Enemy at the Gates

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Enemy at the Gates Page 45

by William Craig


  Gehlert, Gunter, 323, 324

  Gehres, Emil, 115-116

  Georgia, 120

  German Army, xv, 18, 243-244; Army Group A, 8, 19, 78, 79, 85, 203, 212, 214, 291, 310, 400; Army Group B, 8, 18, 19, 75, 111-112, 137, 191, 198-199, 201, 212; Army

  Group Don, 211, 228, 249, 250, 253, 266, 272, 274, 300, 320, 330, 338, 339, 346, 355-356, 384, 387

  ARMIES: First Panzer, 8, 78, 310; Fourth Panzer, 8, 18, 19-21, 26, 41-42, 47, 79, 83, 132, 149, 190, 197, 370; Sixth, see entries under Sixth Army

  CORPS: Eighth, 13, 370; Eleventh, 211, 370, 373-374; Fourteenth, 365, 369, 370; Seventeenth, 78, 310; Forty-eighth Panzer, 158-159, 172, 175, 183, 186, 188, 200-201, 399; Fifty-first, 354, 370; Fifty-seventh Armored, 251, 254, 274

  DIVISIONS: Third, 343; Third Motorized, 50, 63, 73, 308, 334, 365; Sixth Panzer, 213-214, 229, 231, 236, 237, 241, 247, 250, 252, 253, 255, 257, 258, 260, 266, 274, 275, 278; Ninth Flak, 132, 337; Fourteenth Panzer, 102, 132, 210, 224; Sixteenth Armored, 294; Sixteenth Motorized, 114, 214, 228; Sixteenth Panzer, 13, 47, 49-52, 62, 73, 172, 173, 186, 193, 218, 292, 307; Seventeenth Panzer, 214, 228, 250; Twenty-second, 159, 188; Twenty-third Panzer, 214, 229, 243; Twenty-fourth Panzer, 190, 219, 308; Twenty-ninth Motorized, 75, 79, 132, 190, 219-220, 308, 334, 343, 365; Forty-fourth, 151, 218, 224, 343; Sixtieth Motorized, 50, 63, 73, 130-131, 219, 227, 294, 308, 343; Seventy-first, 46, 87, 92, 100, 107, 110, 220, 366, 367; Seventy-sixth, 114, 218, 334, 335, 343; Seventy-ninth, 220; Ninetyfourth, 116, 133, 204-205, 317; One Hundredth, 140, 220; One Hundred Thirteenth Infantry, 219, 225, 334, 343; One Hundred Ninetyfourth Infantry, 89; Two Hundred Eighty-ninth Infantry, 134; Two Hundred Ninety-fifth, 13, 87, 93, 100; Two Hundred Ninety-seventh, 220, 223, 279, 308, 309, 334, 343, 367; Three Hundred Fifth, 138, 220, 221, 284, 334; Three Hundred Thirty-sixth, 154-155, 163; Three Hundred Seventy-first, 220, 308; Three Hundred Seventy-sixth, 147, 334; Three Hundred Eighty-fourth, 219, 334, 343; Three Hundred Eighty-ninth, 220; Grossdeutschland Panzer, 20. See also Combat Groups; German High Command; Hoth; Operation Blue; Operation Thunderclap; Operation Winter Storm; Paulus; street fighting; supply lines

  German Cross, 339

  German Democratic Republic, see East Germany

  German High Command (OKW), 4, 9, 12, 14, 75, 158, 192, 209, 211, 216, 229, 245, 274, 388, 400; Russian spies within, 24, 402

  German Propaganda Company, 195

  Germany: Third Reich, xvi, 152, 373, 396; Weimar Republic, 212. See also East Germany; West Germany

  Gestapo, see secret police

  Gibraltar, 153

  Giebeler, Wilhelm, 154, 162-163, 405

  Gilmore, Eddy, 336

  Ginderling, Capt., 92

  Giordano (Italian prisoner), 327

  Goebbels, Joseph, 100, 161, 295-296, 361, 367, 384-385

  Goering, Hermann, 132, 193, 199, 206, 304, 373-374

  Gogol Street, 58

  Goldstein, Mikhail, 307-308, 398

  Golikov, Gen. F. I., 81

  Golodny Island, 37, 67

  Golubinka, German command center at, 49, 51, 99-100, 111, 113, 137, 148, 175, 181, 184, 186, 190

