21. For more on the debatable success of privatized prisons and lower wages and benefits paid to staff, see James Austin and Garry Coventry’s Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons (San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2001). Overtime is particularly burdensome because of high staff turnover. California prison guards, for example, averaged $57,000 a year in base pay in 2005; with overtime pay, 2,400 guards made over $100,000, and the highest paid correctional guard made $187,000. (Steve Schmidt, “Prison Guards Lock Up Bundle in OT Pay,” San Diego Union Tribune, February 28, 2006.)
22. Gary Paulsen, in an author profile compiled by ipl2, http://www.ipl.org/div/askauthor/paulsen.html.
23. Isaac Asimov, I. Asimov, a Memoir (New York: Doubleday, 1994).
24. Oliver Garceau, The Public Library in the Political Process (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949).
25. Ronald McCabe, Civic Librarianship: Renewing the Social Mission of the Public Library (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001).
26. For more on libraries and their role in a democratic society, see Molly Raphael, “Why Do Libraries Matter in the 21st Century?” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 115-122; Ed D’Angelo, Barbarians at the Gates of the Public Library (Duluth, MN: Library Juice Press, 2006).
27. The statement by the Boston Public Library trustees is cited by John N. Berry III, “Election 2004: The Library Fails Again.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 13-18.
28. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, “UNESCO Public Library Manifesto.”
29. For more on the library, the public good, and society, see Michael Gorman, “Library Values in a Changing World.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 55-62; Evelyn M. Campbell, Suzanne Duncan, Sonal Rastogi, and Joan Wilson, “The Future is Now: Will Public Libraries Survive?” In Reinvention of the Public Library for the 21st Century. Edited by William L. Whitesides Sr., (Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 1998), pp. 180-204.
30. Samuel E. Trosow and Kirsti Nilsen, Constraining Public Libraries: The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006).
31. Herbert I. Schiller, Culture, Inc. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); Michael Gorman, “Library Values in a Changing World.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 55-62.
32. American Library Association Office of Intellectual Freedom, “The Freedom to Read Statement.”
33. The ALA keeps an annual list of the most challenged books in library collections. Leigh S. Estabrook, “A Virtuous Profession.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 43-48; Ann K. Symons, “The More Things Change, the More Things Remain the Same.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 123-130. This is why many librarians were against the United States’ 2001 Patriot Act.
34. Herbert I. Schiller describes how libraries create information resources that markets don’t in Culture, Inc. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
35. Camila Alire, “The Library Professional.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 55-62.
36. Ronald McCabe, Civic Librarianship: Renewing the Social Mission of the Public Library (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001).
37. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the top banned or challenged books included J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, and Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World. For each documented challenge, as many as four or five go unreported. American Library Association, “Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009.”
38. Ken Haycock, “Librarianship: Intersecting Perspectives for the Academy and From the Field.” In Perspectives, Insights & Priorities: 17 Leaders Speak Freely of Librarianship. Edited by Norman Horrocks (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), pp. 63-72.
39. Steve Coffman asked, “What If You Ran Your Library Like a Bookstore?” in American Libraries 29 (1998): 40-46; Megan Lane highlights libraries as Idea Stores in “Is This the Library of the Future?” BBC News, March 18, 2003.
40. Ruth Rikowski, “The Corporate Takeover of Libraries,” Information for Social Change 14; Ronald McCabe, Civic Librarianship: Renewing the Social Mission of the Public Library (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001).
41. Overdue fines for late books weren’t counted as fees because library users could avoid the fines by returning the books on time. Samuel E. Trosow and Kirsti Nilsen, Constraining Public Libraries: The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006).
42. Jason Hammond highlights user fees in public libraries in “Cash Cow: User Fees in Alberta Public Libraries,” Partnership: the Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research 2 (2007).
43. Shelley Mardiros documents the town of Banff’s experience with library user fees in “Banff’s Very Public Library,” AlbertaViews 4 (2001): 37-39.
44. Jason Hammond, “Cash Cow: User Fees in Alberta Public Libraries,” Partnership: the Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research 2 (2007).
45. Samuel E. Trosow and Kirsti Nilsen, Constraining Public Libraries: The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006).
46. Geoff Dembicki, “Librarians Told to Stand on Guard for 2010 Sponsors,” The Tyee, January 12, 2010.
47. For more on outsourcing in public libraries, see Samuel E. Trosow and Kirsti Nilsen’s Constraining Public Libraries: The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006).
48. Samuel E. Trosow and Kirsti Nilsen, Constraining Public Libraries: The World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006); Norman Oder, “When LSSI Comes to Town,” Library Journal, October 1, 2004.
