11. Quoted in Burman, 60, 70 (adapted).
12. Lea, 114–55.
13. Lea, 114.
14. Lea, 114.
15. Quoted in Innes, 41.
16. Quoted in Peters, 1985, 42.
17. Quoted in Peters, 1985, 1 (adapted). The Latin word quaestio appears in the original text and is translated by Peters as “torture.”
18. Lea, 2.
19. Ruthven, 47 (adapted).
20. Directorium Inquisitorium, quoted in Ruthven, 54.
21. Ruthven, 55 (“with a general reputation for heresy,” etc.); Peters, 1985, 67 (“facial expressions…”).
22. Burman, 148.
23. Nigel Cawthorne, Witch Hunt: History of a Persecution (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004), 174–75.
24. Ruthven, 58.
25. Burman, 63. Strictly speaking, these were the standard measurements for the water ordeal as used in Italy.
26. Burman, 63 (“for fresh questioning…”); Cecil Roth, The Spanish Inquisition (New York: Norton, 1964; orig. pub. 1937), 107 (“A man might…”).
27. Quoted in Anthony Grafton, “Say Anything: What the Renaissance Teaches Us About Torture,” The New Republic, Nov. 5, 2007, 23 (“jump” and “dance”); Burman, 64 (“Only a confession…,” etc.); Peters, 1985, 68 (“queen of torments”).
28. Ruthven, 59 (“the space of one or two Misereres”); Innes, 43 (“weights were attached…”).
29. Lea, 114.
30. Held, 78.
31. Held, 17 (adapted).
32. Peters, 1989, 218.
33. Burman, 63.
34. Quoted in Burman, 63, 146.
35. Quoted in Burman, 63.
36. Burman, 63.
37. Burman, 62.
38. Lea, quoted in Burman, 65.
39. Processus inquisitionis, quoted in Wakefield, 255 (“The bearer sinned…”) (adapted).
40. Quoted in Burman, 47.
41. Burman, 58.
42. Processus inquisitionis, quoted in Wakefield, 183, 255.
43. Wakefield, 183 (“ostentatious dress…”); Lea, 113 (“His body…”)
44. Lea, 229.
45. Lea, 211.
46. Lea, 168.
47. Lea, 219.
48. Lea, 229.
49. Lea, 217.
50. Quoted in Burman, 54 (“perpetual imprisonment…”); Lea, 184 (“frightful abodes…”).
51. Quoted in Burman, 41.
52. Lea, 180.
53. Lea, 184.
54. Lea, 185.
55. Wakefield, 239.
56. Processus inquisitionis, quoted in Wakefield, 256 (adapted).
57. Coulton, 189 (adapted).
58. Burman. 37.
59. Ladurie, 142, n. 3.
60. Held, 82.
61. Lea, 249.
62. Quoted in Lambert, 15 (“laughed as they were bound…”); quoted in Burman, 155 (“thrust their hands…”).
63. Lambert, 15 (“a strange state…”).
64. See A History of the End of the World: How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization, by Jonathan Kirsch (HarperOne, 2006).
65. Quoted in Burman, 37.
5. THE INQUISITOR’S MANUAL
1. Quoted in Lambert, 362.
2. Peters, 1985, 65.
3. Quoted in Lambert, 211.
4. Lambert, 193 (“poverty fanatics”); Wakefield, 190 (“mystics…”)(adapted).
5. Lambert, 185–86, 187.
6. Burman, 104 (adapted).
7. Burman 105 (“to enquire into the beliefs…”).
8. Gui, 95, 122 (adapted).
9. Burman, 103 (“no Rule and no authority…”); Lambert, 184 (“So little obvious was the heresy…”).
10. Kelly, 448.
11. Quoted in Burman, 95 (“in the name of the Inquisition”); quoted in Cohn, 85 (“a detestable crime…”).
12. Cohn, 77.
13. Cohn, 83.
14. Cohn, 80.
15. Quoted in Burman, 95.
16. Lambert, 180 (“extraordinary farrago of nonsense”); Cohn, 86 (“absolutely without foundation”).
17. Cohn, 85, 88.
18. Cohn, 87, 88, 91 (“indecent” and “beautiful young girls” and “encrusted with jewels”); Cawthorne, 45 (“a goat endowed…”).
19. Cohn, 87.
20. Cohn, 92 (“reduced the pope…”).
21. Cohn, 87.
22. Quoted in Cohn, 85 (adapted).
23. Cohn, 96.
24. Exod. 22:18, kjv; quoted in Cawthorne, 35 (“wizardry and sorcery…”) (adapted), 35–36 (“believe and openly profess”).
25. Cohn, 177 (“he had seized and read many books…”); Burman, 121 (“love-magic”).
26. Pope John XXII, Summis desiderantes affectibus, 1484, quoted in Cawthorne, 39–40 (“correction, imprisonment and punishment…” and “They blasphemously renounce…”) (adapted); Cohn, 252 (“a secret, conspiratorial body…”).
