by Lars T. Lih
56 Lenin, PSS 45:308; Pathfinder, pp. 124–5.
57 Lenin, PSS 45:406; Pathfinder, p. 252.
58 Lenin, PSS 45:363–8; Pathfinder, pp. 203–8 (published in Pravda on 4 January 1923).
59 Letter of 29 July 1923 (Izvestiia TSK KPSS, 1989, no. 4, pp. 186–7).
Epilogue
1 Grigory Zinoviev, History of the Bolshevik Party (London, 1973), p. 60.
2 Theodore Rothstein (a British socialist of Russian origin), originally in The Social Democrat, IX/2, February 1905, as reprinted in the Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/rothstein/1905/02/russia.htm (accessed 7 May 2010).
3 V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th edn (Moscow, 1958–65), vol. 49, p. 340; Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1960–68), vol. 35, p. 259 (letter of 18 December 1916).
4 Terry Pratchett, Witches Abroad (London, 1991). Katerina Clark’s study of socialist realism reveals its close connection to Lenin’s heroic scenario (The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual, Bloomington, IN, 2000); Ben Lewis’s study asks some good questions about the Soviet anekdot (Hammer and Tickle: The History of Communism Told Through Communist Jokes [London, 2008]).
5 Robert C. Allen, From Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 2003), p. 131.
6 This observation comes from the so-called ‘Riutin platform’ (see Reabilitatsiia [Moscow, 1991], pp. 334–442).
7 Dmitri Pisarev, Sochineniia (Moscow, 1956), vol. 3, p. 148. For Lenin’s citation of Pisarev, in What Is to Be Done?, see PSS 6:172; Lars T. Lih, Lenin Rediscovered: ‘What Is to Be Done?’ in Context (Haymarket, 2008), p. 829. Lenin’s citation somewhat distorts Pisarev’s actual argument.
8 Feodor Chaliapin, Chaliapin, Man and Mask (New York, 1932), p. 209.
9 Carter Elwood, ‘What Lenin Ate’, Revolutionary Russia, XX/2 (December 2007), pp. 137–49.
10 Leo Tolstoy, Resurrection, trans. Louise Maude (Oxford, 1994), pp. 435–7.
11 Georgy Solomon, Sredi krasnykh vozhdei (Moscow, 1995), pp. 467–8.
12 Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1994, no. 4, pp. 11–18.
13 Nikolai Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution of 1917 (Oxford, 1955), p. 290.
14 1917: Chastnye svidetelstva o revoliutsii v pismakh Lunacharskogo i Martova (Moscow, 2005), p. 126 (letter of January 1917).
15 Cited in Albert Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and His Work (New York, 1919), p. 67.
16 Cited by O. V. Shchelokov in Mirovaia sotsial-demokratiia: teoriia, istoriia i sovremennost (Moscow, 2006), p. 247 (Gorky’s letter was first published in 1994). Lenin asked the party leadership to censure Gorky for his 1920 remark about Lenin’s saintliness (Chris Read, Lenin, London, 2005, p. 260).
17 Unpublished jottings first published in Izvestiia TSK KPSS, 1989, No. 7, p. 171.
18 Nikolai Bukharin, Ot krusheniia tsarizma do padeniia burzhuazii [1917], (Kharkov, 1925), p. 60.
19 Arthur Ransome, Russia in 1919 (New York, 1919), p. 122 (this interview took place during Lenin’s ‘anniversary’ period from late 1918 to mid-1919).
