2011/06/09/ AGPRskTH_story.html.
288 Andy Grimm and Cynthia Dizikes, "FBI raids anti-war activists' homes," Chicago Tribune (Sept. 24, 2010), http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-09-24/news/ct-met-fbi-terrorism-investigation-20100924_l_fbi-agents-anti-war-activists-federal-agents.
289 Colin Moynihan and Scott Shane, "For Anarchist, Details of Life as F.B.I. Target," New York Times (May 28, 2011), http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/us/29surveillance.html7_ r=l&pagewanted=all.
290 Colin Moynihan and Scott Shane, "For Anarchist, Details of Life as F.B.I. Target," New York Times (May 28, 2011), http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/29/us/29surveillance.html7_ r=l&pagewanted=all.
291 Editorial, "A Reminder for the F.B.I.," New York Times (Sept. 26,2010), http://www.nyti.mes. com/2010/09/27/opinion/27mon2.html?scp=l&sq=a%20reminder%20for%20the%20 fb.i.&st=cse.
292 The Thomas Merton Center, "Projects" Page, http://thomasmertoncenter.org/projects/.
293 Editorial, "A Reminder for the F.B.I.," New York Times (Sept. 26,2010), http://www.nytimes. com/2010/09/27/opinion/27mon2.html?scp=l&sq=a%20reminder%20for%20the%20 fb.i.&st=cse.
294 Office of Inspector General, "A Review of the FBI's Investigations of Certain Domestic Advocacy Groups," (Sept. 20,2010) p. 42, http://documents.nytimes.com/justice-department-inspector-general-report.
295 Charlie Savage, "Loosening of F.B.I. Rules Stirs Privacy Concerns," New York Times (Oct. 28,2009), http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/29/us/29manual.html.
296 Charlie Savage, "Loosening of F.B.I. Rules Stirs Privacy Concerns," New York Time (Oct. 28, 2009), http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/29/us/29manual.html.
297 Charlie Savage, "F.B.I. Casts Wide Net Under Relaxed Rules for Terror Inquiries, Data Show," New York Times (March 26, 2011), http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/us/27fbi. html?ref=surveillanceofcitizensbygovernment.
298 Editorial, "Backward at the F.B.I.," New York Times (June 18, 2011), http://www.nytimes. com/2011/06/19/opinion/19sunl.html?_r=l.
299 Editorial, "Backward at the F.B.I.," New York Times (June 18, 2011), http://www.nytimes. com/2011/06/19/opinion/19sunl.html?_r=l.
300 "I call it the law of the instrument, and it may be formulated as follows: Give a small boy a hammer, and he will find that everything he encounters needs pounding."– Abraham Kaplan, The Conduct of Inquiry : Methodology for Behavioral Science (1964).
C H A P T E R FOURTEEN
301 Alex Kozinski, dissent in United States v. Juan Pineda-Moreno, 617 F3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2010), http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/08/12/08-30385.pdf
302 "GPS Program Funding," http://www.gps.gov/policy/funding/. Accessed on October 5,2012.
303 United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/ llpdf/10-1259.pdf.
304 "Federal Appeals Court Rules Against GPS Tracking," The Newspaper (Nov. 26, 2010), http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/33/3333.asp.
305 "Federal Appeals Court Rules Against GPS Tracking," The Newspaper (Nov. 26, 2010), http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/33/3333.asp.
306 John W. Whitehead, "U.S. v. Jones: Where Privacy, Technology and the Constitution Collide," Huffington Post (Oct. 10, 2011), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-w-whitehead/us-v-jones-where-privacy-_b_1003812.html.
307 United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/ llpdf/10-1259.pdf.
308 United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/ llpdf/10-1259.pdf.
309 Eric Lichtblau, "Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool," New York Times (March 31,2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-privacy-fears.html?_r=2&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120401.
310 Eric W Dolan, "Appeals court: Police can track cell phones without warrant," Raw Story (Aug. 14,2012), http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/08/14/appeals-court-police-can-track-cell-phones-without-warrant/.
311 Christopher Soghoian, "Why Google Won't Protect You From Big Brother," Tedx (2012), Lecture, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esA9RF01Pcw&feature=youtu.be.
312 Jennifer Valentino-Devries, "Feds Shift Tracking Defense," Wall Street Journal (Nov. 2, 2011), http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240529702046219045770143630243410 28.html.