  Gordov, Gen. A. V., 32, 34, 48, 117

  Gorishny Col. V. A., 123, 150

  Gorki Theater, 35, 110, 368, 375

  Gorodische, 304

  Gorokhov, Col. Semyon, 67-68

  Goslar, 399

  grain elevator, 142; battle for, 101-102

  “Green Hats,” 43, 83

  Grozny, 78, 85

  guerrilla fighters, 143-145. See also commandos; partisans

  Gurewicz, Lt. Hersch, 42-45, 142-143, 171, 187, 222-223, 386-387, 398, 405

  Gumrak Airfield, 115, 190, 197, 203, 308, 334, 346, 347; command post at, 198, 200, 234, 246, 293, 299, 325, 330; hospital at, 323, 333, 349; radio transmitter at, 346; teleprinter at, 248, 249, 300

  Gurov, Kuzma, 135, 176

  Gurtiev, Col. L. N., 135, 136, 150

  Haifa, xiii

  Halder, Gen. Franz, 17-18, 19, 20-21, 79, 271, 398-399; fired by Hitler, 111

  Halle, Cpl. Werner, 79-80

  Hamburg, xiii, 12, 402

  hand-to-hand fighting, 92, 150

  Hannover, 404

  Harriman, W. Averell, 48n, 405, 422

  Hartmann, Gen. von, 366-367

  Hauswald, Lina, 339

  He-111 aircraft, 221-222, 229, 299

  Heim, Lt. Gen. Ferdinand, 158, 183, 185, 186, 188, 190, 200, 399

  Heitz, Gen. Walther, 13, 350, 371

  Hemingway, Ernest, 15

  Hero of the Soviet Union, decoration as, 94, 386, 400, 401, 402, 404

  Heusinger, Gen. Adolf, 207, 232, 344, 403, 405

  Hilfsfreiwilliger (Hiwis), see defectors,

  Russian Army

  Himmler, Heinrich, 11

  Hindenburg, Chancellor Paul Von, 13

  Hitler, Adolf: aides to, 100, 206-207, 232, 299, 303, 304, 344, 345, 400; at anniversary of Third Reich, 153-154; at apogee of power, 82; attitude of commanders toward, 9, 245, 371; attitude of troops toward, 209, 225, 244, 312, 340, 341-342, 361; blunders in strategy, 19-20, 271-272; “Christmas Drive,” 244; destructive alliance with apolitical generals, 377; display of charm and self-control, 344-345; displays of temper, 78-79, 205, 423; fascination with enemy plans, 153; military conferences, 17-18, 78-79, 85, 232-233; military decisions, 8-9, 15, 19-20, 24, 78, 162, 183, 192-193, 199, 205-206, 207-208, 215, 217, 245, 246, 255, 333; military units shifted, 228; myth of invincibility, xvi, 4, 10; New Year’s message, 308; plans to overthrow, 17, 399, 402; reaction to surrender of Sixth Army, 381-382; refusal to permit retreat from Stalingrad, 246, 280; refusal to permit surrender, 330, 362; response to messengers from Sixth Army, 344-345, 356-357; retreat of First Panzer Army authorized, 310; reverses at Stalingrad acknowledged, 227; self-isolation, 79, 110-111, 118-119, 153; Stalingrad battle as contest of ego with Stalin, 157; tendency to underrate enemy, 18, 19, 21, 154, 182; thesis of racial supremacy, 10. See also Mainstein; Paulus

  Holland, Capt., 64

  horses, in Germany Sixth Army, 6, 116, 166, 201, 251, 273, 360; slaughtered for food, 221, 253, 299, 350

  Horvath, Pvt. Michael, 388

  Hoth, Gen. Hermann, 74, 75, 132, 320; advance of First Panzer Army on Stalingrad, 42; attempted pincer movement, 47-48, 76; drive to Volga, 79; forces split, 192, 196; regroupment attempted, 197; relief force to resupply Sixth Army, 246, 247, 252-253, 260, 268, 277, 290, 293, 294; withdrawal of armored division from, 291, 310

  House of Specialists, capture of, 91

  house-to-house fighting, 154-157, 225-227, 316-317, 361, 364; anticipated by Soviet command, 33

  Hube, Gen. Hans, 13, 47, 63, 65, 67, 73, 329-330, 354, 382

  “human-wave” tactics, 77

  Humbert, Lt. Philip, 379

  Hunersdorff, Col., 231, 240, 266

  Hungarian Army, xiv, 8, 13, 14, 346

  Hurricane aircraft, 88

  ice packs, effect on battle, 151, 159, 160, 162, 168, 220, 243

  Idar-Oberstein, 399

  Ilyin, Col. Pyotr, 45-46, 75-76

  industrial revolution, 29

  infantry: German, 13, 89, 90, 138, 148, 253, 274, 322, 354; Russian, 4, 34, 77, 82. See also entries under German Army