27. Burman, 121.
28. Jeffrey Burton Russell, quoted in Burman, 129–30 (adapted).
29. Lambert, 187 (“verbal exhibitionists”)(adapted).
30. Salazar y Frias, quoted in Burman, 182 (“There were neither witches…”).
31. Montague Summers, ed. and trans., The “Malleus Maleficarum” of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger (New York: Dover, 1971; orig. pub. 1928), 194, 195 (adapted).
32. Summers, 44–45, 47 (adapted); Sydney Anglo, quoted in Burman, 131 (“scholastic pornography”); Grafton, 24 (“an amalgam of…”).
33. Summers, 56.
34. Burman, 116.
35. Cohn, 102.
36. Cohn, 102.
37. Quoted in Burman, 180.
38. Cohn, 117.
39. Cohn, 56, 59, 104; Gui, 149 (“sorcerers, fortune-tellers…”).
40. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deidre English, Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers (New York: Feminist Press at the City Univ. of New York, 1973), 12 (“trading herbal lore…”); Anne Llewellyn Barstow, Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts (New York: Pandora, 1994), 109 (“were not in fact riding broomsticks…”) (adapted).
41. Alonzo Salazar y Frias, 1612, quoted in Burman, 182 (“I have not found…”); Johann Wier, 1564, quoted in Burman, 182 (“witches were persons…”).
42. Quoted in Cohn, 240.
43. Barstow, 1994, 25 (“80 percent of the accused…”); Cohn, 249 (“solitary, eccentric, or bad-tempered…,” etc.); quoted in Cohn, 250 (“she had done nothing…”).
44. Summers, 223 (adapted).
45. Barstow, 1994, 10, 11, 12, 15, 21.
46. Burman, 179 (“reliably”); Cohn, 253 (“fantastic exaggerations”); Barstow, 1994, 23 (“is off by…”).
47. Cohn, 254 (“and all, without exception…”) (adapted); Ehrenreich and English, 8 (“two villages were left…”). Cohn debunks the outright forgeries on which much early historical writing on the Inquisition and the Witch Craze was based, especially Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon’s Histoire de l’Inquisition en France, first published in Paris in 1829.
48. Quoted in Coulton, 262.
49. Quoted in Coulton, 262–63, and Barstow, Anne Llewllyn, Joan of Arc: Heretic, Mystic, Shaman, (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Miller Press, 1986), 50, 82 (adapted from both sources).
50. Quoted in Barstow, 1986, 25 (“Voice from God”).
51. Burman, 106, quoting Henry VI, Part I; Barstow, 1986, xv (“a heroine of the French resistance”).
52. Quoted in Burman, 114.
53. Coulton, 262–63.
54. Quoted in Coulton, 262–63.
55. Quoted in Barstow, 1986, 82.
56. Quoted in Barstow, 1986, 91.
57. Burman, 109.
58. Quoted in Barstow, 1986, 96.
59. Lambert, 56, 100 (“gave a voice…” and “quid pro quo”); Burman, 97 (“a wild orgy of plunder”).
60. Lea, 49.
61. “Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215,” Canon 1, in Internet Medi
eval Sourcebook, www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lateran4.html.
62. Quoted in Burman, 167–68.
63. De Santillana, 13 (“Mathematics are for mathematicians”).
64. De Santillana, 128.
65. Quoted in Burman, 170.
66. Quoted in de Santillana, 315 (adapted).
67. Quoted in de Santillana, 124 (adapted).
68. Quoted in de Santillana, 129 (“foolish and absurd…,” etc.), 134 (“The said Galileo…”) (adapted).
69. De Santillana, 195 (“provided the treatment…”); quoted in de Santillana, 196 (“Preface to the Judicious Reader”).
70. De Santillana, 221.
71. Quoted in de Santillana, 276 (adapted).
72. De Santillana, 313.
73. Quoted in de Santillana, 338 (adapted).
74. Quoted in Burman, 174 (“the formal prison…”); quoted in de Santillana, 318 (“to all Inquisitors…”).
6. PURITY OF BLOOD
1. The epigraph at the head of this chapter is quoted in David M. Gitlitz, Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews (Philadelphia and Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society, 1996), 38. Juan de Salzedo is recalling the events of 1492 and quoting a remark made by a Jewish man named Fernando de Guernica to another Jewish man named Isaac the Portuguese.