313 Paul Izzo, "Cell Phone Tracking Case Raises Constitutional Law Questions," Sharon Patch (Nov. 22, 2011), http://sharon.patch.com/articles/cell-phone-tracking-case-raises-constitutional-law-questions.
314 Eric Lichtblau, "More Demands on Cell Carriers in Surveillance," New York Times (July 8, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/us/cell-carriers-see-uptick-in-requests-to-aid-surveillance.htmi?_r=l.
315 Eric Lichtblau, "More Demands on Cell Carriers in Surveillance," New York Times (July 8, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/us/cell-carriers-see-uptick-in-requests-to-aid-surveillance.htmi?_r=l.
316 Eric Lichtblau, "More Demands on Cell Carriers in Surveillance," New York Times (July 8, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/us/cell-carriers-see-uptick-in-requests-to-aid-surveillance.htmi?_r=l.
317 Athima Chansanchai, "ACLU: Police track cellphones, too," NBC News, http://www. nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/aclu-police-track-cellphones-too-625114.
318 Eric Lichtblau, "More Demands on Cell Carriers in Surveillance," New York Times (July 8, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/us/cell-carriers-see-uptick-in-requests-to-aid-surveillance.html?_r=l.
319 Eric Lichtblau, "Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool," New York Times (March 31,2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-privacy-fears.html?_r=2&nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20120401.
320 Timothy B. Lee, "Documents show cops making up the rules on mobile surveillance," Ars Technica (April 3, 2012), http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/documents-show-cops-making-up-the-rules-on-mobile-surveillance/.
321 Kim Zetter, "Justice Department Sues Telecom for Challenging National Security Letter," Wired (July 18,2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/07/doj-sues-telecom-over-nsl/.
322 David Rosen, "America's Spy State: How the Telecoms Sell Out Your Privacy," Reader Supported News (June 2,2012), http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/294-159/11729-americas-spy-state-how-the-telecoms-sell-out-your-privacy
323 William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (1951), Act 1, sc. 3.
324 David Talbot, "A Phone that Knows Where You're Going," Technology Review (July 9,2012), http://www.technologyreview.com/news/428441/a-phone-that-knows-where-youre-going/.
325 Pratap Chatterjee, "The New Cyber-Industrial Complex Spying on Us," Reader Supported News (Dec. 4, 2011), http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/275-42/8734-focus-the-new-cyber-industrial-complex-spying-on-us.
326 The phrase "chilling effect" made its Supreme Court debut in Gibson v. Florida Legis. Investigation Comm., 372 U.S. 539,556-57 (1963).
327 Alex Kozinski, dissent in United States v. Juan Pineda-Moreno, 617 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2010), http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/08/12/08-30385.pdf
C H A P T E R FIFTEEN
328 George Orwell, 1984 (Plume, 1983)
329 Gary Stoller, "Homeland security generates multibillion dollar business," USA Today (Sept. 10,2006), http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/2006-09-10-security-industry_x.htm.
330 Robert O'Harrow, No Place to Hide (Free Press, 2005)
331 Jeffrey Rosen, "A Cautionary Tale for a New Age of Surveillance," New York Times (Oct. 7, 2001), http://www.nytimes.com/200l/10/07/magazine/07SURVEILLANCE.html?ex=134 6212800&en=2d546360047ae54d&ei=5070.
332 Noam Biale, "Expert Findings on Surveillance Cameras," ACLU, http://www.aclu.org/ images/asset_upload_file708_35775.pdf.
333 "Surveillance society keeps an eye out," The Ottawa Citizen (Sept. 3, 2006), http://www. Canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=8a36b5db-9dc7-4elc-b796-d6ef0834170a.
334 Bruce Finley, "Terror Watch Uses Local Eyes," Denver Post (June 29, 2008), http://www. denverpost.com/commented/ci_9732641.
335 "DHS Secretary Napolitano, Missouri Governor Nixon Address Annual National Fusion Center Conference," U.S. Department of Homeland Security (March 11, 2009), http:// www.dhs.gov/news/2009/03/ll/secretary-napolitano-missouri-governor-address-fusion-center-conference.
336 "Who's Spying in Your Neighborhood?" http://www.aclu.org/whos-spying-your-neighborhood-map. Accessed July 8,2011.
