All Standing
Page 26
emigrant-trade venture of, 69–70, 73, 84, 122, 133, 134–35, 170–72, 205; see also Jeanie Johnston
famine-era private importing ventures of, 66–70, 73, 74, 122, 132
as landlord, 154, 170, 171, 207
local influence of, 13–14, 132, 153–54, 207
in preserving of emigrant industry dominance, 134–35, 136–37
public criticisms of, 68, 135, 170–71
questionable management decisions of, 138, 174, 179–81
rival emigrant-trade companies and, 133–34, 172, 178, 180
in selection of ship doctor, 78–79, 80–83
social ambitions of, 13–14, 66, 67, 68, 70, 91, 153–54, 207
unscrupulous business practices of, 170–71
Douce Davie, 52
Douglas, Charlotte, 31, 110–11, 175, 192
Douglas, George (son), 61
Douglas, George Mellis, xiii, 24–25, 44–47, 49, 50, 61, 110–13, 173, 176, 192–93
medical screenings conducted by, 112, 115–16, 117–18, 151, 175
physical and mental decline of, 110, 175, 192–93
repeated requests for funding and supplies by, 25, 31, 45–46, 112
wife’s death and, 175, 192
Doyle (Irish immigrant), 186
Dublin, Ireland, 1, 6, 81, 82, 135, 151, 153, 168, 200
1853 Exhibition in, 177–78
dysentery, 46, 48, 132
Elgin, Lord, 37–38, 43, 44, 60–61
Elgin-Grey Papers, The (De Vere), 69
Eliza, 135, 183
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 8
emigrant trains, 156–57
Encumbered Estates Act, 123, 127, 154
England, xiii, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 31, 71, 75, 146, 168, 169, 192, 205
cholera outbreak in, 132, 143, 193–94
rioting in, 77
see also Great Britain
England, 28, 30, 52, 53, 73, 109, 181
English, Nathaniel, 173
Eudocia, 182
Europe:
cholera resurgence in, 110, 132
potato blight in, 1, 3–4, 33
Evans, Mary, 140, 141, 148
Fame, 52, 111
Famine Ships, The (Laxton), 97–98
Fantasque, Le, 26
Farm on Long Island (children’s almshouse residence), 35
Fergus, James, 94
Fergus Falls, Minn., xv, 93–94, 95, 121, 189, 213
armory fire in, 163–65
Grand Hotel in, xv, 120, 213, 214
O’Brien’s Saloon in, xv, xvi, 94–95, 119, 120, 162
tornados in leveling of, 213–14
fever sheds, 34, 35, 46, 50, 51, 58, 112, 117, 195
Fife, John, 168
Finkleson, Eliza, 163, 164
Finkleson, Finkle, 162, 163
Finkleson, Johnny, 164
“Fireball” (racehorse), 163, 164, 165, 189
Foran, John, 85, 92
Fort McHenry, 142
France, 1, 4, 212
Fraser, Thomas, 76
free trade, 9, 14, 16, 67, 124–25, 133, 136
Fundy, Bay of, 184, 206
Gardiner, Nicole, 97
Gaynor, John, 185–86
George, Lloyd, 212
George, 53
Georgiana, 173
German immigrants, 93, 142, 156, 193, 197
Germany, 1, 33, 212
Gladstone, William E., 127
Glenmanna, 193
global trade, 14, 16
Glory, 138
gold rush of 1849, 136
Gordon, John, 122–23
Governor, 111
grain, 8, 13, 14, 19, 62, 63, 64, 73, 92, 122, 133, 135, 140, 144, 149, 153, 159
Irish Potato Famine and demand for, 6, 11–12, 14, 68, 70, 132
in spread of cholera, 194
Grand Hotel, Fergus Falls, Minn., xv, 120, 213, 214
Great Britain, 16, 124, 149, 161, 181, 192, 194, 212
economic depression in, 30–31, 57, 68, 77
Great Exhibition of 1851 in, 166–67
Irish as negatively viewed in, 41–42, 147
see also British government; England
Great Exhibition of 1851, 166–67
Great Hunger, see Irish Potato Famine
Great Northern Railroad, 188, 213, 214
Greig, Major, 198
Grey, Henry, Third Earl Grey, xiii, 16–18, 19, 39, 40, 44, 47, 58, 67, 68, 69, 79, 80, 133, 150, 156
backlash against policies of, 125–26, 127, 167–68, 204
colonial unrest and, 124–25, 167–68
failing policies of, 39, 40, 124, 167, 168
harsh treatment of opposition by, 17, 126
Ireland unfavorably viewed by, 17–18, 19–20, 41–42
Irish settlements proposed by, 37–38
laissez-faire policies of, 40–42, 43, 59, 60–61, 126
