Eluned Morgan, Hacia los Andes, Rawson 1991
George Chaworth Musters, At Home with the Patagonians, Stroud 2005
Lesie Ray, Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile, Copenhagen 2007
Sergio Sepiturka & Jorge Miglioli, Rocky Trip – La Ruta de los Galeses en la Patagonia/The Route of the Welsh in Patagonia, Buenos Aires 2004
Cathrin Williams, Y Wladfa yn dy Boced, Caernarfon 2000
Glyn Williams, The Desert and the Dream, Cardiff 1975
Glyn Williams, ‘Welsh Settlers and Native Americans in Patagonia’, in Journal of Latin American Studies II/I 1979(b)
Notes
1. http://owain.vaughan.com/1535c26
2. quoted in Matthew Arnold, On the Study of Celtic Literature. Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1867, p.3
3. quoted in Rhys Mwyn’, Cenedl wedi’i gorchfygu yn dioddef diffyg hyder’, Daily Post, Liverpool 14 Feb 2007
4. R. Bryn Williams, Y Wladfa, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru Caerdydd, 1962, p. 4
5. quoted in Cathrin Williams, Y Wladfa yn dy Boced, Caernarfon 2000, p. 35
6. quoted in R. Bryn Williams, Y Wladfa, p.22
7. Thomas Jones (Glan Camwy), Historia de los Comienzos de la Colonia en la Patagonia, Trelew 1999, p.60
8. Peter N. Williams, A Brief History of Wales http://waleshistoryandculture.com/wales/wales30.html
9. William Hughes, A Orillas del Río Chubut, Rawson, 1993, p.30
10. Jan Morris, The Matter of Wales, London, 1986, p.343
11. Thomas Jones, Historia de los Comienzos de la Colonia, Trelew, 1999, pp. 79-80
12. Glyn Williams, The Desert and the Dream, Cardiff, 1975, p.56
13. George Chaworth Musters, At Home with the Patagonians, (reprint) Stroud, 2005, p.64
14. Hughes, A Orillas, p.59
15. Musters, Patagonians, p.151
16. entry 29 Jan 1834; ed. John van Wyhe, Genesis Publications 1979. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=EHBeagleDiary&keywords=falkland&pageseq=304)
17. Curapil Curruhuinca & Luís Roux, Sayhueque, el último cacique, Buenos Aires, 1986, p.50
18. Víctor M. Gavilán Pinto, La Nación Mapuche. Puelmapu ke gulumapu, Santiago de Chile 2007, p.18
19. quoted in John Pilkington, An Englishman in Patagonia, London, 1991, p.1
20. Glyn Williams. ‘Welsh Settlers and Native Americans in Patagonia’, in: Journal of Latin American Studies II/I. 1979(b), p.47
21. quoted in William Casnodyn Rhys, A Welsh Song in Patagonia – Memories of the Welsh Colonization in Patagonia, Lulu.com 1995, p.22
22. Williams, Settlers, pp.46-47
23. unublished document, ‘Letter from a Patagonian Cacique’, Falklands Islands Archives, Inclosure 7 in No. 17
24. Williams, Desert, p.100
25. ‘Letter from a Patagonian Cacique’
26. Geraint D. Owen, Crisis in Chubut, Swansea, 1977, p.17
27. Williams, Y Wladfa, pp.11-12
28. Williams, Desert, p.57
29. quoted in Rocky Trip – La Ruta de los Galeses en la Patagonia/The Route of the Welsh in Patagonia, Sergio Sepiturka & Jorge Miglioli, Grupo Abierto Comunicaciones, Buenos Aires, 2004, p.53
30. Williams, Settlers, p.57
31. Rocky Trip, p.51
32. Hughes, Orillas, p. 1
33. Stella Maris Dodd, Gaiman – Fotográfias, Gaiman/Buenos Aires, 1988 (no page numbers)
34. Morgan, Andes, , p.11
35. ibid.
36. Curruhuinca & Roux, Sayhueque, p.22
37. Williams, Settlers, p.47
38. quoted in José Bengoa, Historia del pueblo mapuche, Santiago de Chile, 2000, p.142
39. Curruhuinca & Roux, Sayhueque, p.64
40. Marcelo Gavirati, ‘Galeses y “Tehuelches”: aspectos étnicos, políticos y económicos, poco conocidos de sus relaciones’ in: Fundacion Ameghino (ed.), Los Galeses en a Patagonia, p.80
41. quoted in Isabel Hernández, Los Mapuches: Derechos Humanos y Aborigenes, Buenos Aires, 2001, p.58
42. Doering, Adolfo, Informe oficial de la Comisión científica agregada al Estado Mayor General de la Expedición al Río Negro (Patagonia), realizado en los meses de abril, mayo y junio de 1879. Buenos Aires, 1881, p.117
43. Curruhuinca & Roux, Sayhueque, p. 10; Jones, Colonia, p.136
44. Boschin & Casamiquela, Patagonia, p.254
45. quoted in Williams, Settlers, p.59
46. ibid. pp.60-61
47. Boschin & Casamiquela, Patagonia, p.180
48. Curruhuinca & Roux, Sayhueque, p.147
49. Boschin & Casamiquela, Patagonia, p.181
50. Curruhuinca & Roux, Sayhueque, p.53
51. Document held in the historic archives of the Argentine military, quoted in María Teresa Boschin & Rofolfo Magin Casamiquela (eds.), Patagonia, 13.000 años de historia, Buenos Aires 2001, p.193
52. J.C. Walther, La Conquista del Desierto, Buenos Aires 1976, p.554
53. Williams. Settlers, p.61
54. Helmut Schindler, Bauern und Reiterkrieger, Munich, 1990, p.35
55. Lewis Jones, La Colonia Galesa, Rawson 1993, p.214
56. Jens Andermann, The Optic of the State: Visuality and Power in Argentina and Brazil, Pittsburgh, 2007, p.55
57. quoted in: Milciades Alejo Vignati, Iconografía Aborigen: Los Caciques Sayeweque, Inacayal y Foyel y sus Allegados. Revista del Museo de La Plata, 1942 vol. II, p.25
58. Lesie Ray, Language of the Land: The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile, Copenhagen, 2007, p.79
59. Andermann, Optic, p.55