49. David Streitfeld, “Anger as a Private Company takes Over Libraries,” The New York Times, September 26, 2010.
Additional Sources
The first epigraph is from The Political Writings of John Adams. Edited by George W. Carey (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2000).
The second epigraph, a quote by Mike Smith, was reported by Kelly Regan in “Fossil Fuels Official Gives Oil, Gas Support,” Charleston Gazette, January 31, 2002.
6. Your Physical and Spiritual Health
1. Daniel Callahan defines health and cites Plato’s view of doctors in his book False Hopes: Why America’s Quest For Perfect Health is a Recipe for Failure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).
2. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
3. Anne Stoline and Jonathan P. Weiner, The New Medical Marketplace: A Physician’s Guide to the Health Care Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
4. Ibid.
5. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
6. Anne Stoline and Jonathan P. Weiner, The New Medical Marketplace: A Physician’s Guide to the Health Care Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
7. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
8. The ethics code of the American Medica
l Association is highlighted by Paul Starr in The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
9. Anne Stoline and Jonathan P. Weiner, The New Medical Marketplace: A Physician’s Guide to the Health Care Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988); seeing different specialists “fragments the patient.”
10. Daniel Callahan, False Hopes: Why America’s Quest For Perfect Health is a Recipe for Failure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).
11. Eliot Freidson, Medical Work in America: Essays on Health Care (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
12. Anne Stoline and Jonathan P. Weiner, The New Medical Marketplace: A Physician’s Guide to the Health Care Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
13. Interestingly, technology had the same effect of increasing costs instead of decreasing them in museums too, through expensive developments in museum lighting, and temperature and humidity control.
14. B. H. Gray and W. J. McNerney compare old doctors’ hospitals to family farms in “For-profit Enterprise in Health Care. The Institute of Medicine Study,” New England Journal of Medicine 314 (1986): 1523-28.
15. Rosemary Stevens highlights the growth in stock price in multinational health care companies in In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
16. Anne Stoline and Jonathan P. Weiner, The New Medical Marketplace: A Physician’s Guide to the Health Care Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
17. Arnold S. Relman, A Second Opinion (New York: Public Affairs, 2007); Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
18. For examples of health care policy laid out by business school professors and economists, see Regina Herzlinger (Harvard Business School economist), Who Killed Health Care? America’s $2 Trillion Dollar Medical Problem — And the Consumer-Driven Cure (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007); Michael E. Porter and Elizabeth Olmsted Teisberg (business school professors of strategy, competitiveness and innovation), Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 2006).
19. Arnold S. Relman, A Second Opinion (New York: Public Affairs, 2007).
20. Daniel Callahan, False Hopes: Why America’s Quest For Perfect Health is a Recipe for Failure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).
21. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
22. American Medical Association 1966 Opinions and Reports of the Judicial Council, cited in Arnold S. Relman, A Second Opinion (New York: Public Affairs, 2007).
23. Eliot Freidson, Medical Work in America: Essays on Health Care (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
24. Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Anne Stoline and Jonathan P. Weiner, The New Medical Marketplace: A Physician’s Guide to the Health Care Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988); Eliot Freidson, Medical Work in America: Essays on Health Care (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
25. Daniel Callahan, False Hopes: Why America’s Quest For Perfect Health is a Recipe for Failure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).
26. Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
27. Paul Basken, “Medical Journals See a Cost to Fighting Industry-Backed Research,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 13, 2009.
28. Duff Wilson and Natasha Singer, “Ghostwriting is Called Rife in Medical Journals,” The New York Times, September 11, 2009.
29. Ibid.
30. The national survey of doctors’ relationships with industry is described in Ibby Caputo’s “Probing Doctors’ Ties to Industry,” The Washington Post, August 18, 2009.
31. For more on medical bankruptcies in the U.S., see David U. Himmelstein, Deborah Thorne, Elizabeth Warren, and Steffie Woolhandler’s “Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study,” American Journal of Medicine 122 (2009): 741-746.
32. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
33. Arnold S. Relman, A Second Opinion (New York: Public Affairs, 2007).
34. Daniel Callahan, False Hopes: Why America’s Quest For Perfect Health is a Recipe for Failure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).
35. James W. Fowler quotes Wilfred Cantwell Smith’s version of faith in Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).
36. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, “U.S. Religious Landscape Survey,” 2007.
37. Diana Butler Bass does an excellent job of highlighting Christian beliefs through distinct historical periods in A People’s History of Christianity (New York: HarperOne, 2007).
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. For more on the Protestant work ethic, see Max Weber’s classic, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner, 1976); Diana Butler Bass, A People’s History of Christianity (New York: HarperOne, 2007).