localized famine-relief union system of, 40–41
retirement of, 204
Special Commission formed by, 167
state-assisted Irish relocation plan of, 20–21, 23, 37–38, 42–43, 125, 134
Grosse Île quarantine station, xiii, 24–25, 31, 44–47, 48–50, 52, 53, 60, 107, 110–18, 192–93
British garrison deployed at, 45, 46, 112–13, 115, 204
cholera outbreaks at, 193
deaths and mortality rates at, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 61, 110, 112, 115, 193
disposal of bodies and mass graves at, 49–50, 61, 110, 115
fever sheds at, 46, 50, 112, 117
filthy conditions at, 46, 193
harsh weather conditions at, 32, 46, 110–11, 114
malnourishment and starvation at, 49
medical screenings conducted at, 112, 115–16, 117–18, 151, 175
overcrowding at, 44, 45, 50
staff members infected at, 46, 50, 61
supply shortages and understaffing of, 25, 31, 44, 45, 49, 50
typhus pandemic at, 46, 50, 112, 173
Growler, 109
Guiding Star, 195–96
Guy, William, 32
Gypsy, 134
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 75, 182
Hamilton, William, 124
Hankay, Dr., 197–98
Hardy, Anne, 33
Harrowby, Earl of, 125
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 56
Hennepin County (Minn.) jail, 187
Highland Mary, 52
Horan, Father, 49, 60
House of Commons, British, 126, 128, 167
House of Lords, British, 17
Hoy, Mike, 187–90
Hurly, Thomas, 194–95
hurricanes, 105, 181, 182, 183, 205, 209
icebergs, 105, 106–7, 108, 133
immigrant vessels, 21, 44–49, 50, 51–54, 57, 59, 65, 69, 72, 91, 108, 111, 125, 132, 151, 178, 206, 210
apprentice program and, 139
archaic communication systems of, 54
British regulations and, 47, 59, 79, 80, 116, 126, 173
certified pilots for, 115–16, 142
cholera outbreaks and, 173, 193, 195–99
congestion of ports by, 53–54, 56, 58, 108, 144
deaths and mortality rates on, xvii, 23, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 70, 72, 79, 100, 111, 125, 133, 181, 193, 195, 196, 197–99
disposal of bodies on, 48–49, 51, 199
fire hazards on, 100
at Grosse Île quarantine station, 24–25, 44, 111–12, 115–16, 151, 192, 193
as growing industry, 133–34, 171–72, 174, 178
icebergs and, 108, 133
inadequate medical care on, 23, 59, 79, 196, 198–99
inhumane treatment on, 24, 47, 80, 125–26
limited food and water rations on, 23, 47–48, 69, 76, 80
overcrowded conditions on, 69, 180
Parliamentary investigations into safety of, 69, 125–26
public scrutiny of, 59, 69, 79–80, 125–26, 173, 198–99, 200
quarantine stations of, see Grosse Île quarantine station; qua
rantine stations
ship doctors on, see ship’s doctors
starvation on, 23, 24, 25, 49, 53, 69, 80, 112, 126, 198
storms in disabling of, 108, 109, 195–96
susceptibility to disease on, 24, 25, 33, 44–45, 46, 48, 79, 80, 112, 126, 142, 195, 196, 199
typhus pandemics on, 32, 44–45, 47, 53, 60, 100, 112, 173
unsanitary conditions on, 23, 69, 80, 125, 196
U.S. naval regulations and, 138, 142
wrecks of, 90, 108, 133, 181
see also Jeanie Johnston
Inconstant, HMS, 200
Incorporated Merchants of Tralee Company, 132
indentured servants, 42, 82, 109, 139
India, 22, 40, 204
Indiana, 65, 92, 156, 157, 160, 161, 192
Industrial Revolution, 9, 14, 146, 167, 202
influenza, 131
Ireland, xvi, 6, 8–12, 25, 50, 56, 62, 71, 72, 75, 81, 82, 92, 101, 115, 123–24, 128, 132, 158, 160, 161, 168, 212
as breadbasket of British Empire, 8, 9, 12
British attempts to usher in industrial-based economy in, 18–20, 167, 177, 178
Catholic merchant class in, 13
cholera outbreaks in, 143, 151, 194–96
civil unrest in, 77, 123–24, 125, 150, 167, 202
colonial control over timber and crops of, 8, 9
Daniel Reilly’s decision to leave, 7, 65, 84