  Infantry Assault Badge, 130

  intelligence, military: German, 8-9, 17, 20, 42, 114, 127, 147-148, 149, 150, 175, 182, 246, 292, 422; Russian, 74, 97, 132-133, 150-151, 158, 170-171, 422-423

  Iron Cross, Knighthood of, 7, 13

  Isonzo River, 15

  Israel, xiii, 397, 398

  Italian Army, xiv, 13, 150, 229, 232, 233, 245, 247, 275; Alpini, 14, 15, 391; Bersaglieri, 14, 262-264; Eighth, 14, 258, 259, 269, 275, 300, 304; Julia, 14; Torino, 14, 16; troops taken prisoner, 397

  Ivan the Terrible, 22

  Jaenecke, Gen. Erwin, 134, 354

  Japan, 70, 217

  Jeschonnek, Albert, 132, 154, 193, 199, 206, 217, 245

  Jews, extermination of, 11-12, 15. See also anti-Semitism

  Jodi, Gen. Albert, 79, 110, 232, 344


  Ju-52 aircraft, 118, 216, 221, 229, 280, 355, 358

  Ju-88 aircraft, 58, 60, 91

  Kalach, 32, 46, 88, 175, 191, 194, 249, 254, 347; bridge at, 40, 45, 75-76, 114, 190, 192, 193, 195-196, 197-198, 202; German garrison at, 195

  Kalmikoff, 262, 263, 264, 275, 328

  Kalmucks, 42, 114

  Kamenka, 254

  Kamyshin, 104

  Karinhall estate, 206

  Karl Marx Gardens, 60-61

  Karlsruhe, 403

  Karmanov, Genn, 58, 97-98, 386

  Karmanova, Katrina, 58-59, 97-98, 385-386

  Karpovka, 286, 309, 338, 387

  Karpovka River, 334

  Karpovka Valley, 332, 333

  Kasternoye, 346

  Kastle, Lt. Hermann, 185, 322, 405

  Kazakhs, attack on Red Army troops, 321

  Kazakhstan, 3, 69, 120

  Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm, 9, 345, 381, 399

  "Kessel, Der (The Cauldron),” 203, 204, 297, 212-255, 303, 306; passim, 308, 330, 292, 332, 296, 335

  Khalkin Gol, 70, 217

  Kharkov, 113, 164, 167, 436; German victory at, 12, 13, 68; refugees from, 34

  Khoyzyanov, Lt. Andrei, 101, 102

  Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeeyvich, 231, 399, 400, 404, 437; orders given by, 82; rivalry with Malenkov, 68; and Stalin, 80-81; visit to battlefield, 172; and Yeremenko, 48, 54-55, 61, 83, 85

  Kiev, 55, 387, 402,

  Kirchner Gen., 274,

  Kletskaya, 14, 147, 167, 179, 181, 184, 172, 404, 278

  149, 188, 302

  436 159, 201, 161, 214

  Kliagin, Vova, 54, 60, 61

  Kliagina, Nadia, 54, 60, 61

  Kliagina, Vlasa, 54, 60-61

  Klotz, Lt. Heinrich, 130-131, 319-320, 405

  Kohler, Dr. Ottmar, 50-51, 63-65, 131, 227, 318-319, 370, 399, 405

  Kolia (Russian child spy), 91-92

  Komsomol, 66

  Komsomolskaya Street, 61; battle for, 103, 109

  Konings, Maj., 121, 127-130

  Korfes, Gen. Otto, 366, 371, 379

  Kornilov, Natasha, 98-99, 170, 317

  Korshunov, Gen., 55

  Kosygin, Alexei, 404

  Kotelnikovo, 26, 213, 216, 229, 231;