41. Diana Butler Bass, A People’s History of Christianity (New York: HarperOne, 2007).
42. Ibid.
43. Michael Budde and Robert Brimlow, Christianity Incorporated (Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2002); John B. Cobb, Jr., Sustaining the Common Good (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1994).
44. Religious market theory is laid out in detail in Roger Finke, Avery M. Guest, and Rodney Stark’s “Mobilizing local religious markets: Religious pluralism in the empire state, 1855-1865,” American Sociological Review 61 (1996): 203-218.
45. For example: Rodney Stark, Roger Finke, and Laurence Iannaccone, “Pluralism and piety: England and Wales, 1851,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34 (1995): 431-444; Roger Finke, Avery M. Guest, and Rodney Stark, “Mobilizing local religious markets: Religious pluralism in the empire state, 1855-1865,” American Sociological Review 61 (1996): 203-218.
46. Roger Finke, Avery M. Guest, and Rodney Stark, “Mobilizing local religious markets: Religious pluralism in the empire state, 1855-1865,” American Sociological Review 61 (1996): 203-218.
47. “Jesus, CEO; Churches as Businesses,” The Economist 377 (2005): 41-44.
48. Kirbyjon Caldwell and Walt Kallestad, Entrepreneurial Faith (Colorado Springs: Waterbrook Press, 2004).
49. The quote from the former executive vice president and business manager of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association is found in Billy Graham, God’s Ambassador (New York: HarperOne, 2007).
50. “Product Placement in the Pews? Microtargeting meets Megachurches,” Knowledge@Wharton, November 15, 2006.
51. Ibid.
52. “Product Placement in the Pews? Microtargeting meets Megachurches,” Knowledge@Wharton, November 15, 2006; Michael L. Budde, “Collecting Praise: Global Culture Industries.” In The Blackwell Companion to Christian Ethics. Edited by Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Wells (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 123-137.
53. Michael L. Budde, “Collecting Praise: Global Culture Industries.” In The Blackwell Companion to Christian Ethics. Edited by Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Wells (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 123-137; Perry Dane, “The Corporation Sole and the Encounter of Law and Church.” In Sacred Companies. Edited by N. J. Demerath III, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt, and Rhys H. Williams (Oxford, Oxford University Press: 1998).
54. Darrell Guder, The Continuing Conversion of the Church (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 2000).
55. Philip D. Kenneson and James L. Street, Selling Out the Church (Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, 2003).
Additional Sources
The first epigraph is from E.F. Schumacher’s Small is Beautiful (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
The second epigraph is from Mother Teresa’s No Great
er Love (New York: New World Library, 2002).
7. Your Education
1. A great number of scholars are talking about the market’s effect in higher education. See, for example, Douglas M. Priest and Edward P. St. John, Privatization and Public Universities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006); Edward P. St. John and Ontario S. Wooden, “Privatization and Federal Funding for Higher Education.” In Privatization and Public Universities. Edited by Douglas M. Priest and Edward P. St. John (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 38-64; Susan Wright, “Markets, Corporations, Consumers? New Landscapes of Higher Education,” Learning & Teaching in the Social Sciences 1(2004): 71-93; Brian Pusser, “Higher Education, Markets, and the Preservation of the Public Good.” In Earnings From Learning. Edited by David W. Breneman, Brian Pusser, and Sarah E. Turner (New York: State University of New York Press, 2006), pp. 23-49.
2. For more on the history of scientific knowledge, see Jerome R. Ravetz, Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
3. The commercialization of knowledge is described in Joshua B. Powers’ “Patents and Royalties,” In Privatization and Public Universities. Edited by Douglas M. Priest and Edward P. St. John (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 129-150.
4. For a succinct outline of Robert Merton’s four scientific norms, see Bruce Macfarlane and Ming Cheng, “Communism, Universalism and Disinterestedness: Re-examining Contemporary Support Among Academics for Merton’s Scientific Norms,” Journal of Academic Ethics, 6 (2008): 67-78.
5. Galileo’s statement about truth and science is found in Galileo Galilei, Dialogue on the Great World Systems, The Salusbury Translation. Edited by G. de Santillana, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), cited in Jerome R. Ravetz, Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
6. Jerome R. Ravetz, Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
7. Regarding the education services industry, in 2003, America’s non-profit higher education sector was made of almost 4,000 organizations representing roughly 1.4 million students and annual expenditures of over $200 billion. David W. Breneman, Brian Pusser, and Sarah E. Turner, “The Contemporary Provision of For-Profit Higher Education.” In Earnings From Learning. Edited by David W. Breneman, Brian Pusser, and Sarah E. Turner (New York: State University of New York Press, 2006), pp. 3-22.
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