disease in, 25, 62–63, 72, 83, 131, 132, 143, 146, 178, 194–96
disposing of dead in, 62–63, 194–95, 199–200
economic depression in, 64, 68, 72
as economic liability to British Empire, 9, 10, 17–18, 40, 41, 42
grain harvested in, 6, 8, 11–12, 13, 62, 63, 64, 133, 135
hostile landscapes and weather in, 10–11, 74, 84–85, 86, 132–33
Industrial Exhibition in, 167
mass evictions of cottiers in, 15, 21, 123, 127, 134, 151, 153, 170
population growth in, 9, 20, 40
potato dependency in, 8–9, 10, 19, 40
poverty in, 11, 15
Queen Victoria’s visits to, 149–51, 155, 167, 177–78
real-estate speculators in, 123, 127
shipwrecks in, 74, 90, 181
stereotypes of people of, 18, 40, 42
subsistence farming in, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 37, 83, 123, 170
typhus pandemic in, 62–63, 83, 143
workhouses in, 39, 63, 64, 67, 130–32, 134, 153, 171–72, 194, 195
Irish Free State, 150
Irish Guards, 202
Irish immigrants, 26, 93, 135
in Baltimore, 145–47
British laissez-faire approach to, 59, 60–61, 186
cholera outbreaks and, 160, 192
in colonial timber camps, 20, 23, 37, 38
in desperate migration down Maine coast, 186
discrimination against, 147–48
disposing of bodies and mass graves of, 48–50, 51, 58, 61, 110, 115
in 1849 gold rush, 136
falling rates of, 204
fighting among, 147, 160
Grey’s proposed settlement communities for, 37–38
harsh living conditions of, 27, 34, 51, 56, 58, 112, 135, 145–47, 185–86
as illegally sneaking into U.S., 38–39
in Liverpool, 56, 58
mortality rates of, 34, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 70, 72, 79, 100, 111, 112, 125, 133, 181
in New York City, 33–34, 35, 47, 123, 135, 146, 153, 187
North American train journeys of, 156–57
orphans of, 33, 46, 49, 51
poverty and unemployment of, 27, 56, 135, 147, 148, 185, 186
quarantine stations for, see Grosse Île quarantine station; quarantine stations
as railroad workers, 146–47, 159, 160–61, 184, 185, 186
relocation program for, 20–21, 23, 37–38, 42–43, 125, 134
shipyard employment of, 27–28, 52
starvation of, 23, 24, 25, 49, 53, 56, 60, 112, 186, 198
as trade commodity, 68–70, 84
typhus pandemics and, 32–36, 44–45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 58, 60, 112, 173
U.S.’s growing fear of, 35–36, 37, 42, 47
Irish Potato Famine, 1–7, 14–15, 17–21, 23, 39, 41–42, 47, 53, 62–65, 74, 83, 124, 128, 130, 133, 135, 150, 153, 167, 187
Britain’s failed relief programs for, 39–40, 64, 124, 126–29, 150, 153, 167, 168
Britain’s initial measures for, 6, 12
Britain’s laissez-faire approach to, 6, 40–42, 43, 126, 127–28, 129
Britain’s localizing of aid in unions for, 19, 40–41, 64, 66, 67, 128, 153
Britain’s restrictive aid policies in, 18, 19, 39, 40, 127
British blaming Irish for own suffering in, 18, 40, 41–42, 81
civilian sense of defeat in, 169–70
closing of Irish ports considered in, 12, 18
demand for grain in, 6, 11–12, 14, 68, 70, 132
mass emigration resulting from, xv, 23, 29, 47, 65, 135, 151, 178; see also immigrant vessels; Irish immigrants
mortality rates in, xv, 63, 83, 130, 131, 132, 143, 178
Peel’s relief measures for, 6, 18, 19, 39
physical and mental ailments resulting from, 168–69
population reduced by, 178
Providential view of, 17–18, 40
relief aid stations in, 130
soup kitchens in, 6, 19, 41, 64, 67, 126, 134
starvation in, 39, 63, 67, 74, 83, 85, 128, 143, 146, 168, 169
state-assisted emigration policy and, 20–21, 23
theft and violence in, 4, 6, 64, 85, 124, 168, 169
workhouses/work-for-food schemes in, 39, 41, 63, 64, 67, 130–32, 134, 153, 171–72, 194, 195
Irish Sea, 71, 149
Jeanie Johnston, xiii, xvii, 111, 135, 138–43, 144, 145, 147, 149–50, 151, 156, 171, 178–79, 181, 185, 204, 206, 207