20 Russell, The Theory and Practice of Bolshevism [1920], 2nd edn (London, 1949), p. 33.
Select Bibliography
Suggestions for Further Reading
Alexinsky, Gregor, Modern Russia (London, 1913)
Chamberlin, W. H., The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921 [1935] (New York, 1965). 2 vols
Clark, Katerina, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Bloomington, IN, 2000)
Donald, Moira, Marxism and Revolution: Karl Kautsky and the Russian Marxists, 1900–1924 (New Haven, CT, 1993)
Elwood, Carter, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist (Cambridge, 1992)
—, Roman Malinovsky: A Life without a Cause (Newtonville, MA, 1977)
—, ‘What Lenin Ate’, Revolutionary Russia, XX/2 (December 2007), pp. 137–49
Gankin, Olga Hess, and H. H. Fisher, The Bolsheviks and the World War: The Origin of the Third International (Stanford, CA, 1940)
Hillquit, Morris, From Marx to Lenin (New York, 1921)
Kamenev, Lev, ‘The Literary Legacy and Collected Works of Ilyitch’, from Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/archive/kamenev/19xx/x01/x01.htm (n.d.)
Kanatchikov, Semën, A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia: The Autobiography of Semën Ivanovich Kanatchikov, ed. Reginald Zelnik (Stanford, CA, 1986)
Kautsky, Karl, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat [1918] (Ann Arbor, MI, 1964)
—, Road to Power, trans. Raymond Meyer (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1996)
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, Reminiscences of Lenin [1930] (New York, 1960)
Larsson, Reidar, Theories of Revolution: From Marx to the First Russian Revolution (Stockholm, 1970)
Lenin, V. I., The Lenin Anthology, ed. Robert Tucker (New York, 1974)
—, Lenin’s Final Fight: Speeches and Writings, 1922–23 (New York, 1995)
—, Revolution at the Gates: A Selection of Writings from February to October 1917, ed. Slavoj Zizek (London, 2002)
—, Revolution, Democracy, Socialism, ed. Paul Le Blanc (London, 2008)
Lih, Lars T., ‘How a Founding Document was Found, or One Hundred Years of Lenin’s What Is to be Done?’, Kritika IV/1 (Winter 2003), pp. 1–45
—, ‘Lenin and Kautsky, The Final Chapter’, International Socialist Review, 59 (May–June 2008), available at www.isreview.org/issues/59/feat-lenin.shtml, accessed 10 May 2010
—, ‘Lenin and the Great Awakening’, in Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth, ed. Sebastian Budgen, Stathis Kouvelakis and Slavoj Zizek (Durham, NC, 2007)
—, Lenin Rediscovered: ‘What Is to Be Done?’ in Context (Haymarket, 2008)
—, ‘Lenin’s Aggressive Unoriginality, 1914–1916’, Socialist Studies: The Journal of the Society for Socialist Studies, V/2 (Fall 2009), pp. 90–112
—, ‘Political Testament of Lenin and Bukharin and the Meaning of NEP’, Slavic Review, L/2 (Summer 1991), pp. 241–52
—, ‘Zinoviev: Populist Leninist’, The NEP Era: Soviet Russia, 1921–1928, II (2008), pp. 1–23
Lincoln, Bruce W., Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914–1918 (New York, 1986)
—, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York, 1989)
Mandel, David, The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime: From the February Revolution to the July Days, 1917 (London, 1983)
—, The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet Seizure of Power: From the July Days, 1917 to July 1918 (London, 1984)
Miliukov, Paul, Russia and its Crisis [1905] (London, 1962)
Naimark, Norman, Terrorists and Social Democrats: The Russian Revolutionary Movement under Alexander III (Cambridge, MA, 1982)
Nation, R. Craig, War on War: Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left, and the Origins of Communist Internationalism (Durham, NC, 1989)
Olgin, Moissaye J., The Soul of the Russian Revolution (New York, 1917)
Pasternak, Boris, Dr Zhivago (London, 1958)
Pasvolsky, Leo, The Economics of Communism (New York, 1921)
Pearson, Michael, The Sealed Train (New York, 1975)
Piatnitsky, O., Memoirs of a Bolshevik (New York, n.d.)