2. Gui, 139–40.
3. Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Antisemitism (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1943), 180.
4. Trachtenberg, 180.
5. Quoted in Trachtenberg, 179.
6. Quoted in Kamen, 2.
7. Matt. 27:22, rsv.
8. “Wandering Jew,” 259–63, in Encyclopedia Judaica, vols. 1–17, corrected ed. (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, Ltd. n.d.), 261.
9. Rev. 2:9, 39, kjv; Jewry Law of King Venceslas II for Brünn, quoted in Trachtenberg, 164 (“Because of the crime…”).
10. Quoted in Trachtenberg, 187.
11. Quoted in Trachtenberg, 94, 110.
12. Trachtenberg, 190, 193.
13. Trachtenberg, 31.
14. Burman, 29–30, quoting Achille Luchaire, Innocent III.
15. From “Chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan,” quoted in Armstrong, 73 (adapted).
16. Roth, 21.
17. Roth, 18 (adapted).
18. Quoted in Kamen, 6.
19. Estimates of the Jewish population in Spain are “based on pure speculation,” according to revisionist historian Henry Kamen. But he agrees that the Jews of Aragón “were reduced to one-fourth of their numbers as a result of the fateful year 1391.” Kamen, 23.
20. Roth, 26.
21. Kamen, 11.
22. Roth, 29.
23. Quoted in Kamen, 16 (adapted).
24. Roth, 52–53.
25. Kamen, 23, 25.
26. Quoted in Kamen, 20.
27. Quoted in Kamen, 20. The tale is probably fanciful, but Kamen observes: “There is a grain of truth in the story of Torquemada and the pieces of silver.”
28. Quoted in Kamen, 21 (adapted).
29. Quoted in Kamen, 70.
30. Kamen, 217.
31. Roth, 152.
32. Roth, 163.
33. Quoted in Roth, 164 (“Lutheran heretics”); Griffiths, 60 (“the vulgar tongues”).
34. Quoted in Roth, 170.
35. Roth, 186, 188, 190.
36. Quoted in Kamen, 129.
37. Quoted in Burman, 203.
38. Quoted in Roth, 66.
39. Quoted in Roth, 67.
40. Quoted in Kamen, 256.
41. Kamen, 276.
42. Quoted in Roth, 193.
43. Quoted in Kamen, 262 (“Tithes are ours…”) (adapted).
44. Kamen, 266.
45. Quoted in Kamen, 274.
46. Quoted in Roth, 76.
47. Quoted in Kamen, 174.
48. Quoted in Burman, 143.
49. Quoted in Roth, 100.
50. Quoted in Roth, 77 (adapted).
51. Kamen, 194 (“farcical”); quoted in Kamen, 194 (“a fellow who would do…”).
52. Kamen, 196.
53. Quoted in Roth, 90.
54. Quoted in Kamen, 22.
55. Quoted in Kamen, 299 (“Moses, Moses”).
56. B. Netanyahu, The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain (New York: Random House, 1995), xvi.
57. Netanyahu, xvii.
58. Gitlitz, 84 (“along the spectrum…”), 85 (“idiosyncratic”), 87 (“syncretistic”); quoted in Kamen, 42 (“Holy Mary…”).
59. Netanyahu, xvii.
60. Kamen, 40–41 (adapted).
61. Roth, 199.
62. Netanyahu, 984, 990.
63. Kamen, 205.
64. Quoted in Roth, 295, 296 (adapted).
65. Roth, 109 (“formal”); John Addington Symonds, quoted in Roth, 119 (“The procession presented…”).
66. Quoted in Kamen, 208–9 (“the Wood with which the Criminals are burnt”); quoted in Griffiths, 101 (“Justitia et misericordia”).
67. Kamen, 201.
68. Quoted in Burman, 154–55.
69. John Addington Symonds, quoted in Roth, 119 (adapted).
70. Roth, 137 (“the shrieks of dying heretics…”); quoted in Roth, 71 (“Noble Queen!…”).
71. Quoted in Roth, 71.
72. Quoted in Kamen, 243.
73. Roth, 124.
74. Roth, 236.
75. Kamen, 213.
76. Roth, 261.
77. Roth, 91.
78. Quoted in Roth, 282 (adapted).
79. Quoted in Roth, 267.
7. THE ETERNAL INQUISITOR
1. Barstow, 1986, 125.
2. Quoted in Jack Langford, “The Condemnation of Galileo,” Reality 8 (1960): 78 (“the greatest scandal…”); Cardinal Paul Poupard, Oct. 31, 1992, quoted in “John Paul II and Galileo,” Pauline Books and Media, http:www/daughtersofstpaul.com/johnpaulpapacy/meetjp/thepope/jpgalileo.html (“subjective error…”).