337 "Declassified Docs Reveal Military Operative Spied on WA Peace Groups, Activist Friends Stunned," Democracy Now (July 28, 2009), http://www.democracynow.Org/2009/7/28/ broadcast_exclusive_declassified_docs_reveal_military
338 "ACLU Says Fusion Centers Remain Problematic," American Civil Liberties Union (April 17,2008), http://www.aclu.org/national-security-technology-and-liberty/aclu-says-fusion-centers-remain-problematic.
339 "Privacy Impact Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security State, Local, and Regional Fusion Center Initiative," Department of Homeland Security (Dec. 11, 2008), http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_pia_ia_slrfci.pdf
340 "Privacy Impact Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security State, Local, and Regional Fusion Center Initiative," Department of Homeland Security (Dec. 11, 2008), http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_pia_ia_slrfci.pdf.
341 Joseph Straw, "Smashing Intelligence Stovepipes," Security Management, http://www. securitymanagement.com/article/smashing-intelligence-stovepipes?page=0%2Cl.
342 Michael Isikoff, "Homeland Security 'fusion' centers spy on citizens, produce 'shoddy' work, report says," NBC News (Oct. 2, 2012), http://openchannel.nbcnews. com/_news/2012/10/02/14187433-homeland-security-fusion-centers-spy-on-citizens-produce-shoddy-work-report-says?lite.
343 Robert O'Harrow, "DHS 'fusion centers' portrayed as pools of ineptitude, civil liberties intrusions," The Washington Post (Oct. 2, 2012), http://www.washingtonpost.com/ investigations/dhs-fusion-centers-portrayed-as-pools-of-ineptitude-and-civil-liberties-Ìntrusions/2012/10/02/10014440-0cbl-lle2-bdla-b868e65d57eb_story.html.
344 Matthew Harwood, "Problems at Fusion Centers Tied to Poor Training," Security Management (Oct. 5,2012), http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/problems-fusion-centers-tied-poor-training-0010525.
345 Michael Isikoff, "Homeland Security 'fusion' centers spy on citizens, produce 'shoddy' work, report says," NBC News (Oct. 2, 2012), http://openchannel.nbcnews. com/_news/2012/10/02/14187433-homeland-security-fusion-centers-spy-on-citizens-produce-shoddy-work-report-says?lite.
346 Robert O'Harrow, "DHS 'fusion centers' portrayed as pools of ineptitude, civil liberties intrusions," The Washington Post (Oct. 2, 2012), http://www.washingtonpost.com/ investigations/dhs-fusion-centers-portrayed-as-pools-of-ineptitude-and-civil-liberties-Ìntrusions/2012/10/02/10014440-0cbl-lle2-bdla-b868e65d57eb_story.html.
347 Jesse Walker, "Fusion Centers: Expensive, Practically Useless, and Bad for Your Liberty," Reason (Oct. 2, 2012), http://reason.com/blog/2012/10/03/fusion-centers-expensive-practically-use.
348 Matthew Harwood, "Problems at Fusion Centers Tied to Poor Training," Security Management (Oct. 5,2012), http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/problems-fusion-centers-tied-poor-training-0010525.
349 "Indicators and Warnings," http://www.tlo.org/portal/indicators.htm (accessed July 1, 2011).
350 "Indicators and Warnings," http://www.tlo.org/portal/indicators.htm (accessed July 1, 2011).
351 David Rittgers, "We're All Terrorists Now," Cato Institute (Feb. 2, 2011), http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/we%E2%80%99re-all-terrorists-now/.
352 Stephen C. Webster, "Fusion center declares nation's oldest universities possible terror threat," Raw Story (April 6, 2009), http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Virginia_terror_ assessment_targets_enormous_crosssection_0406.html.
353 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
354 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
355 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
356 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
357 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
358 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
359 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
360 Jane Mayer, "The Secret Sharer," New Yorker (May 23,2011), http://www.newyorker.com/ reporting/2011/05/23/110523fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all.
361 Jane Mayer, "The Secret Sharer," New Yorker (May 23,2011), http://www.newyorker.com/ reporting/2011/05/23/110523fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=all.
362 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
363 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
364 James Bamford, "The NSA Is Building the Country's Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say)," Wired (March 15, 2012), http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_ nsadatacenter/all/1.
365 As quoted in David Burnham, The Rise of the Computer State (Random House, 1983), p. 47,48.
C H A P T E R SIXTEEN
366 U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas dissenting in Osborn v. United States, 385 U.S. 323 (1966).
367 Jessica Bennett, "Smile! You're on Hidden Camera," Newsweek (Nov. 20,2007), http://www. newsweek.com/id/71506/output/print.