assigned tasks of crew on, 100–103
Blennerhassett’s decision to resign from, 173–74, 176, 200
boarding of passengers on, 86–87
code of conduct enforced on, 98–99
construction of, 28–29, 30
crew desertions of, 122–23, 138–39, 140, 144–45, 172, 179
crew hired for, 74–76, 139–40, 179
crew quarters on, 102
Donovan’s purchasing of, 73
final voyage and sinking of, 7, 208–10
fire prevention on, 99–100, 107
first immigrant transatlantic voyage of, xvii, 89–91, 98–109
first voyage to Tralee of, 77–78
at Grosse Île quarantine station, 114–18
growing distrust of Donovan’s management decisions regarding, 179–80
health and hygiene protocols on, 98, 106, 115
health of arriving passengers on, 117, 118, 152, 175
icebergs and, 105, 106–7, 122
launching of, 52–53
limited points of sail on, 55, 101
Liverpool berth of, 57, 58
logbook of, 90–91, 100–101
lone casualty of, 179, 210
loose ballast of, 174
luggage space allotted in, 85, 86
maiden voyage of, 53–56
minimal tools on, 55
mythical status of, xvii–xviii, 137, 151, 152, 172, 210
navigational tools used on, 55, 100, 102, 105
Nicholas Reilly’s birth onboard, xvii, 88–89, 91, 98, 211
official survey report on, 73, 74
perilous courses set for, 6–7, 101, 105, 180, 181, 183
provisions on, 55, 76, 78, 85, 99, 102–3, 106, 107, 108, 157
retrofitting of, 78, 138, 145, 181
rigging for, 96–97
rough, “wallowing” sailing of, 97–98, 99, 102, 104, 106, 141, 174
safety record and survival rates of, xvii, xviii, 172, 210
seasickness on, 98, 99, 106
selection of ship doctor for, 78–79,
80–83
sick crew members on, 141–42, 143
steerage accommodations on, 78, 88, 98, 106, 141, 184
storms encountered by, 104–7, 109, 122, 141, 180, 181, 182–84, 208–10
Jenkins, John, 141–42, 143
Johanis, 142
John Bolton, 52
John Donovan & Sons Ltd., 12, 13, 68, 71, 73, 74, 122, 194
John Hall, 111
John Munn, 111
Johnston, Captain, 208–10
Jones, Thomas, 184, 185–86
Katie (domestic servant), 94
Keane, Ellen, 45
Kenmare, Earl of, 180
Kennellys, 172, 174, 178, 180, 181, 210
Kerry Evening Post, 77–78, 79, 84–85, 132, 178
Key, Francis Scott, 142
Kneen, John, 140
Kreidler, John, 214
Lady Russell, 172, 178
Lansdowne, Marquess of, 153, 170, 171
Law, James, 35
Laxton, Edward, 97–98
lazarettos, 59–60, 109, 142
Lehatta, Regina, 197, 198, 200
Lesmahagow, 134, 181, 210
Liberty, Ind., 65, 158–61, 186
Limerick, Ireland, 84, 111, 140
Liverpool, England, 28, 56–60, 68, 73, 74, 76, 77, 96, 108, 139, 195, 196
cholera outbreaks in, 143, 197–98
congested port of, 56, 58
Jeanie Johnston’s maiden voyage to, 52, 53–56
lazarettos of, 59–60, 109
Liverpool Mercury, 57, 79
Lloyd’s of London, 100
Lloyd’s Register, 52, 73, 74
locusts, 62, 63
London, England, 9, 124, 135
Great Exhibition of 1851 in, 166–67
rioting in, 77
Londonderry, 125
London Times, 6, 10, 20, 57, 168
Lord Canterbury, 52
Lusitania, 200
McBretney, Arthur, 75, 99, 103
McIntyre, Robert, 140
Maine, 1, 184
malaria, 32
Manifest Destiny, 147, 202, 212
marasmus, 168
Maria, 69, 133
Martin, Catherine, 140, 141, 148
Mary, 47
Mary & Elizabeth, 181
Matthews, Alexander, 75, 122–23
Matthews, Rat, 121, 162, 163, 164
Maury, M. F., 101
measles, 177
Melville, Herman, 56
Merchant Shipping Act, 139
Mercury, 206
Mexican-American War, 31
miasma, 79, 98
Miltiades, 116, 117
Minneapolis, Minn., 187–88, 189, 202, 211, 213
Minnesota, 119, 187, 190, 191, 203
Montreal, 61
Moore, Reverend, 89
Mountain, George, 46, 49
Mount Cashell, Earl of, 125–26
Munn, James, 156
Munn, John, xiii, 23, 26–29, 51–53, 54, 55, 57, 73, 96, 109, 111, 155–56, 176, 181, 205
financial woes of, 27–28, 155, 156, 204