Pomper, Phillip, Lenin’s Older Brother: The Origins of the October Revolution (New York, 2010)
Rabinowitch, Alexander, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd (Chicago, 2004)
—, The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd (Bloomington, IN, 2007)
Ransome, Arthur, The Crisis in Russia (New York, 1921)
—, Russia in 1919 (New York, 1919)
Read, Chris, Lenin (London, 2005)
Riddell, John, ed., Founding the Communist International: Proceedings and Documents of the First Congress: March 1919 (New York, 1987)
—, ed., Lenin’s Struggle for a Revolutionary International: Documents: 1907–1916, The Preparatory Years (New York, 1984).
—, ed., Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples, Unite!: Proceedings and Docume
nts of the Second Congress, 1920 (New York, 1991)
Russell, Bertrand, The Theory and Practice of Bolshevism [1920] (2nd edn, London, 1949)
Sholokhov, Mikhail, Quiet Flows the Don, translated by Robert Daglish, revd and ed. Brian Murphy (London, 1996)
Steinberg, John W. et al., eds, The Russo–Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero (Leiden, 2005), 2 vols
Sukhanov, Nikolai, The Russian Revolution of 1917 [1922–3] (Oxford, 1955)
Tucker, Robert, Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev (New York: 1987)
Turton, Katy, Forgotten Lives: The Role of Lenin’s Sisters in the Russian Revolution, 1864–1937 (Basingstoke, 2007)
Vihavainen, Timo, The Inner Adversary: The Struggle against Philistinism as the Moral Mission of the Russian Intelligentsia (Washington, DC, 2006)
von Laue, Theodore, Why Lenin? Why Stalin? A Reappraisal of the Russian Revolution, 1900–1930 (Philadelphia, PA, 1964)
Wade, Rex, The Russian Revolution 1917 (Cambridge, 2000)
Walling, William English, Russia’s Message: The True World Import of the Revolution (New York, 1908)
—, Sovietism: The ABC of Russian Bolshevism – According to the Bolshevists (New York, 1920)
Weber, Hermann, and Gerda Weber, Lenin: Life and Works (London, 1980)
Zinoviev, Grigory, History of the Bolshevik Party [1923] (London, 1973)
Filmography (all available on DVD)
Doktor Zhivago, dir. Alexander Piroshkin (2005) (Russian TV series)
The End of St Petersburg, dir. Vsevolod Pudovkin (1927)
Mother, dir. Vsevolod Pudovkin (1926)
October (Ten Days that Shook the World), dir. Sergei Eisenstein (1927)
Quiet Flows the Don, dir. Sergei Gerasimov (1957)
Storm Over Asia, dir. Vsevolod Pudovkin (1928)
Strike, dir. Sergei Eisenstein (1924)
Three Songs about Lenin, dir. Dziga Vertov (1934)
Acknowledgements
My thanks to Esther Leslie for suggesting my name as a contributor to the excellent Critical Lives series; thanks also to Michael Leaman and Reaktion Books for patient and (when needed) not-so-patient encouragement. My thinking about Lenin has been greatly influenced by discussions over the past few years with many colleagues, too numerous to mention, but all equally committed to ‘the search for the historical Lenin’. The first draft of the present book underwent a close and critical reading by Julie Cumming; later drafts benefited from the comments of Barbara Allen, Paul Le Blanc, Manny Ness, Erik van Ree, and Ron Suny. The final draft received a much-needed once-over from Ariadne Lih.
This book is dedicated to Julie Cumming, Emelyn Lih, Ariadne Lih, and to the memory of Morgana.
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Copyright
Published by Reaktion Books Ltd
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www.reaktionbooks.co.uk
First published 2011
Copyright © Lars T. Lih 2011
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Lih, Lars T.
Lenin. – (Critical lives)
1. Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 1870–1924.
2. Revolutionaries – Soviet Union – Biography.
3. Heads of state – Soviet Union–Biography.
4. Soviet Union – Politics and government – 1917–1936.
I. Title II. Series
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