  German capture of, 21, 33; recaptured by Russians, 320

  Kotluban, 388

  Kovalova, Olga, 69

  Krasnaya Sloboda, 99, 307

  Krasnoarmeysk, 79

  Krasnodar, 44

  Krasnofimsk, 103

  Krasnopeterskaya Street, 103, 108

  Krasny Zastava factory, 59

  Kreiser, Lt. Wilhelm, 140-141, 209-210, 235, 399, 405

  Krinovaya prison camp, 391, 392

  Krugliakov, 33

  Krupennikov, Maj. Gen. I. P., 264-266

  Krupennikov, Yuri, 265

  Krutoy Gully, 34, 36, 119, 120

  Krylov, Gen. N. I., 87, 126, 316, 379, 399-400

  Kuibyshev 104, 124, 234

  Kulikov, Nikolai, 128, 129-130

  Kunowski, Col. von, 298

  Kuperosnoye, 79, 80

  Kuzmichi, 63

  Kwantung Army, 70, 217

  labor camps, 165

  Langkeit, Oberleutnant, 353

  Lascar, Gen. Mihail, 201

  Latashanka, 104, 171

  Lazur Chemical Plant, 36, 104, 120, 121, 175

  Leipzig, 199

  Lelyushenko, Gen., 265

  Lenin, V. J., 22

  Leningrad, 18, 20, 29, 34, 70-72

  Leyser, Gen. Ernst, 191, 343

  Libya, 15

  lice, 171, 188, 287, 304, 309, 312, 349, 364, 371

  Likovitsa, 398

  Linden, Maj. Joseph, 46, 155, 242, 303, 405

  List, Field Marshal Sigmund Wilhelm, 8, 78

  Little Saturn offensive, 228, 301

  livestock, 32, 116, 186, 189, 190, 318;

  kept as pets, 49, 51, 318. See also horses

  Loebbecke, Lt. Eberhard von, 193-194, 405

  London, Jack, 35

  Lopatin, Gen. A. I., 81, 82-83

  Lubeck, 402

  “Lucy” (Rudolph Rossler), 23, 24, 158, 228, 402, 422

  Ludwig, Col. Gunter, 375-376

  Luftwaffe, 33, 91, 183, 238; airfields, 47; drops by, 65, 222; losses at Stalingrad, 302-303, 339, 434; officers, xiii, 61, 148, 154, 206, 229, 347; Paulus and, 131-132, 148-149, 154, 163, 222, 229-230, 237, 254, 350-351; plea for intervention rejected by, 349. See also airlift; air raids

  Lugansk, 3

  Lutschinski, 221

  Lyudnikov, Col. Ivan Ilyich, 150, 157, 159-160, 162, 186, 284, 400

  Maginot Line, 215

  Magnitogorsk, 121

  Maikop, 78

  Malaya Ivanovka, 77

  Malaya Rossoshka, 54

  Malenkov, Georgi, x, 68

  Malinovsky, Gen. Rodion Yakolevich, 336-337, 400

  Malygin, Maj., 168-169

  Mamaev Hill, xii, 36, 37-38, 60, 68, 128, 133, 168, 169, 175, 325, 368; battle for, 93, 94, 101, 104, 109, 111, 120, 123, 137, 396; command post on, 86-87, 88; German positions on, 125, 227, 348, 378-379

  Manchuria, 70, 217

  Manstein, Field Marshal Erich von, 215, 400; as head of Army Group Don, 211-214, 228, 229, 230, 231, 242, 245-246, 290, 329-330, 347; Hitler and, 20, 246, 250-251, 272-273, 274, 298, 310, 320, 362, 400; Paulus and, 233, 242, 248-250, 277-279, 298, 300; resignation offered, 320; retreat ordered by, 346. See also German Army (Army Group Don); Operation Thunderclap manufacturing, 36-37

  marines, Russian, 68, 101, 102, 123

  Marinovka, 286, 334

  Marsan, Lt. Veniero, 15

  Martini (Italian prisoner), 327

  Medevitskaya Street, 58

  medical care: German, 6, 50, 131, 229, 313, 317, 325, 349, 365; Russian, 84, 110

  medical supplies, 198, 229, 282, 370

  Mediterranean Sea, 153

  Medvedev, Viktor, 145

  Meshkov, 263, 275

  Messerschmidt aircraft, 346

  Metzger, Lt. Emil, 7-8, 116-117, 167, 203, 228, 289-290, 347, 387, 389, 393-395, 400, 405

  Metzger, Kaethe, 7-8, 116, 228, 289-290, 347, 389, 393-395, 400

  Metzler, Pvt. Josef, 114, 208, 352, 405

  Meunch, Capt. Gerhard, 46, 76, 89, 92-93, 113, 167, 243, 286-287, 324, 354-355, 400-401, 405

  Mexico, 22

  mice, 304; equipment damaged by, 159; used as food by troops, 238

  Mikosch, Col., 195

  Milch, Gen. Erhard, 347

  military decorations, 353, 397-398. See also German Cross; Hero of the Soviet Union; Infantry Assault Badge; Iron Cross; Order of Lenin; Order of the Red Star; Ritter Creuz

  militia, workers’, 56-57, 63; organized for defense of Stalingrad, 90; replaced by regulars, 112

  Millerovo, 263

  minefields, deactivation of, 242

  Mishkova River, 213, 232, 234, 237, 241, 243, 247, 250, 255, 257, 258, 273, 274, 275, 279, 290, 294, 300