60. Williams, Desert, p.100
61. ibid., p.104
62. Eluned Morgan, Hacia los Andes, Rawson 1991, p.37; Hughes, Orillas, pp.74ff; Jones, Colonia Galesa p.141; Patagonia, 13.000 años de historia, p.218
63. Morgan, Andes, p.32
64. Bruce Chatwin, In Patagonia, London, 1977, p.36
65. John Locke Blake, A Story of Patagonia, Lewes, 2003, p.85
66. Erick Betanzos, ‘La figura indígena en la literatura argentina’, in: Diálogo Ibero Americano #9 May/June 1997. p.34. (http://dialogo.ugr.es/anteriores/dial09/34-9.htm); Ray, Language, p.80
67. Morgan, Andes, p.35
68. Williams, Settlers, pp.61-62
69. Olivia Hughes de Mulhall (ed.), John Murray Thomas: pequeño hombre pero gran heroe para la historia de Chubut, Trelew 1999, p.17
70. ibid. p.33
71. ibid. pp.78 ff
72. quoted in Federico Mihura Seeber et al., El proceso de poblamiento de la región patagónica, Buenos Aires, 2002, p.14
73. Sepiturka & Miglioli, Rocky Trip, p.148
74. Williams, Settlers, p.60
75. Hughes, Orillas, p.188
76. Morgan, Andes, p.52
77. Ray, Language, p.111
78. Decreto 105137 del 5/5/1937. IAC, Exp. 5754-1947 (781). Tercer Cuerpo, F. 361. quoted in Walter Delrio, Mecanismos de tribalización en la patagonia. Desde la gran crisis al primer gobierno peronista, Memoria americana #13, 2005, http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1851-37512005000100008
79. Karin Ceballos Betancur in Frankfurter Rundschau, 11/04/2002
80. Pauline Bartolone, In Sheep’s Clothing, 2004, http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/414/
81. ‘Tierra de Alguien’, paper published by Mesa de Trabajo de los Pueblos Indígenas de Argentina, Instituto del Tercer Mundo, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2003 http://enlinea.guiadelmundo.org.uy/informes/informe_39.htm
82. Ray, Language p.92
83. Law No. 25.607, article 75, passed 6 July 2002 http://www.iadb.org/SDS/IND/ley/leyn/topicset.cfm?country=AR&topic=8&mark=1%E2%8C%A9=ES
84. Luiz Enrique López & Inge Sichra, Educação em Áreas Indígenas da América Latina: balanços e perspectivas; in: Educação na diversidade: experiências e desafios na Educação Intercultural Bilíngüe, UNESCO report, ed. Ignácio Hernaiz, Brasilia, 2007, p. 103
85. Jones, Comienzos, Trelew, 1999, p. 34
The Author<
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Born and brought up in Germany, Imogen Herrad has also lived in London and in Argentina, and currently divides her time between Cardiff and Cologne. She writes in German and English. Her short stories and articles (in English) have been published in magazines and anthologies in Wales, Canada and the US. She is the author of The Woman Who Loved an Octopus and other stories, a collection of stories about female Celtic saints. Her programmes for German public radio (in German) include pieces about the Queen of Sheba, Morgan le Fay, Zora Neale Hurston, the Mapuche people of Patagonia, and the cultural histories of sheep, dragons, the apple and hermaphrodites, respectively.
Acknowledgements
Writing is not nearly as much a solitary pursuit as one might think. I could never have written this book without the assistance of more people than I can name here. First and most importantly, my heartfelt thanks to all who told me their stories, particularly those who shared difficult and sometimes painful tales.
Mis agradecimientos cariñosísimos a todos y todas que me contaron sus historias. Para su generosa hospidalidad les agradezco de mi corazón a la Familia Fermín, Rini Griffith, María Luisa y Gonzalo Huincaleo, Marli Pugh de Villoria y Rodolfo Villoria. Les agradezco por contestar a mis tantas preguntas a Ambrosio Ainqueó, Fabio Gonzalez, Rini Griffith, Vali James de Irianni, Mauro Millán y Oscar Payaguala.
I’m very grateful to Academi Gymreig/Literature Wales for selecting me for their mentoring scheme, and to Simon Rees who provided the mentoring. Without his brio, encouragement and ruthless feedback my Patagonian experiences would probably still be part untidy manuscript, part even more untidy memories in my head. Richard Davies did much to knock the result into shape, for which I owe him many thanks. I’m grateful to my publisher Mick Felton for his enthusiasm for my work and for gently ironing out the remaining bumps.
And, as ever, my thanks go to my friends for keeping the faith and for believing in me, particularly at those times when I did not. I am extremely fortunate to have all of them in my life: Donna Collier, Sandra Ebert, Judith Fessler, Alexa Lazar, Anne Massagee, Vanina Mobilia, Liz Morgan, Lindsay River, Meena Siyani, Ellis Suzanna Slack, Lola Sparkle, Penny Taylor, Lesley Trenkel and Frank Zitka.
Lastly, I cannot remember her name, but I’d like to thank whoever it was said Bydd ’na rhywun yn siarad am Batagonia yn y coleg heno all those years ago in a kitchen in Aberystwyth, for telling me about Patagonia and its Welsh inhabitants and putting the first seed of the mad idea of going there into my head.
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