3. Quoted in Burman, 214. Burman notes that the decree against Freemasonry was withdrawn in 1983.
4. Burman, 214 (adapted).
5. De Santillana, 324 (“the great denouncer…”); Lea, 257 (“It was a system…”).
6. Quoted in Roth, 100.
7. G.G. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty (Boston: Beacon Hill, 1959), 311.
8. Roth, 274 (adapted).
9. Lea, 97 (adapted).
10. Kamen, 315.
11. Quoted in Kamen, 153.
12. Quoted in de Santillana, 324.
13. John and Anne Tedeschi, in Ginzburg, ix.
14. Quoted in Ginzburg, 2, 111.
15. Quoted in Ginzburg, 127.
16. John and Anne Tedeschi, in Ginzburg, ix (“moral justice…”) (adapted); Moore, 3 (“with Spinoza, not to ridicule…”), 5 (“a persecuting society”).
17. Edward Peters, Inquisition (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1989), 1, 2.
18. Norman F. Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century (New York: Quill William Morrow, 1991), 397.
19. Cantor, 397.
20. Cantor, xiv, referring to the phenomena described in Norman Cohn’s Europe’s Inner Demons (that is, the Witch Craze) and The Pursuit of the Millennium (millenarian movements).
21. G.G. Coulton, The Inquisition (New York: Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith, 1929), 91 (adapted).
22. Quoted in Jochen von Lang, with Claus Sibyll, Eichmann Interrogated: Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police, trans. Ralph Manheim (New York: Vintage Books, 1984), 21–22.
23. Quoted in von Lang, 23 (“the Jews department”), 24 (“to make an abstract…”); quoted in Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 1939–1945, vol. 2 of Nazi Germany and the Jews (New York: HarperPerennial, 1998), 199 (“for a successful internal struggle…”).
24. Friedländer, 1998, 198 (“an entirely integrated system…”); Kamen, 213 (“com
bustible material”).
25. World Committee for the Victims of German Fascism, The Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the Reichstag, intro. Lord Marley (London: Victor Gollancz, 1933), 200. The man behind The Brown Book was Willi Müntzenberg, later described by Arthur Koestler as “the ‘Red Eminence’ of international anti-Fascism.” Russell Jacoby, “Willi the Red,” The Nation, Feb. 16, 2004, posted Jan. 29, 2004, at http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040216/jacoby.
26. Quoted in Eric A. Johnson, Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 15.
27. Quoted in Edward Crankshaw, Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny (London: Wren’s Park, 2002), 127 (“rigorous examination,” etc.); quoted in von Lang, 71 (“redistribution”), 79 (“evacuation”); E. Johnson, 4 (“evacuation”), 383 (“deportation”); Friedländer, 1998, 484 (“resettlement.”).
28. Quoted in Crankshaw, 28–29.
29. Eichmann, quoted in von Lang, 108 (“Special treatment…”).
30. Burman, 29–30, quoting Achille Luchaire, Innocent III.
31. Anthony M. Platt, with Cecilia E. O’Leary, Bloodlines: Recovering Hitler’s Nuremberg Laws, From Patton’s Trophy to Public Memorial (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006), 5 (“subjects”); Friedländer, 1998, 160, 229 (“mutual masturbation” and “purification”).
32. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 197.
33. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 97 (“[W]e must recognize…”).
34. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 184 (“Without fear, we want to point the finger…”), 182 (“This Jewish pestilence…,” referring to the events of the Spanish Civil War).
35. Jewry Law of King Venceslas II for Brünn, quoted in Trachtenberg, 164.
36. Friedländer, 1998, 51 (“full Jew”); 141 (“a Mischlinge of the second degree”); E. Johnson, 105 (“for most party officials…”) (adapted).
37. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 4 (adapted).
38. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 254.
39. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 200.
40. Quoted in Friedländer, 1998, 121 (“The Jewish Murder Plot…”).
41. E. Johnson, 398.
42. E. Johnson, quoting Emanuel Schäfer, 4 (“The Jews were placed…”).
43. Friedländer, 1998, 201. (“a strategic center…”).
44. Friedländer, 1998, 201.
45. Gitlitz, 83.
46. Friedländer, 1998, 40 (“a confrontation…”).
47. Quoted in E. Johnson, 382–83.
48. Quoted in Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 1939–1945, Vol. 2. of Nazi Germany and the Jews (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 332 (“the most evil world enemy…”); quoted in E. Johnson, 385 (“parasites…”).
The Grand Inquisitor’s Manual Page 34