  Moabit Prison, 399

  Modina, Anastasia, 66-67, 97

  Mogilev, 42

  Mokraya Mechetka River, 37, 56, 63, 68, 69

  Mongols, 28-29, 115

  Montgomery, Gen. Bernard, 153

  morale, problems of: German, 112, 167, 185, 226, 297, 311-313, 340, 356; Russian, 42, 48, 71-72, 82

  Moro airstrip, 302

  Morocco, Allied landings in, 153

  Morosovsk, 274

  Morosovskaya, 67, 216, 274, 291

  mortars: German, 6-7, 73, 80, 102, 105, 127, 203, 242; Russian, 120, 370-371

  Moscow, xv, 18, 22, 29, 48n, 70, 149, 183; defense of, 71, 103

  Moslems, 78

  Mues, Capt., 172-173

  Müller (Chief of Staff, 14th Corps), 369

  Munich, 152, 153, 401

  Mussolini, Benito, 14, 15, 305

  mutiny, 244, 366, 369-370

  Mutius, Lt., 221

  nail factory, defense of, 100, 102

  Napoleon Bonaparte, ix-x

  Narvik, 295

  Nazi party, 9
, 153, 374, 401; fund-raising drive, 244; German opponents of, 402, 403

  Nazi-Soviet pact, 23

  nebelwerfers (German mortars), 6-7, 203

  Neidhardt, Capt. Boris von, 372, 377

  Neist, Heinz, 139-140, 208, 238-239, 359, 380-381, 405

  Neiwig, Cpl., 387-388

  Nekrassov, Lt. Viktor, 55-56

  Nerozia, Pyotr, 56-57, 59

  Neustadt, 339

  New Year’s Eve, battlefield celebration of, 307-308

  New York Times, 336

  NKVD, 43, 67, 82, 90, 105, 117, 307, 399; prison, 66, 365-366, 369, 374, 375, 380; in street fighting, 91, 92

  Normandy, occupation of, 13

  North Africa, Allied invasion of, 48n, 154, 182, 232, 296

  Novocherkassk, 212, 214, 228, 245, 248, 250, 273, 294, 310, 329, 339

  Novosibirsk, 397

  Odessa, 34

  Oettl, Lt. Hans, 49-50, 51, 112, 203, 209, 308-309, 318, 383-384, 401, 405

  oil fields, and German strategy, 18, 85, 118, 119

  Operation Blue (German), 4, 8, 12, 18, 78, 422; details known to Stalin, 24

  Operation Thunderclap (German), 246, 247, 253, 255, 257, 260, 267, 270, 271, 274, 277-278, 290, 400

  Operation Torch (Allied), 48n

  Operation Uranus (Soviet), 117, 162, 171, 172, 176, 183-184, 186-187

  Operation Winter Storm (German), 228, 231, 233, 246, 247, 254, 255, 260, 268, 270

  Oranki Prison, 363, 390

  Order of Lenin, 145

  Order of the Red Star, 169

  Orlovka, 130, 131, 286

  Ostarhild, Lt. Karl, 147, 148, 149, 150, 405

  Ostrov, 39, 40

  Pamir Mountains, 389

  Panzer Army, First, see Hoth, Hermann; also entry under German Army

  Parker, Ralph, 336

  partisans, Russian; 106, 164

  Paulus, Alexander von, 9, 401

  Paulus, Elena Constance Rosetti-Solescu von, 9-10, 230, 247, 401

  Paulus, Ernst von, xi, 9, 18, 20, 401, 405

  Paulus, Gen. Friedrich von, x, xi, 12, 73, 74, 114, 336, 366, 396, 400-401, 402; actions as commander of Sixth Army, 9-13, 41, 52, 78, 172, 175, 182, 190, 330, 331; disaster foreshadowed, 65, 147-148, 175; failure to link with Fourth Panzer Army, 75, 76; and Halder, 111; and High Command, 210-211; and Hitler, 85, 192-193, 203, 204, 208, 246, 271-272, 274, 308, 340, 374, 376-377; and mutinous generals, 369-370; orders given and rescinded, 269, 270; pleas for assistance, 111-112, 132, 294; proclamation to troops, 198; retreat recommended by, 191-192, 197, 200, 211; tactics, 62, 130, 150-151; treatment of by Russians, 388; ultimatum received by, 325. See also Luftwaffe; Manstein; Sixth Army

  Pavlov, Sgt. Jacob, 119-120, 137, 146, 401

  Pavlovsk, 346

  Pearl Harbor, bombing of, ix

 

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