368 Bruce Horovitz, "Smile! You're on a Redflex camera," USA Today (July 5, 2006), http:// usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-04-redflex-usat_x.htm.
369 Christine Vendei, "High-tech wow for police is a privacy worry for some," Kansas City Star (Aug. 2,2010), http://www.elsag.com/detail.asp?i=280.
370 Andy Greenberg, "Full-Body Scan Technology Deployed In Street-Roving Vans," Forbes (Aug. 24,2010), http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2010/08/24/full-body-scan-technology-deployed-in-street-roving-vans/.
371 Jason Milley, "DoD to use iris scans, fingerprints for building security," Federal News Radio (April 6,2012), http://www.federalnewsradio.com/?nid=396&sid=2817314.
372 Steve Johnson, "Does rise of biometrics mean a future without anonymity?" Mercury News (Sept. 17, 2012), http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_21557578/unlocking-future-faces-heartbeats-and-maybe-even-body.
373 Michael Endler, "FBI's Facial Recognition Program: Better Security Through Biometrics," Information Week (Sept. 11, 2012), http://www.informationweek.com/government/ security/fbis-facial-recognition-program-better-s/240007101?pgno=2.
374 Steve Johnson, "Does rise of biometrics mean a future without anonymity?" Mercury News, (Sept. 17,2012), http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_21557578/unlocking-future-faces-heartbeats-and-maybe-even-body.
375 Steve Johnson, "Does rise of biometrics mean a future without anonymity?" Mercury News (Sept. 17, 2012), http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_21557578/unlocking-future-faces-heartbeats-and-maybe-even-body.
376 Thomas Claburn, "Facebook: We Fumbled Face Recognition Roll-Out," Information Week (June 8,2011), http://ww
w.informationweek.com/security/privacy/facebook-we-fumbled-face-recognition-rol/230500058.
377 Austin Carr, "Iris Scanners Create the Most Secure City in the World. Welcome, Big Brother," Fast Company (Aug. 18, 2010), http://www.fastcompany.com/1683302/iris-scanners-create-most-secure-city-world-welcome-big-brother.
378 Austin Carr, "Iris Scanners Create the Most Secure City in the World. Welcome, Big Brother," Fast Company (Aug. 18, 2010), http://www.fastcompany.com/1683302/iris-scanners-create-most-secure-city-world-welcome-big-brother.
379 "Sheriff's department to demo new eye scanners," Columbia Daily Tribune (Oct. 27,2010), http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/2010/oct/27/sheriffs-department-to-demo-new-eye-scanners/.
380 Howard Portnoy, "Big Brother alert: U.S. police preparing to use facial recognition iPhone," Examiner (July 15, 2011), http://www.examiner.com/article/big-brother-alert-u-s-police-preparing-to-use-facial-recognition-iphone.
381 "Overview," AOptix Technologies, http://www.aoptix.com/about-us/overview. Accessed June 5,2012.
382 Sara Reardon, "FBI launches $1 billion face recognition project," New Scientist (Sept. 7, 2012), http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528804.200-fbi-launches-l-billion-face-recognition-project.html.
383 Tana Ganeva, "5 Things You Should Know About the FBI's Massive New Biometrie Database," Alternet (Jan. 8, 2012), http://www.alternet.org/story/153664/5_things_you_ s/tottZ"_know_about_the_fbi%27s_massive_new_biometric_database.
384 Joseph J. Atick, "Face Recognition in the Era of the Cloud and Social Media: Is it Time to Hit the Panic Button?" findBiometrics (Oct. 19, 2011), http://www.findbiometrics.com/ articles/i/9335/.
385 Ryan Gallagher, "Internet Activists: The Software Program TrapWire Is Not a Global Conspiracy To Photograph Your Face," Slate (Aug. 13, 2012), http://www.slate.com/blogs/ future_tense/2012/08/13/trapwire_internet_rumors_about_the_surveillance_software_ aren_t_based_in_reality_.html.
386 Jesus Diaz, "FBI's Sinister New $1 Billion Project Will Track Everyone By Their Face," Gizmodo (Sept. 10, 2012), http://gizmodo.com/5941926/fbis-sinister-new-l-billion-project-will-track-everyone-by-their-face.
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